scholarly journals Short communication. The role of rabbit density and the diversity of weeds in the development of cover crops in olive groves

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. e03SC01 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Guerrero-Casado ◽  
Antonio J. Carpio ◽  
Laura M. Prada ◽  
Francisco S. Tortosa
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
Weed Communities ◽  
Weed Diversity ◽  
Olive Groves ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
The Impact

<p>Cover crops are an effective means to reduce soil erosion and to provide food and shelter for wildlife. However, in areas of intensive farming, which are characterised by the scarcity of weed communities, wild herbivores may focus their grazing on cover crops, which could make their implementation difficult. In this work, we test whether rabbit grazing can prevent the growth of herbaceous cover crops in olive groves in Southern Spain in addition to assessing the role of rabbit abundance and diversity of weeds in the development of cover crops. This question has been addressed by sowing <em>Bromus rubens</em> between the rows of five olive groves in Cordoba province (Spain). We then monitored the surface covered by <em>B. rubens,</em> along with both diversity of weed communities and rabbit abundance. Two rabbit exclusion areas were also placed in each olive grove in order to assess the impact of rabbits on the development of cover crops. Our results showed that the surface occupied by <em>B. rubens</em> was considerably higher in the rabbit exclusion areas (mean 56.8 ± 5.65 %) than in those areas in which they could feed (mean 35.6 ± 4.32 %). The coverage occupied by cover crops was higher in areas with lower rabbit density, although this relationship was modulated by the weed diversity index, since in areas with the same rabbit abundance the coverage was higher in those with a richer weed community. These findings suggest that high rabbit abundances can prevent the development of herbaceous cover crops in olive groves, particularly in areas in which alternative food resources (measured as weed diversity) are scarce.</p>

scholarly journals Abundância e Diversidade de Coleópteros de Solo em Fragmentos de Capoeira ao Entorno da Zona Urbana do Município de Uruará-PA, Brasil.

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinaldo Lucas Cajaiba ◽  
Wully Barreto Da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fauna ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
Forest Fragment ◽  
Species Accumulation Curves ◽  
Accumulation Curves ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
The Impact

A ação humana vem transformando as paisagens florestais em fragmentos isolados de remanescentes, podendo levar muitas espécies à extinção. Desta maneira se faz necessário a realização de estudos para o conhecimento e adequada caracterização da fauna de solo e, por conseguinte sua preservação. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar a fauna de coleópteros em um fragmento florestal ao entorno da cidade de Uruará, PA. Para tanto, utilizou-se armadilhas tipo pitfall não iscadas para a coleta. O fragmento foi dividido em quatro transectos, com armadilhas instaladas ao longo da borda (T1), 50 m (T2), 100 m (T3) e 200 m (T4). Foram coletados 196 indivíduos, classificados em sete famílias e 34 espécies/morfoespécies. A família que apresentou a maior abundância foi a Curculionidae representando 56,40% da abundância, tendo o gênero Xyleborus sp. a maior dominância. Através do índice de Diversidade de Shanon, observou-se que a área de borda apresentou a menor diversidade e maior dominância (índice de Berger-Parker). Através da curva de acumulação e dos estimadores de espécies, ficou evidenciado que a área de estudo apresenta uma quantidade superior de espécies ao encontrado no presente estudo, e que pesquisas futuras são necessárias para um melhor acompanhamento das alterações que ocorrem nos fragmentos florestais com a finalidade de propor medidas de menor impacto e preservação dessa biodiversidade. Abundance and Diversity of Ground Dwelling Beetles (Arthropoda: Insecta) in Fragments of Shrubbery Vegetation (Capoeira) in the Surroundings of the Urban Zone of Uruará City-PA, Brazil   Abstract. Human action has been transforming forest landscapes into isolated fragments, which may lead to the extinction of many species. Therefore, studies should be conducted to provide knowledge and the appropriate characterization of soil fauna, and, consequently, its preservation. This study was aimed to characterize the fauna of beetles in a forest fragment in the surroundings of Uruará city, PA. Unbaited pitfall traps were used for the collection of the beetles. The fragment was divided into four transects, with traps installed along the border (T1), 50 m (T2), 100 m (T3) and 200 m (T4). 196 individuals classified in seven families and 34 species/morphospecies were collected. The most abundant family was the Curculionidae accounting for 56.40% of the abundance, with gender Xyleborus sp. being the most dominant. Measurement with the Shannon Diversity Index for measurement showed lower diversity and greater dominance (Berger-Parker index) in the border area. Using species accumulation curves and estimators it became evident that the study area had a greater number of species than those found in the present study, and that further studies are needed to better monitor changes in forest fragments in order to propose measures to reduce the impact on this biodiversity and preserve it.

scholarly journals Increased weed diversity, density and above-ground biomass in long-term organic crop rotations

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam E. Wortman ◽  
John L. Lindquist ◽  
Milton J. Haar ◽  
Charles A. Francis
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Weed Communities ◽  
Weed Diversity ◽  
Grass Weed

AbstractWhile weed management is consistently a top priority among farmers, there is also growing concern for the conservation of biodiversity. Maintaining diverse weed communities below bioeconomic thresholds may provide ecosystem services for the crop and the surrounding ecosystem. This study was conducted to determine if weed diversity, density and biomass differ within and among organic and conventional crop rotations. In 2007 and 2008, we sampled weed communities in four long-term crop rotations near Mead, Nebraska using seedbank analyses (elutriation and greenhouse emergence) and above-ground biomass sampling. Two conventional crop rotations consisted of a corn (Zea mays) or sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)–soybean (Glycine max)–sorghum or corn–soybean sequence and a diversified corn or sorghum–sorghum or corn–soybean–wheat (Triticum aestivum) sequence. Two organic rotations consisted of an animal manure-based soybean–corn or sorghum–soybean–wheat sequence and a green manure-based alfalfa (Medicago sativa)–alfalfa–corn or sorghum–wheat sequence. Species diversity of the weed seedbank and the above-ground weed community, as determined by the Shannon diversity index, were greatest in the organic green manure rotation. Averaged across all sampling methods and years, the weed diversity index of the organic green manure rotation was 1.07, followed by the organic animal manure (0.78), diversified conventional (0.76) and conventional (0.66) rotations. The broadleaf weed seedbank density in the tillage layer of the organic animal manure rotation was 1.4×, 3.1× and 5.1× greater than the organic green manure, diversified conventional and conventional rotations, respectively. The grass weed seedbank density in the tillage layer of the organic green manure rotation was 2.0×, 6.1× and 6.4× greater than the organic animal manure, diversified conventional and conventional rotations, respectively. The above-ground weed biomass was generally greatest in the organic rotations. The broadleaf weed biomass in sorghum and wheat did not differ between organic and conventional rotations (CRs), but grass weed biomass was greater in organic compared to CRs for all crops. The above-ground weed biomass did not differ within CRs, and within organic rotations the grass weed biomass was generally greatest in the organic green manure rotation. The weed seedbank and above-ground weed communities that have accumulated in these rotations throughout the experiment suggest a need for greater management in long-term organic rotations that primarily include annual crops. However, results suggest that including a perennial forage crop in organic rotations may reduce broadleaf weed seedbank populations and increase weed diversity.

Lactational control of reproduction

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan S. McNeilly
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Generator ◽  
Ovarian Follicle ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Human Reproduction ◽  
Pulsatile Secretion ◽  
Physiological Signal ◽  
Contraceptive Effect ◽  
The Impact

In most mammalian species lactation suppresses fertility. There is no doubt that it is the suckling stimulus that provides the controlling signal, and, in human reproduction, this is the only truly physiological signal that suppresses fertility in normally nourished, healthy women. In breastfeeding women, the return of normal fertility follows a relatively well-defined path progressing through: an almost complete inhibition of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone/luteinizing hormone (GnRH/LH) pulsatile secretion in the early stages of lactation; return of erratic pulsatile secretion with some ovarian follicle development associated with increases in inhibin B and oestradiol; a resumption of apparently normal follicle growth associated with a normal increase in oestradiol, but often an absence of ovulation, or formation of an inadequate corpus luteum; and a return to normal ovulatory menstrual cycles. A key element in controlling the rate of this progression is the impact of the suckling stimulus on the GnRH pulse generator, a common feature of lactation in those species for which there is information. The variability in the duration of lactational amenorrhoea between women is related to the variation in the strength of the suckling stimulus, a unique situation between each mother and baby. Full breastfeeding can provide a reliable contraceptive effect in the first 6 to 9 months, but the precise mechanisms whereby the suckling stimulus affects GnRH pulsatile secretion remain unknown. Many studies on the hypothalamic pathways that might be involved in the translation of the neural suckling stimulus to suppression of hypothalamic GnRH secretion have been undertaken, principally in rats. In women, suckling increases the sensitivity of the hypothalamus to the negative feedback effect of oestradiol on suppressing the GnRH/LH pulse generator, a mechanism that appears to be common across species. In contrast, the role of prolactin in the control of GnRH appears to be species-dependent, with the importance varying from none to an important role in late or throughout lactation. In women, there is little evidence for a role of leptin, opioids or dopamine, although this may merely reflect the ethical dilemma of being able to give sufficient drug to test the system in the mother since these drugs will pass through the breast milk to the baby. Regardless of mechanism, practical guidelines for using breastfeeding as a natural contraceptive have been developed, which allows mothers to utilize the only natural suppressor of fertility in women as an effective means of spacing births.

scholarly journals Dynamics And Impact Of Flowering Insects On Sesamum Indicum L. (Pedaliaceae) Production In Maroua (Far-North, Cameroon)

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (25) ◽  
pp. 342
Author(s):  
Michelson Azo’o Ela ◽  
Tyotouing Ndouwe ◽  
Cathérine Firitawada ◽  
Stéphanie Beaudelaine Kengni ◽  
Jackson Djakbe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Mosquito Net ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Flower Visiting ◽  
Net Cages ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
The Impact

The study of the variability of the flower visiting entomofauna between Palar and Djarengol-Kodek (Maroua, Cameroon) and the influence of the pollination type were carried out in 2020 for assessing their impact on sesame production. Three treatments of 50 plants each were used according to whether the flowers were open-pollinated (TA) or protected using mosquito net cages (TB) and plastic cages (TC) for analysis. The diversity and composition of the entomofauna were compared between localities from TA as well as the resulting pod and seed yields of the crop. 21 and 12 insect species were found foraging on sesame flowers in Palar and Djarengol-Kodek respectively. Hymenoptera had a high relative abundance ˃ 92% at both sites and played a key role in pollinating the flowers of the host plant species. The diversity index was higher in Palar (H’ = 3.10) than in Djarengol-Kodek (H’ = 2.64). The Jaccard similarity index between both sites was J = 0.43. During their floral activity, these bees promoted autogamy, geitonogamy and xenogamy on S. indicum flowers. The impact of the floral activity of bees on sesame pod and seed yields was in the range of 17.92% - 29.27% and 12.97% - 18.39% in Djarengol-Kodek and Palar respectively with a significant difference between these values (X2 = 156.20; df = 1; P ˂ 0.001 and X2 = 69.74; df = 1; P ˂ 0.001). These differences showed the important role of the variability of the composition and the relative abundance of pollinators on sesame production between sites. Moreover, bee pollination (TA) highly increased anemophily (TB) and cleistogamy (TC) in sesame. Encourage producers to adopt more environmental friendly management methods to help preserve the habitat of sesame pollinator species for better productivity is an important practice.

scholarly journals Effects of Reduced and Conventional Tillage on Weed Communities: Results of a Long-Term Experiment in Southwestern Spain

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. PARDO ◽  
A. CIRUJEDA ◽  
F. PEREA ◽  
A.M.C. VERDÚ ◽  
M.T. MAS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diversity Index ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Seed Density ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Term Experiment ◽  
Weed Communities ◽  
Weed Diversity ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Seed Distribution

ABSTRACT: An important drawback in adopting minimum tillage (MT) and no-tillage (NT) techniques is the frequently observed weed shift promoting adapted species and achieving poorer weed control. These changes can be detected best with long-term experiments, and results might differ depending on soil characteristics and the local flora. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the effect of reduced tillage on weed seed distribution in the soil profile and to identify possible consequences on weed diversity on a long-term experiment maintained during 24 years in Seville (Spain) with three tillage systems: NT, MT and conventional tillage (CT) including moldboard plow on a vertisol. For this purpose, soil seedbanks at 0-8 cm and 8-16 cm depths were enumerated in autumn 2005 and in-field emerged plants in autumn 2005 and winter 2006. Shannon diversity index (H) and evenness (J’) were calculated for seedbank and aboveground weed communities. Total weed seed density was highest for NT and lowest for CT. Some big-seeded species, such as Chrozophora tinctorea L., showed highest seed density in CT. NT increased the relative density of Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson seeds in the seedbank and the abundance of emerged plants of Malva parviflora L., Anagallis arvensis L. and Picris echioides L. Overall, MT led to a less diverse seedbank in the 0-8 cm depth of soil than CT. The frequent drought-induced deep fractures in the expandable clay soil caused natural tillage, which probably resulted in fewer differences in weed seed and seedling densities among tillage treatments compared to what might be expected in other soil types.

Event practices as an effective tool of public relations

2021 ◽  
pp. 216-222
Author(s):  
Maryna Pashkevych
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
General System ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Visual Technology ◽  
The World ◽  
Theoretical Generalization ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

Purpose of the article is to turn to the analysis of event practices as an effective tool of public relations for the conceptual understanding of its value potential, which is expressed in communication, contacts, in the harmony of man with the world around him. Methodology is based on the application of general scientific and special methods of cognition, including methods of generalization, synthesis, and analytics, which allow studying event practices as an effective means of social communication. Scientific novelty. Currently, there is a lack of scientific analysis of the key role of domestic event practices in the general system of public relations. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the theoretical generalization of the problem and the definition of categorical statements related to the research topic. Conclusions. As a result of the research, the need to form a new Ukrainian culture of self-realization of individuals, which is due to fundamentally new modifications of socio-cultural institutions, among which the latest event practices used in modern public relations. The impact of PR-methods can be both negative and positive. The nature and functional purpose of these methods depends in general on those who manage and own the technology and their practical implementation. As a result, the role of some PR - technologies in society, to a greater extent, is defined by us as the manipulation of the consciousness of citizens, the role of others - as enlightenment. Due to significant civilizational, technical and technological progress, including the development of the media, the transformation of event technologies in the world and Ukraine has accelerated. Event practices shape public opinion in various cultural spheres and promote positive changes in the mass consciousness. The transition of an essential component of the structure of event practices into a virtualized space will be the essence of the culture of the future. With the development of visual technology, events have acquired new functions - they have become an instrument of political and ideological struggle, a weapon of rebellion, a form of shock, which is an effective tool of modern public relations. This trend, accordingly, increases the role of event practices in the cultural process and in general in public life, stimulates the interest of scientists in their further research.

scholarly journals Transnational Learning Networks Amongst Asian Muslims: An Introduction

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-339
Author(s):  
CHRISTOPHE JAFFRELOT
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Multinational Firms ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Learning Networks ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Terrorist Networks ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Impact

The students of transnational flows, including James Rosenau,1have pertinently highlighted the growing assertion of ‘sovereign free actors’ at the expense of ‘sovereign bound actors’ in what they call postinternational politics.2Dealing mostly with the end of the Cold War era, they have tended to focus on the increasingly important role of not only the multinational firms but also of the financial companies on newly globalized markets, and not only law-abiding but also illicit traffickers (of drugs, arms etc.) which have prospered along with increasingly more effective means of communication.They have almost completely ignored the transnationalization of religions, except from the point of view of fundamentalisms and related terrorist networks. Sociologists have paid more attention to this development.3But these studies, which have mostly focused on the impact of migrations,4have tended to under estimate the resilience of state boundaries5and have often neglected the circulation of ideas, especially from the point of view of the learning networks—the very object of this Special Issue which concentrates on one particular creed: Islam.

scholarly journals Oracle Concepting In Programming Of the Design of Electronic Chips

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maksym Olehovych Zylevich
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Individual Subject ◽  
Reduction Methods ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Further Development

Today, programming is one of the most actively developing technological areas in the world. Moreover, every year the degree of such development only increases, which is manifested in the deeper and more comprehensive penetration of different types of software products into different spheres of human life. This is an integral part of the process of technologicalization of the modern world. Speaking of the development of programming, it is believed that the theory of programming is studied and researched at a fairly high level. Undoubtedly, the process of creating a program uses generally defined algorithms, structures, approaches, and methods, but these are common things that operate at the planning stages. When it comes to the specific process of creating a piece of code that a particular person is involved in, this is where all the excessive subjectivization manifests itself. After all, each such person when writing code is guided by their experience, which is determined by education, knowledge, skills, worldview, and other components. To solve the problem associated with such excessive subjectivization, it is advisable to replace the generally accepted individual-subject paradigm, which involves defining the program through its creator, with intersubjective, in which the process of creating a program is the object of study and the subject itself a program that is the embodiment of a plan for this process. One of the methods of solving this problem, according to the concept-monad model, is the use of the oracle concept. The purpose of this work is to further develop the principles of the adaptive technological environment of programming based on the intersubjective paradigm, through the use of the oracle concept in solving programming problems. To achieve the above goal, it is necessary to develop an algorithm for applying the oracle concept approach. Identify its features and prospects for further development. The implementation of this method in practice in some way unifies the process of software development, thereby reducing the impact of the active role of the subject and supports the implementation of the intersubjective paradigm. Conceptualization is the process of creating a concept. A concept is a plan of a certain activity, aimed at solving a specific problem. That is, oracular structures should be understood as a set of certain elementary subtasks that have arisen as a result of conceptualizing a specific programming task. To further develop the principles of an adaptive technological programming environment based on the intersubjective paradigm in solving programming problems, a method of applying the oracle concept approach has been developed and proposed. Representative examples show its features and prospects for further development. The peculiarities include the fact that each subtask can be conceptualized as the simplest subtask. The implementation of this method in practice helps to unify the process of software product development, thereby reducing the impact of the active role of the subject and supports the introduction of an intersubjective paradigm. Further research on this topic will focus on the expansion and research, factography, and development of relevant facts for oracle conceptualization as an effective means of unification of certain types of problems and developed on its basis reduction methods of programming.

scholarly journals The impact of acidic organie Matter on the diversity of underwater vegetation in soft water lakes

2011 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Bociąg
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Soft Water ◽  
Species Replacement ◽  
Anthropogenic Input ◽  
The Impact

This paper addresses underwater vegetation in soft water lakes which are influenced by the anthropogenic input of allochtonic dissolved organic matter (DOM) from drained bogs. The aim of this work is to test the hypothesis regarding the role of DOM in shaping the diversity of underwater vegetation. Large differences in underwater vegetation habitats, the limitation of their occurrence to increasingly shallower littoral (the depth of the lower limit of their occurrence decreased from 12 m up to 1 m) and the regression of underwater vegetation were observed in lake types ranging from oligohumic (median (Me) of DOC in water = 2.5 mg C dm<sup>-3</sup>) to polyhumic (Me of DOC = 35.6 mg C dm<sup>-3</sup>). The gradual simplification of internal plant patch structure occurred and the Shannon-Weaver diversity index decreased (Me 0.04 → 0.00). Fewer species were observed in the lakes (Me 9 → 2), and the underwater vegetation covered increasingly smaller areas. Species replacement did not occur and no invasive species appeared.

scholarly journals Investigating the Impact of Misinformation Sources on Health Issues: Implications for Public Health

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianna Isaakidou ◽  
Emmanouil Zoulias ◽  
Marianna Diomidous
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Fake News ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Area ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this work is to shortly provide the public with an overview about fake news and artificial intelligence (AI) technology. Especially in our days, where there is a high speed of spreading news, the impact of fake news on public health is crucial and the development of valid and effective means of technology to support the provision of safe and trustworthy information about public health issues is vital. The role of informatics in health area is profoundly important and AI in public health, so people will be able to distinguish the genuine information from the fake one.

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