scholarly journals Morphological, molecular and pathogenic characterization of Phytophthora palmivora isolates causing black pod rot of cacao in Colombia

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. e1003
Author(s):  
Eleonora Rodríguez-Polanco ◽  
Juan G. Morales ◽  
Melissa Muñoz-Agudelo ◽  
José D. Segura ◽  
Martha L. Carrero
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Rdna Its ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Molecular Sequencing

Aim of study: To characterize isolates of Phytophthora sp. causing black pod rot (BPR) of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.).Area of study: Eight cocoa-growing regions in Colombia.Material and methods: Sixty isolates of Phytophthora sp. were obtained from tissues of cacao pods showing symptoms of BPR. Isolates were characterized using the morphology of sporangia and chlamydospores, molecular sequencing of regions of nuclear DNA (rDNA-ITS) and mitochondrial (COX) and virulence in different genotypes of cocoa pods.Main results: A high phenotypic variability between the isolates was determined, being the pedicel length and the length/width ratio (L/W) the most stable characters for species identification. Short pedicels with an average of 3.13 μm ± 0.28 and a length/width ratio of sporangia (L/W) with an average of 1.55 μm ± 0.11 were established as the most consistent morphological characteristics within palmivora species.Research highlights: Phytophthora pamivora was the only species associated to BPR, identified using morphology together with sequence analyses.

scholarly journals KARAKTER MORFOLOGI DAN MOLEKULER ISOLAT Phytophthora palmivora ASAL KELAPA DAN KAKAO

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
HIASINTA FJ MOTULO ◽  
MEITY S-SINAGA ◽  
GEDE SUASTIKA ◽  
HAJRIAL ASWIDINNOOR ◽  
ALEX HARTANA
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Black Pod

ABSTRAK<br />Phytophthora palmivora merupakan patogen penyebab penyakit<br />gugur buah pada tanaman kelapa dan busuk buah pada tanaman kakao.<br />Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membedakan isolat P. palmivora asal kelapa<br />dan asal kakao berdasarkan karakter morfologi dan molekuler.<br />Pengambilan sampel penyakit gugur buah kelapa dan busuk buah kakao<br />dilakukan di Kabupaten Banyuwangi dan Jember, Jawa Timur, Kabupaten<br />Minahasa dan Bolaang Mongondow, Sulawesi Utara, dan Kabupaten<br />Gorontalo, Gorontalo. Analisis morfologi, ekstraksi DNA dan amplifikasi<br />DNA dengan PCR dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikologi dan Laboratorium<br />Virologi, Departemen Proteksi Tanaman, Faperta IPB. Analisis perunutan<br />DNA dilakukan di Laboratorium Biologi Molekuler, Balai Besar<br />Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik dan Laboratorium Bioteknologi,<br />LIPI Serpong. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan April 2005 sampai<br />Februari 2007. Berdasarkan karakter morfologi seperti diameter koloni,<br />panjang dan lebar sporangium, tipe koloni, bentuk sporangium, per-<br />bandingan panjang dan lebar sporangium serta runutan DNA ruas ITS<br />menunjukkan bahwa keduapuluh-dua koleksi isolat yang menunjukkan<br />gejala penyakit gugur buah kelapa dan busuk buah kakao adalah P.<br />palmivora. Isolat P. palmivora asal kelapa berbeda dengan isolat P.<br />palmivora asal kakao berdasarkan diameter koloni, panjang dan lebar<br />sporangium serta runutan DNA ruas ITS. Duapuluh-dua isolat P.<br />palmivora asal kelapa dan asal kakao mempunyai sporangium yang mudah<br />lepas dari sporangiospora (caducous), pedikel yang pendek dan papila<br />serta bervariasi dalam bentuk dan ukuran sporangium. Bentuk sporangium<br />terdiri dari 4 tipe yaitu ovoid, limoniform, obturbinate, dan obpyriform.<br />Ukuran sporangium berkisar antara 40 – 62 µm panjang dan 28 – 43 µm<br />lebar. Isolat P. palmivora memiliki tipe koloni rosaceous, stelate dan<br />cottony. Rata-rata diameter koloni isolat asal kelapa 54.8 cm lebih tinggi<br />dari isolat asal kakao 43,4 cm. Hasil perunutan DNA hasil PCR<br />menunjukkan adanya keragaman genetik antar isolat asal kelapa dan kakao<br />di Indonesia. Isolat asal kakao berbeda dengan isolat asal kelapa<br />berdasarkan perunutan DNA ruas ITS. Isolat P. palmivora asal kelapa dan<br />kakao dari Indonesia tidak berada dalam satu kelompok dengan isolat<br />yang berasal dari Thailand, Taiwan, Korea, Puerto Rico, Ghana, dan<br />Cameron.<br />Kata kunci : Kelapa, Cocos nucifera, kakao, Theobroma cacao, penyakit,<br />P. palmivora, morfologi, molekuler, keragaman, runutan<br />DNA-ITS, Jawa Timur, Sulawesi Utara, Gorontalo, Jawa<br />Barat<br />ABSTRACT<br />Morphology  and  molecular  characteristics  of  P.<br />palmivora isolates from coconut and cacao<br />Phytophthora palmivora, is the pathogen of coconut nutfall and<br />cacao black pod diseases. This study was conducted to differentiate the<br />isolates of P. palmivora from coconut and those from cacao fruit based on<br />morphology and molecular characteristics. Samples of nutfall of coconut<br />and black pod of cacao were collected from Banyuwangi and Jember<br />Districts, East Java, Minahasa and Bolaang Mongondow Districts, North<br />Sulawesi, and Gorontalo District, Gorontalo. Morphological analysis,<br />DNA extraction and amplification of PCR-DNA were conducted in<br />Micology Laboratorium and Virology Laboratorium, Plant Protection<br />Division, Faperta IPB. Sequencing DNA analysis was conducted in<br />Molecular Biology Laboratory, Balai Besar Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya<br />Genetik and Biotechnology Laboratory LIPI Serpong. This research was<br />conducted from April 2005 to February 2007. Comparative morphological<br />evaluated i.e. diameter of colony, length and width of sporangium, l/w<br />ratio, type of colony and sequence Internal Transcribed Sequence (ITS)-<br />DNA showed that all isolates of Phytophthora isolated from coconut and<br />cacao  in  Indonesia  were  Phytophthora  palmivora.  Morphology<br />characteristics of pathogen isolates from cacao were smaller and<br />significantly different in length, width, length/width ratio of<br />sporangium and diameter of colony compared to coconut’s isolates.<br />Sporangia of 22 isolates were caducous with short pedicel, but were<br />variable in shape and size. The culture produced ovoid, limoniform,<br />obturbinate, dan obpyriform sporangia, average 40-62 µm in length and<br />28-43 µm in width. The colony types were stelate, cottony and rossaceous<br />with average diameter of coconut isolates 54.8 cm and cacao isolates 43.4<br />cm. Specific fragment of 900 bp was successfully amplify from coconut<br />and cacao infected by P. palmivora. The DNA sequence analysis of the<br />nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region showed that the<br />coconut isolates were not in the same cluster with the cacao isolates. Based<br />on sequence analysis, the P. palmivora isolates from Indonesia showed<br />different cluster from those of Taiwan, Ghana, Puerto Rico and Costa Rica<br />isolates.<br />Key words :  Coconut, Cocos nucifera, cacao, Theobroma cacao,<br />diseases, P. palmivora, diversity, morphology, molecular,<br />sequencing  ITS-DNA,  East  Java,  North  Sulawesi,<br />Gorontalo, West Jav

scholarly journals Do we have infraspecific taxa of Salvia multicaulis Vahl. (Lamiaceae) in Iran?

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 432-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Mehdi Talebi ◽  
Reza Rezakhanlou ◽  
A V. Matsyura
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Petiole Length ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Basal Leaf ◽  
Leaf Petiole ◽  
Upgma Cluster Analysis ◽  
Length Width

<p><em>Salvia multicaulis</em> is a widespread species of Lamiaceae family in Iran. There are many discussions about its infraspecific variations. Although some varieties were definite for this species in various parts of the world, no infraspecific taxon was reported in Iran and all samples of this species were named as S. multicaulis. In this study, morphological characteristics of S. multicaulis populations, naturally growing in Iran, was examined. Twenty-two traits were examined in 94 individuals of this species to<br />identify their phenotypic difference. Most of the investigated features were showing a high degree of variability, but it was highly pronounced for some characteristics such as basal leaf shape, basal leaf width, basal leaf length/ width ratio and basal petiole length. Significant positive/negative correlations were observed between some morphological variables. Furthermore, significant negative correlations were found between the eastern distribution of populations with basal leaf petiole length and basal leaf length/ width ratio. Based on the UPGMA cluster analysis, populations were divided into two main branches. The first branch contained four populations, while the second branch was bigger and clustered in two sub-branches. In one of them,<br />three populations and in another one the rest populations arranged in two groups. CA joined plot confirmed that each of studied populations or group of populations had distinct morphological trait(s), which were useful in identification of them. Our findings supported population no. 13 had unique morphological traits such as the largest bracts and basal leaf petiole, highest flower number of each inflorescence cycle, widest and largest calyx. The conservation of the highly diverse populations of<br />Iranian S. multicaulis is recommended.</p>

scholarly journals Isolation, identification and characterization of endophytic bacteria antagonistic to Phytophthora palmivora causing black pod of cocoa in Malaysia

2019 ◽  
Vol 155 (4) ◽  
pp. 1077-1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wael Alsultan ◽  
Ganesan Vadamalai ◽  
Ahmad Khairulmazmi ◽  
Halimi Mohd Saud ◽  
Abdullah M. Al-Sadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Bacteria ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Identification And Characterization

scholarly journals Occurrence of Powdery Mildew Caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. poae on Poa pratensis in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mo Zhu ◽  
Jie Ji ◽  
Wenqi Shi ◽  
YongFang Li
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Germ Tube ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Length Width

Poa pratensis, known as bluegrass, is a perennial grass and one of the best varieties with highly valued pasture and turf grass uses. It is widely grown on golf courses and used for lawns in squares and parks (Luo et al. 2020). During April and May 2020, powdery mildew-like signs and symptoms were observed on leaves of P. pratensis in Muye Park, Xinxiang city (35.3°N; 113.9°E), Henan Province, China. White or grayish powdery masses in spots- or coalesced lesions were abundant on the adaxial surfaces of leaves and covered up to 90 % of the leaf area. Some of the mildew-infested leaves appeared chlorotic or began senescence. Mildew-infested leaves were collected to microscopically observe the morphological characteristics of this pathogen. Conidiophores were composed of foot cells, followed by one or two cells, and conidia. The ellipsoid- shaped conidia (n = 50) were 25 - 36 × 10 - 15 μm (length × width), on average 30 × 13 μm, with a length/width ratio of 2.3. Foot-cells (n = 15) were 30 - 44 μm long and 7 - 15 μm wide. On leaf surfaces, germinated conidia produced a short primary germ tube and then a long secondary germ tube that finally differentiated into a hooked appressorium. Chasmothecia were not found. Based on these morphological characteristics, the pathogen was initially identified as B. graminis f. sp. poae, the known forma specialis (f. sp.) of B. graminis on P. pratensis (Braun and Cook 2012; Troch et al. 2014). Mycelia of the pathogen were scraped from infected leaves and total genomic DNA was isolated using the method described previously (Zhu et al. 2019). The rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified applying primer pairs ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990). The amplicon was cloned and sequenced by Invitrogen (Shanghai, China). The obtained sequence for the pathogen was deposited into GenBank under Accession No. MT892956 and was 100 % identical (549/549 bp) to B. graminis on P. pratensis (AB273530) (Inuma et al. 2007). In addition, the phylogenetic analysis clearly showed that the identified fungus and B. graminis f. sp. poae were clustered in the same branch. To perform pathogenicity analysis, leaf surfaces of eight healthy plants were inoculated by dusting fungal conidia from diseased leaves. Eight non-inoculated plants served as a control. The non-inoculated and inoculated plants were separately maintained in two growth chambers (humidity, 60 %; light/dark, 16 h/8 h; temperature, 18 ℃). Twelve to fourteen days after inoculation, B. graminis signs were visible on inoculated leaves, while control plants remained healthy. The pathogenicity assays were repeated twice and showed same results. Therefore, based on the morphological characteristics and molecular analysis, the pathogen was identified and confirmed as B. graminis f. sp. poae. This pathogen has been reported on P. pratensis in Switzerland and Japan (Inuma et al. 2007). This is, to our best knowledge, the first disease note reporting B. graminis on P. pratensis in China. Because the hybridization of B. graminis formae speciales (ff. spp.). allow the pathogens to adapt to new hosts, P. pratensis may serve as a primary inoculum reservoir of B. graminis to threaten other species, including cereal crops (Klingeman et al. 2018; Menardo et al. 2016). In addition, powdery mildew may negatively affect the yield and quality of grasses. Our report expands the knowledge of B. graminis f. sp. poae and provides the fundamental information for future powdery mildew control.

Hydnaceous fungi of China 7. Morphological and molecular characterization of Phellodon subconfluens sp. nov. from temperate, deciduous forests

Phytotaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 414 (6) ◽  
pp. 280-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
YAN-HONG MU ◽  
FANG WU ◽  
HAI-SHENG YUAN
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Rdna Its ◽  
Rdna Its Sequences ◽  
Temperate Deciduous ◽  
Temperate Deciduous Forests ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Characterization

A new hydnaceous fungus, Phellodon subconfluens, from northeast China, is described and illustrated based on morphological characteristics and rDNA ITS sequences. The new species is characterized by circular to flabelliform basidiocarps, a greyish buff, brownish orange to reddish brown and obscurely zonate pileal surface with white, incurved margins, a monomitic hyphal system with simple-septate, generative hyphae, and broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, thin-walled basidiospores with echinulate ornamentation. Molecular analysis confirms the phylogenetic position of the new species in Phellodon. The discriminating characters of the new species and closely related species are discussed.

scholarly journals Morphological characterization of active germoplasm bank fig tree accessions

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Gabriela Fontanetti Rodrigues ◽  
Tatiane Paes dos Santos ◽  
Antonio Flávio Arruda Ferreira ◽  
Laís Naiara Honorato Monteiro ◽  
Eduarda Sayuri Nakanishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Fig Tree ◽  
Fig Trees ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Characteristics

Abstract Fig tree (Ficus carica L.) is a fruit of great importance worldwide, being able to be implanted as new source of agricultural variability. The aim of the present work was to characterize the active germplasm bank of fig trees by means of morphological descriptors of 45 fig accessions at the Faculty of Agrarian and Technological Sciences, Campus of Dracena, FCAT / UNESP aiming at the recognition of the quality and genetic variability potential of the species. Thus, their biometric characteristics were evaluated by qualitative and quantitative descriptors of leaves and fruits. Fig tree accessions were characterized by means of the morphological characteristics of leaves and fruits, identifying AGB with high phenotypic variability and well adapted to the region and, by the analysis of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics, it was concluded that the most divergent accessions presented characteristics of agronomic interest, allowing the selection of features in order to subsidize conservation works, genetic improvement and crop production.

Experimental and numerical study of flow characteristics of flat-walled diffuser/nozzles for valveless piezoelectric micropumps

2016 ◽  
Vol 231 (12) ◽  
pp. 2313-2326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiu-hua He ◽  
Sheng-Chuan Cai ◽  
Zhi-Dan Deng ◽  
Song Yang
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Pressure Loss ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Performance Simulation ◽  
Diffuser Flow ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Loss Coefficients

The flat-walled diffuser/nozzles are classified into two types, i.e. Tube I and Tube II, based on their different flow resistance characteristics. Tube I has less pressure loss coefficients in the diffuser direction than the nozzle direction, and Tube II has larger pressure loss coefficients in the diffuser direction than the nozzle direction. This work focuses on the characterization of the diffuser efficiency, and flow rectification of these two types of diffuser/nozzles. The characterization is performed with diverging angles in the range of 5°–60° and length–width ratios in the range of 1–20, and the pressure drop ranging from 1 to 10 kPa. The results show that with the increase in pressure drop and the decrease in length–width ratio, Tube I type of diffuser/nozzles can change to Tube II. For Tube I type of diffuser/nozzles, the smaller the diverging angle and the longer the length, the better the performance. For Tube II type of diffuser/nozzles, the larger the diverging angle and shorter the length, the better the flow rectification performance. Simulation results match well with the experiment data. Of particular interest, simulation of the diffuser flow fields suggests that the flow separation has a significant impact on pressure loss coefficients in the diffuser direction.

scholarly journals First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Erysiphe heraclei on Parsley in Korea

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 847-847
Author(s):  
S. E. Cho ◽  
M. J. Park ◽  
J. H. Park ◽  
J. Y. Kim ◽  
H. D. Shin
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Petroselinum Crispum ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Anethum Graveolens ◽  
First Report ◽  
Organic Farm ◽  
Length Width ◽  
A Minor

Parsley, Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman, is a minor but important leaf crop in Korea. In June 2010, parsley plants (cv. Paramount) showing typical symptoms of powdery mildew were found with approximately 90% incidence (percentage of plants showing symptoms) in polyethylene-film-covered greenhouses in an organic farm in Icheon County of Korea. Symptoms first appeared as thin white colonies, which subsequently showed abundant growth on the leaves with chlorosis and crinkling. Most diseased plantings were unmarketable and shriveled without being harvested. The damage due to powdery mildew infections on parsley has reappeared in Icheon County and Gangneung City with confirmation of the causal agent made again in 2011 and 2012. Voucher specimens were deposited in the Korea University Herbarium (KUS). Appressoria on the mycelium were multilobed or moderately lobed. Conidiophores were cylindrical, 75 to 125 × 8 to 10 μm, straight in foot-cells, and produced conidia singly, followed by 2 to 3 cells. Conidia were oblong-elliptical to oblong, 32 to 55 × 14 to 20 μm with a length/width ratio of 1.7 to 2.9, lacked fibrosin bodies, and produced germ tubes on the perihilar position, with angular/rectangular wrinkling of the outer walls. First-formed conidia were apically conical, basally subtruncate to rounded, and generally smaller than the secondary conidia. Chasmothecia were not found. These structures are typical of the powdery mildew Pseudoidium anamorph of the genus Erysiphe. The specific measurements and morphological characteristics were consistent with those of E. heraclei DC. (1). To confirm the identity of the causal fungus, the complete ITS region of rDNA from isolate KUS-F25037 was amplified with primers ITS5 and P3 (3) and sequenced directly. The resulting 606-bp sequence was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KF680162). A GenBank BLAST search of this sequence revealed 100% identity with that of E. heraclei on Anethum graveolens from Korea (JN603995) and >99% similarity with those of E. heraclei on Daucus carota from Mexico (GU252368), Pimpinella affinis from Iran (AB104513), Anthriscus cerefolium from Korea (KF111807), and many other parsley family (Apiaceae) plants. Pathogenicity was verified through inoculation by gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of five healthy potted parsley plants. Five non-inoculated plants served as negative controls. Inoculated plants developed symptoms after 7 days, whereas the control plants remained symptomless. The fungus present on the inoculated plants was morphologically identical to that originally observed on diseased plants. Parsley powdery mildew caused by E. heraclei has been known in Europe, North America, Brazil, and Japan (2,4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew infections by E. heraclei on parsley in Korea. Since cultivation of parsley was only recently started on a commercial scale in Korea, powdery mildew infections pose a serious threat to safe production of this herb, especially those grown in organic farming where chemical options are limited. References: (1) U. Braun and R. T. A. Cook. Taxonomic Manual of the Erysiphales (Powdery Mildews), CBS Biodiversity Series No. 11. CBS, Utrecht, 2012. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Syst. Mycol. Microbiol. Lab., Online publication, ARS, USDA, retrieved September 17, 2013. (3) S. Takamatsu et al. Mycol. Res. 113:117, 2009. (4) Y. Tsuzaki and K. Sogou. Proc. Assoc. Plant Prot. Shikoku 24:47, 1989.

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