scholarly journals Relationships Between Export Success, Export Strategies, and Export Planning

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Granger Macy ◽  
Bruce Barringer ◽  
Max Wortman
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Eastern Bloc ◽  
Department Of Labor ◽  
World Markets ◽  
Commerce Department ◽  
The U.S ◽  
New Jobs

The remarkable pace of change in world markets has caused a fundamental shiftin the number of possible avenues of growth for U.S. exporters. Eastern Bloc countriesand the republics of the former Soviet Union are actively soliciting trade. Asianeconomies are experiencing growth at an unprecedented rate. The approaching unificationof the European Community and the possibility of a ratified North AmericanFree Trade agreement may provide additional opportunities for well-positioned U.S.firms.For many U.S. companies, exports represent a small but still vital portion of theiroverall sales. Exports can also decrease the trade deficit and reduce unemployment.Depending on the source, it has been estimated that each additional billion dollars worthof exports creates between 19,600 and 30,000 new jobs. The Commerce Department,the Department of Labor, and the U.S. ExportJImport Bank have made estimates withinthis range. A deeper understanding of how firms reach their full export potential isimportant for American businesses and the nation as a whole.

A comparative analysis on energy subsidies in Soviet and Russian policy

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacy Closson
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Bloc ◽  
Economic Assistance ◽  
Trading Patterns ◽  
Mutual Economic Assistance ◽  
Intent To Use ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Newly Independent States

Russia’s recent intent to use gas supplies to influence the former Soviet Union Republics, and now New Independent States (NIS), has mirrored that of the Soviet’s handling of hydrocarbon supplies to the Eastern bloc, or the Council on Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA). This paper explores the historical and unique conditions in making a comparison of energy trading patterns in the 1970s and 2000s. In the end, by comparing ‘then’ and ‘now’, we see a pattern of negative repercussions when the energy card is employed. This study employs a within case study cross-temporal comparative framework and asks: why would Russia transfer a failed policy of subsidies onto its newly independent states?

The Decline of International Studies

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 233-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth W. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
The Other ◽  
International Studies ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
International Crises ◽  
Woodrow Wilson ◽  
The World ◽  
The U.S

In a recent report by Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School of International Affairs, “Education in U.S. Schools of International Affairs,” Princeton's former president Robert F. Goheen presents several crucial factors in the apparent decline of international studies in the U.S. The private sector, which at first demanded broadly-educated professionals, have recently shown little enthusiasm for students of international affairs. This has resulted in lack of funding and lack of interest in the field of international studies. This is paradoxical primarily because the students of international affairs undergo a multidiscplinary curriculum, facilitating their adaptation to practically any field of work following graduation, contrary to those students who have chosen a strict and narrow profession. Unfortunately, much of the fault, according to the report lies with the universities and the graduates themselves, who fail to articulate properly their comparative essential advantage in the broad field of their education. Thompson expounds on a more serious ramification of the decline in interest in international studies: the imminent failure to foresee future international crises. As the case of Iraq's growing power in the Middle East has demonstrated, the U.S. looked the other way, toward the developments in the former Soviet Union, and was not able to act in time to circumvent Iraq's aggression. With the world looking to the U.S. for strategic leadership in ethics and power, Americans cannot afford to deny American youth a strong foundation and education in international studies.

Assistance to Nuclear Safety Regulatory Bodies in the Central and Eastern European countries and the Former Soviet Union

1995 ◽  
Vol 209 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-153
Author(s):  
R J Campbell ◽  
G J Vaughan
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Nuclear Safety ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern Bloc ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
Eastern European Countries

The Regulatory Bodies of the former Eastern Bloc countries are striving towards the adoption of internationally recognized regulatory practices. This paper provides some background and an update on the assistance being provided to them by the Western regulatory community.

scholarly journals Reforming forensic psychiatry and prison mental health in the former Soviet Union

2006 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 124-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert van Voren
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Forensic Psychiatry ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Eastern Bloc ◽  
Prison Reform ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Prison Studies

Over the past 2 years the Global Initiative on Psychiatry has developed a wide range of initiatives in the fields of prison mental health and forensic psychiatry in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Both areas, until recently, were either ignored or deliberately avoided. This is not coincidental. The prison systems in the former Eastern bloc are in essence military organisations with a strict hierarchy and a rather tarnished past. Although some reform programmes in this field were implemented or started during the past decade (e.g. by Prison Reform International and the London Institute for Prison Studies), none of these projects has involved mental health services within the penitentiary system. A society that often limits itself to locking away those who have committed crimes or are suspected of having committed them, and pays only little attention to the physical and emotional well-being of those imprisoned, does not see the mental health of these persons as a priority. Equally unimportant seems to be the mental health of those who guard the prisoners and who are under constant stress.

Trade Policies of the Former Centrally Planned Economies

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 1850046 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Toole ◽  
James Lutz
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Geographic Proximity ◽  
World Markets ◽  
Openness To Trade

Since the end of Communist rule, the countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union have been forced to restructure their formerly centrally planned economies. Among the dilemmas they have faced is how open they should be to international trade. Using multiple regression, the openness of these economies to trade is empirically determined while controlling for the effects of both population and wealth. Residuals from the regression equations are then examined in order to identify how much more or less open to trade each country has been. Analysis of the residuals for six distinct regions of the former Communist world presents no definitive answers but does suggest some preliminary conclusions. A country’s degree of political openness is found to be most important in determining relative openness to trade; close behind that are its geographic proximity to important world markets and its prospects for future accession to the European Union.

Developing Conflict Resolution in Transcaucasia: A University-Based Approach

1997 ◽  
Vol 552 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
DENNIS J. D. SANDOLE
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Democratic Change ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Newly Independent States ◽  
The U.S

This article provides an overview of the author's efforts, together with those of colleagues, to help institutionalize the teaching and practice of conflict resolution in the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union and Eastern and Central Europe. These include his institute's university-based programs in Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Turkey funded primarily by the U.S. Institute of Peace, and his work, in conjunction with Partners for Democratic Change, in the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Poland, and the Slovak Republic. The article concludes by locating these activities within the context of the author's model for a new European peace and security system.

scholarly journals Growing U.S. Trade Deficit in Consumer-Oriented Agricultural Products

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 953-965
Author(s):  
Renan Zhuang ◽  
Won W. Koo ◽  
Jeremy Mattson
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Trade Theory ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The U.S

We investigate the factors behind the growing U.S. trade deficit in consumer-oriented agricultural products by using reliable panel data and an empirical trade model derived from international trade theory. The results indicate that per capita income in the United States appears to be the most important determinant for the growing U.S. trade deficit of consumer-oriented agricultural products. An increase in per capita income and trade liberalization in foreign countries would improve the U.S. trade balance. U.S. foreign direct investment abroad in food manufactures and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) are found to have negative effects on the U.S. trade balance.

The Evil Empire Revisited: New York Times Coverage of the Soviet Intervention in and Withdrawal from Afghanistan

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jothik Krishnaiah ◽  
Nancy Signorielli ◽  
Douglas M. McLeod
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
New York Times ◽  
The New York Times ◽  
Soviet Ideology ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Story Elements

This study examines the New York Times coverage of the Soviet intervention and withdrawal from Afghanistan from 1979 to 1989. Changes in coverage are examined in the context of easing tensions between the U.S. and the former Soviet Union. Findings indicate that the treatment of major story elements was consistent with Herman and Chomsky's propaganda framework. However, changes in the tone of coverage may imply a slight weakening in the explanatory power of the propaganda framework as anti-Soviet ideology diminished.

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