Envisioning Civilian Childhood

2018 ◽  
pp. 27-51
Author(s):  
Rebecca A. Adelman
Keyword(s):  
Colonial Period ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of

“Envisioning Civilian Childhood” focuses on a collection of scandals related to the exposure of civilian children to militarized violence. These scandals are fueled by the affects of apprehension, affection, admiration, gratitude, pity, and anger, and all of them unfold in classrooms. In every case, a range of stakeholders—including parents, administrators, and journalists—rush to the defense of the children’s senses, especially their sight, to insist that they deserve a view of the world unclouded by violence. To contextualize the anxieties reflected in these scandals, the chapter begins with a brief history of the construct of ‘childhood’ in America, from the Colonial period to the present. This history demonstrates that predominant beliefs about childhood innocence are not simply natural responses to their vulnerability. Instead, these beliefs are historically variable, socially constructed, and unevenly applied to different types of children. Here, they are activated around the civilian child encountering the graphic realities of war. An analysis of the resultant scandals reveals that these affects become overwhelming when the vision of the innocent, apolitical child is threatened, insulted, or troubled.

United and Uniting Churches

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Haire
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
World Council Of Churches ◽  
Ecumenical Movement ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
World Council ◽  
History Of

United and uniting churches have made a very significant contribution to the ecumenical movement. In seeking to assess that contribution, the chapter first defines what these churches are, considers the different types of union that have been created, examines the characteristics of these churches, and looks at the theological rationale for them. It goes on to trace the history of their formation from the beginning of the nineteenth century, and particularly during the years leading up to and following the Third Assembly of the World Council of Churches at New Delhi in 1961, under the influence of Lesslie Newbigin. Giving a theological assessment, it emphasizes that the existence of these churches, despite difficulties, provides places where the final unity of Christ’s one body is most clearly foreshadowed. They will always present proleptic visions of that goal.

Monasticism: A Very Short Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Monastic Communities

Monasticism is a social and religious phenomenon that originated in antiquity, which remains relevant in the 21st century. Monasticism: A Very Short Introduction discusses the history of monasticism from the earliest evidence for it, and the different types that have developed. It considers where monasteries are located around the world, and how their settings impact the everyday life and worldview of the monks and nuns who dwell in them. Exploring how monastic communities are organized, this VSI also looks at how all aspects of life are regimented. Finally, it discusses what the stories about saints communicate about monastic identity and ethics, and considers what place there is for monasticism in the modern world.

Breathing in India, c. 1890

2008 ◽  
Vol 42 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 283-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
NILE GREEN
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Political History ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
History Of The Body ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of Religions ◽  
History Of

AbstractThis essay examines a series of ‘Hindustani’ meditation manuals from the high colonial period against a sample of etiquette and medicinal works from the same era. In doing so, the essay has two principal aims, one specific to the Indian past and one pertaining to more general historical enquiry. The first aim is to subvert a longstanding trend in the ‘history’ of religions which has understood meditational practices through a paradigm of the mystical and transcendent. In its place, the essay examines such practices—and in particular their written, and printed, formulation—within the ideological and technological contexts in which they were written. In short, meditation is historicised, and its ‘Hindu’ and ‘Muslim’ expressions, compared in the process. The second aim is more ambitious: to test the limits of historical knowledge by asking whether it is possible to recount a history of breathing. In reassembling a political economy of respiration from a range of colonial writings, the essay thus hopes to form a listening device for the intimate rhythms of corporeal history. In doing so, it may suggest ways to recount a connected and necessarily political history of the body, the spirit and the world.

scholarly journals The Belief Stories in the Texts of Oral History of the People in Late Adulthood Period

2021 ◽  
pp. 423-430
Author(s):  
Damian Gocół
Keyword(s):  
Oral History ◽  
Late Adulthood ◽  
Divine Intervention ◽  
The People ◽  
History Texts ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Devil

In my article, I analyze selected belief stories from the oral history texts. The research material contains the three biographical accounts of the people in late adulthood (over 65). The belief stories (belief tales) are one of the genres of speech typical for the accounts rooted in a folk view of the world. The demonic characters appear in them, e. g. the devil, the striga or the południca. The belief stories contain a detailed description of the world. They have an explanatory function. They are to explain how the world works. Belief stories do not appear often in the oral history texts created by the people in late adulthood who were not related to the countryside or were related to it in a limited extent. This way of shaping the narrative may be related to changes in the rationality of the narrators. The common and the scientific view of the world intersect in their narratives. The narrators add the numerous comments to their belief stories, in which they distance themselves from the folk view of the world or try to scientifically rationalize the fantastic events. Nevertheless, the fragments in which other genres of speech are realized, especially in anecdotes, reveal a clear relationship between the narrative of oral history and the common sense and belief vision of the world. The narrators often explain their own experiences by introducing elements of belief tales into other genres. Such fragments reveal the schemes of punishment and reward, non-worldly divine intervention, anthropomorphization of inanimate objects and assigning them the rank of demonic beings. Despite the intersection of different types of rationality in the narratives, a belief-based vision of the world still plays an important role in shaping of the oral narratives about the past.

scholarly journals Functional, social and technical aspects of wooden leisure architecture of Lodz surroundings

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 057-072
Author(s):  
Wojciech Pardała
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War ◽  
Local Society ◽  
Technical Aspects ◽  
Garden Cities ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Architecture ◽  
Set Up

Paper sums up different types of wooden leisure architecture of surroundings of Lodz, pointing at the most notable, emerging at the time of modernism, „glass house” made of wood. They emerged, in the mid-30s, as a fulfillment of a few garden-cities (conceived mostly as a leisure towns). Wooden houses, built in at least three different styles (local village-like, national and modern), became part of densely set-up complexes. Leisure houses were used as intended, only for a few years, before the World War II. Their use has changed form leisure to all-year housing, lasting till now, causing many conservational, technical and social problems. Now, among the growing knowledge of their value to history of architecture and urbanism, some ideas how to renew them, appear. A few of them are proposed by the local society of Kolumna „forest-city”.

The history of be fixing to: grammaticization, sociolinguistic distribution and emerging literary spaces

English Today ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Aaron Smith
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Internet Communication ◽  
Southern Us ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
Century Development

ABSTRACTThe be fixing to structure not only has a long and fascinating history but also a highly contemporary presence in Internet communication. The rise of the futurate verbal periphrasis be fixing to + V shows an essentially textbook example of grammaticization, not so different in many ways from the development of be going to. However, there are some important differences too. While be going to has a wide distribution among speakers of Englishes in the world, having much to do with its sixteenth century development and subsequent global diffusion in the colonial period, be fixing to grammaticized in Southern US English in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a fact which resulted in a relatively small circumscribed geographical distribution in its earliest uses.

scholarly journals ADA YANG MANIS DI TIMUR NUSANTARA? KOSMOPOLITANISME TANAMAN TEBU DALAM HISTORIOGRAFI INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Ronal Ridhoi
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Industry ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
East Indies ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
Massive Development

This paper tries to remind readers about the history of sugarcane in the archipelago and its transnationalization. This crop, which is actually endemic on Eastern Indonesia, was famous in the market world since Europeans "introduced" it to the archipelago, especially in Java. So, a simple questions, is the sugarcane originated from Indonesia? Where did it come from? To what extent this crop become cosmopolitan and what are the socio-ecological impacts in Indonesia? By using historical methods and a cosmopolitanism point of view, the author finds the fact that the mainland of Papua (Indonesia and New Guinea) had been domesticated sugarcane for thousand years Before Christ. Sugarcane was transnationalized to various parts of the world until it was brought back to the archipelago by European traders. Later, this crop became the largest funds contributor to the Dutch East Indies during the colonial period due to the massive development of the sugar industry in Java Tulisan ini mencoba untuk mengingatkan kembali para pembaca tentang sejarah tanaman tebu di Nusantara dan proses transnasionalisasinya. Tanaman yang sebenarnya endemik di Indonesia bagian Timur ini kemudian menjadi primadona di pasaran dunia sejak orang-orang Eropa “memperkenalkan” di Nusantara, khususnya di Jawa. Pertanyaan yang muncul, apakah tebu bukan tanaman asli Indonesia? Dari mana asal tanaman tersebut? Sejauh mana tanaman ini menjadi kosmopolit dan apa implikasinya terhadap kondisi sosio-ekologi di Indonesia? Dengan menggunakan metode sejarah dan sudut pandang kosmopolitanisme, penulis menemukan fakta bahwasanya daratan Papua (Indonesia dan New Guinea) sudah melakukan domestifikasi tebu sejak ribuan tahun sebelum Masehi. Tebu mengalami transnasionalisasi ke berbagai belahan dunia sampai kemudian dibawa kembali ke Nusantara oleh para pedagang Eropa. Tanaman ini kemudian menjadi penyumbang devisa terbesar untuk negara Hindia Belanda masa kolonial karena perkembangan industri gula yang masif di Jawa.

scholarly journals Polish Indian Hobbyists and Cultural Appropriation

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (s1) ◽  
pp. 347-374
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Wilczyńska
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Native American ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Cultural Appropriation ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of

Abstract This article attempts to describe the Polish-American Friends Movement (PAIFM) in the context of cultural appropriation. It first describes the history of the movement by linking it to the phenomenon of playing Indian, which started in the United States in the colonial period and then was transplanted to Europe in the late 19th century. Subsequently, it briefly presents the history of the Polish hobbyism movement in Poland, pointing out the historical, social, and psychological circumstances of its development. In the next part it defines the concept of cultural appropriation and its main types according to James Young (2010). The last part is devoted to a detailed analysis of different forms of activities of the PAIFM, especially the annual week gathering, as observed by the author during the 40th gathering of Polish Indian enthusiasts in 2016. Different types of cultural appropriation and an array of consequences resulting from such a positioning are discussed. In this paper it is argued that the negative undertones of the concept obscure the complexity of the movement as a cultural phenomenon and its multiple links with Native American cultures and their present political and cultural situation.

MODERN GEOPHYSICAL METHODS FOR SUBSURFACE WATER EXPLORATION

Geophysics ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Breusse
Keyword(s):  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Large Expansion ◽  
Industrialized Nations ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Electrical Soundings ◽  
Electrical Prospecting

The use of exploration geophysics in the discovery of oil is well known, but applications of these methods in exploration for subsurface water are less publicized and less well known, despite the fact that geophysics has been employed in this field for more than thirty years and has been developing continually. Consequently, this paper is oriented towards exploration geo‐geophysical methods for ground‐water supplies. After a summary of the history of the methods, the paper examines the geophysical methods employed with their respective advantages and drawbacks: electrical prospecting using “electrical soundings” and resistivity mapping, shallow refraction, spontaneous polarization, and induced polarization. The principal problems that may be resolved by geophysics are reviewed, as well as practical considerations concerning the composition of a crew, its production, and costs. Some examples of hydrology surveys are presented to illustrate different types of problems that may be encountered. In conclusion, a large expansion in geophysical exploration and particularly electrical methods is expected as the need for sub‐surface water supplies increases in various regions of the world and the existing deficient supplies become known in industrialized nations.

The ‘leopard’ killings of southern Annang, Nigeria, 1943–48

Africa ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey I. Nwaka
Keyword(s):  
Colonial Period ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Local Police ◽  
The World ◽  
Infected Area ◽  
History Of ◽  
Local Officials ◽  
Short Space ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
Colonial Police

Opening ParagraphThis article examines the extraordinary outbreak of violent deaths which occurred among the Annang and Ibibio of eastern Nigeria in the mid-1940s and was described by the colonial police as ‘probably without parallel in the history of violent crime of any country in the world’. Between 1943 and 1948, but especially after 1945, one mutilated body after another was found in quick succession in a restricted border area shared by 130 villages in the Abak and Opobo districts of the Old Calabar Province. Over 200 such deaths were recorded in a short space of time. Initially medical officers who examined the bodies of the victims seemed to agree with the local people that the deaths were caused by genuine leopards, which were a constant menace to life in the area. The local police were preoccupied with other matters and showed little interest in deaths attributed to wild animals. But vague rumours were current, especially in missionary circles, that a ‘leopard cult’ of professional assassins might be engaged in murderous activities in the area, covering the tracks of their crime by simulating the clawmarks and ravages of wild beasts. Preliminary inquiries by local officials in 1945 appeared to confirm the suspicions and, in spite of strong doubts and protests from various quarters, a large force of police was let loose on the ‘infected’ area to suppress the murder gang and any other local organisation associated with the killings. At least 102 suspects were convicted for man-leopard murders, seventy-seven of whom were actually hanged in one of the most bizarre anti-crime campaigns of the colonial period.

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