Primary care nurses’ knowledge on Zika virus infection during pregnancy

Cases related to Zika Virus infections in Brazil have become a severe public health problem due to its relation to microcephaly and other neurological and development problems in newborn babies of mothers who were infected by the Zika virus. Nurses are vital professionals in combating this infection, both for prevention and vector control; as well as handling the target public. Therefore, the research aimed to investigate Primary Care nurses’ knowledge on Zika virus infection during pregnancy. It is a descriptive field study with qualitative approach carried out at Family Health Strategy, in the city of Cajazeiras, Paraíba, Brazil. Semi-structured interviews were conducted for data collection, which were submitted to thematic-content analysis. The nurses replied that there is not much information about Zika virus infections, and reported brain impairment as the main consequence for the newborn baby. Nurses also revealed that many women of the community showed negative feelings towards the pregnancy, and they pointed out the importance of health education actions in the community for dissemination of information on Zika virus infection control and prevention. Nurses’ contribution regarding the assistance provided to the community is considered satisfactory. However, there was a need to bring efficient and updated professional training to the reality of each community. Therefore, it is suggested that training be provided through continued health education to professionals.

Download Full-text

Asymptomatic Prenatal Zika Virus Infection and Congenital Zika Syndrome

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofy073 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Enny S Paixao ◽

Wei-Yee Leong ◽

Laura C Rodrigues ◽

Annelies Wilder-Smith

Keyword(s):

Virus Infection ◽

Birth Defects ◽

Prospective Studies ◽

Zika Virus ◽

Retrospective Studies ◽

Recall Bias ◽

Virus Infections ◽

Fetal Outcomes ◽

Zika Virus Infection ◽

Congenital Zika Syndrome

Abstract To investigate to what extent asymptomatic vs symptomatic prenatal Zika virus infections contribute to birth defects, we identified 3 prospective and 8 retrospective studies. The ratio varied greatly in the retrospective studies, most likely due to recruitment and recall bias. The prospective studies revealed a ratio of 1:1 for asymptomatic vs symptomatic maternal Zika infections resulting in adverse fetal outcomes.

Download Full-text

Zika virus infections in three travellers returning from South America and the Caribbean respectively, to Montpellier, France, December 2015 to January 2016

Eurosurveillance ◽

10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.6.30131 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 21 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Alexandre Thibault Maria ◽

Marianne Maquart ◽

Alain Makinson ◽

Olivier Flusin ◽

Michel Segondy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Virus Infection ◽

South America ◽

Zika Virus ◽

Mosquito Vectors ◽

Virus Infections ◽

Southern France ◽

Zika Virus Infection ◽

The Caribbean

We report three unrelated cases of Zika virus infection in patients returning from Martinique, Brazil and Colombia respectively, to Montpellier, France. They developed symptoms compatible with a mosquito-borne disease, and serological and molecular investigations indicated a recent Zika virus infection. Considering the recent warning for the likely teratogenicity of Zika virus and the presence of competent mosquito vectors in southern France, these cases highlight the need for awareness of physicians and laboratories in Europe.

Download Full-text

COMPLICACIONES EN NEONATOS DE MADRES DIAGNOSTICADAS DE ZIKA EN EL DISTRITO 09D01 ZONAL 8 DE SALUD DE LA CIUDAD DE GUAYAQUIL

Enfermería Investiga Investigación Vinculación Docencia y Gestión ◽

10.31243/ei.uta.v5i4.974.2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 32

Author(s):

Marianita Grisela Méndez Caicedo ◽

Wladimir Alexander Hinojosa Méndez ◽

Pedro José Dávila Tapia

Keyword(s):

Virus Infection ◽

Cesarean Section ◽

Zika Virus ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

The Other ◽

Equal Proportion ◽

Zika Virus Infection ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Virus Zika

Introducción: la infección por el virus del Zika es un problema de salud pública por las complicaciones neonatales de moderada y grave severidad. Objetivo: establecer las complicaciones en los neonatos de madres diagnosticadas con Zika. Metodología: investigación cuantitativa, no experimental, descriptiva, con una muestra de 82 neonatos de madres con infección de virus del Zika, datos obtenidos del departamento de estadísticas del Distrito 09D01, durante el periodo enero 2017 a enero 2018, procesados por el software SPSS Estatistics 24.0 para windows, con una distribución numérica y porcentual, con la prueba de T de Student se estableció la significancia estadística (p<0.05). Resultados: En los 82 neonatos de madres infectadas con el virus Zika 52 casos (63,4 %) nacieron por cesárea y 30 casos (36,59 %) por parto vaginal, 76 casos (92,68%) nacieron vivos y 6 casos (7,3%) mortinatos, con igual proporción de neonatos pre-términos y a términos, microcefalia en 13 casos (15,88%), seguido de hiperbilirrubinemia en 5 casos (6,10%) e hipotiroidismo en 3 casos (3,66%), con una diferencia significativa (p<0,05) en la microcefalia en relación a las otras complicaciones. Conclusiones: Se evidenció un predominio en el tipo de parto por cesáreas, aunque diversos consensos internacionales establecen que la infección por el virus Zika o la microcefalia no son indicaciones, por lo que la cesárea se realizará solo por motivos obstétricos exclusivamente. En los neonatos existió igual proporción en la edad gestacional y se evidenciaron complicaciones como microcefalia, hiperbilirrubinemia e hipotiroidismo predominando la microcefalia en relación a las otras complicaciones. Palabras Clave: Zika; neonatos; gestantes, malformaciones, microcefalia, mortalidad. ABSTRACT Introduction: Zika virus infection is a public health problem due to moderate and severe neonatal complications. Objective: to establish the complications in the neonates of mothers diagnosed with Zika. Methodology: quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive research, with a sample of 82 neonates of mothers with Zika virus infection, data obtained from the statistics department of District 09D01, during the period January 2017 to January 2018, processed by the software SPSS Statistics 24.0 for windows, with a numerical and percentage distribution, with the Student's t test statistical significance was established (p<0.05). Results: In the 82 neonates of mothers infected with the Zika virus, 52 cases (63.4 %) were born by cesarean section and 30 cases (36.59%) by vaginal delivery, 76 cases (92.68%) were born alive and 6 cases (7.3%) were stillborn, with the same proportion of preterm and full term neonates, microcephaly in 13 cases (15.88%), followed by hyperbilirubinemia in 5 cases (6.10%) and hypothyroidism in 3 cases (3.66%), with a significant difference (p<0.05) in microcephaly in relation to the other complications. Conclusions: There was evidence of a predominance in the type of cesarean delivery, although various international consensuses made that infection by the Zika virus or microcephaly are not indications, so that cesarean section is performed only for obstetric reasons exclusively. In neonates there was an equal proportion in gestational age and complications such as microcephaly, hyperbilirubinemia and hypothyroidism were evidenced, with microcephaly predominating in relation to the other complications Keywords: Zika; neonates; pregnant; malformations; microcephaly; the mortality.

Download Full-text

Use of infectious disease surveillance reports to monitor the Zika virus epidemic in Latin America and the Caribbean from 2015 to 2017: strengths and deficiencies

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042869 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. e042869

Author(s):

Joan K Morris ◽

Helen Dolk ◽

Pablo Durán ◽

Ieda Maria Orioli

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Latin America ◽

Virus Infection ◽

Outcome Measures ◽

Zika Virus ◽

Disease Surveillance ◽

Virus Infections ◽

Infectious Disease Surveillance ◽

Zika Virus Infection ◽

The Caribbean

ObjectivesTo summarise the occurrence of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) in Latin America and the Caribbean from 2015 to 2017 using two outcome measures derived from infectious disease surveillance reports and to assess the completeness of these reports.DesignSurveillance study.SettingPan American Health Organization (PAHO)/WHO epidemiology reports on confirmed and suspected Zika virus infection and cases of CZS.ParticipantsPopulations of 47 countries in the South and Central Americas, Mexico and the Caribbean.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe number of CZS cases per 1000 births (using 2016–2017 births as a denominator) and the number of CZS cases per 1000 births in women with Zika virus infection during pregnancy.ResultsBy 4 January 2018, 548623 suspected and 239063 confirmed Zika virus infections had been reported to PAHO/WHO from 47 countries. In 25 countries, over 80% of infections were reported as suspected. There were 3617 confirmed CZS cases in 25 countries; 2952 (82%) had occurred in Brazil. The number of CZS cases per 1000 births varied considerably with Brazil and several Caribbean island communities (Puerto Rico, St Martin, Martinique, Guadeloupe and Grenada) having the highest CZS prevalence above 0.5 per 1000 births. Analysing the number of CZS cases per 1000 births in women infected with Zika virus during their pregnancy highlighted the inaccuracies of the data, with Venezuela likely to have had severe under-reporting of CZS.ConclusionsExpressing data on CZS in relation to total births, rather than as absolute numbers, better illustrates the burden of disease, providing that under-reporting of CZS is not too severe. Data on infections in pregnant women enable potential under-reporting of CZS to be identified. Both measures are recommended for future PAHO/WHO publications. Evidence of severe under-reporting of Zika virus infections and CZS makes interpretation of the data and comparisons between countries challenging.

Download Full-text

Juridical perspectives of interruption of pregnancy with zika virus infection regarding medical, emotional and social consequences

Journal of Human Growth and Development ◽

10.7322/jhgd.143875 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 77 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ana Rita Souza Prata ◽

Daniela Pedroso ◽

Greice Menezes ◽

Jefferson Drezett ◽

José Henrique Rodrigues Torres ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Virus Infection ◽

Zika Virus ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Criminal Code ◽

Human Infection ◽

Social Consequences ◽

Physical And Mental Health ◽

Zika Virus Infection ◽

The Republic ◽

Virus Zika

Introduction: The Zika virus was identified in 1947 in Rhesus monkeys in the Republic of Uganda and isolated in humans in 1952 in the same country. Up to 2007 there were few cases of human infection in African and Asian countries. The first outbreak of the Zika virus occurred in Brazil in 2015, becoming a serious public health problem due to the increase in the number of cases of microcephaly in infected pregnant women. Objective: To describe the legal abortion at Zika virus infection during pregnancy regarding medical, emotional and social consequences. perspectives of abortion for the pregnant woman with Zika virus regarding the medical, emotional and social consequences. Methods: This is a documentary study based on documents about abortion and its outcomes in Brazil. Technical norms, textbooks, indexed articles of Scopus and PubMed, documents extracted from international human rights treaties and conventions, and legal documents on the subject were used. It was decided to direct the text based on the experiences of each theme on abortion and its outcomes in Brazil, with a synthesis of the current scenario. Results: Recognizing the exceptional nature of this situation, it is sought to confer an interpretation according to the Constitution and Article 128 of the Criminal Code, based on an analogical application, which seeks to protect the physical and mental health of women infected by the Zika virus. It is possible to qualify the practice of abortion in these circumstances as atypical conduct by the state of necessity, excluding the unlawfulness by comparing with articles 23, I and 24 of the Penal Code. Conclusion: Authorizing the termination of pregnancy after diagnosis of the virus Zika guarantees women the free exercise of their reproductive rights, which is not confused with state imposition of abortion or eugenic practice.

Download Full-text

Navigating the Zika panic

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.9370.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. 1914 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nathan D. Grubaugh ◽

Kristian G. Andersen

Keyword(s):

Virus Infection ◽

Zika Virus ◽

Ebola Virus ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Severe Disease ◽

Conclusive Evidence ◽

Virus Infections ◽

Outbreak Response ◽

Zika Virus Infection ◽

Virus Research

The epidemics of Ebola virus in West Africa and Zika virus in America highlight how viruses can explosively emerge into new territories. These epidemics also exposed how unprepared we are to handle infectious disease emergencies. This is also true when we consider hypothesized new clinical features of infection, such as the associations between Zika virus infection and severe neurological disease, including microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. On the surface, these pathologies appear to be new features of Zika virus infection, however, causal relationships have not yet been established. Decades of limited Zika virus research are making us scramble to determine the true drivers behind the epidemic, often at the expense of over-speculation without credible evidence. Here we review the literature and find no conclusive evidence at this time for significant biological differences between the American Zika virus strains and those circulating elsewhere. Rather, the epidemic scale in the Americas may be facilitated by an abnormally warm climate, dense human and mosquito populations, and previous exposure to other viruses. Severe disease associated with Zika virus may therefore not be a new trait for the virus, rather it may have been overlooked due to previously small outbreaks. Much of the recent panic regarding Zika virus has been about the Olympics in Brazil. We do not find any substantial evidence that the Olympics will result in a significant number of new Zika virus infections (~10 predicted) or that the Olympics will promote further epidemic spread over what is already expected. The Zika virus epidemic in the Americas is a serious situation and decisions based on solid scientific evidence - not hyped media speculations - are required for effective outbreak response.

Download Full-text

Correlation between Zika virus and microcephaly as a consequence of congenital infection

10.5327/1516-3180.629 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ana Flávia Silva Castro ◽

Natália Barros Salgado Vieira ◽

Sarah Joanny da Silva Pereira

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Virus Infection ◽

Zika Virus ◽

Complex Disease ◽

Congenital Infection ◽

Virus Infections ◽

Zika Virus Infection ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Neurological Effects ◽

The Relationship

Introduction: The Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus of RNA, whose transmission is mainly vector - by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes - but it also occurs through sexual, blood and transplacental transmission, with the last mentioned it was possible to verify serious neurological effects in the epidemic in South America, especially in Brazil, between 2015 and 2016. Objectives: To analyze the relationship between Zika virus infection and microcephaly in recent scientific literature. Methodology: Refers to a bibliographic review in the databases SciELO, LILACS and MEDLINE / Pubmed, with the terms “zika virus”, “infection” and “microcephaly” correlated in Portuguese and in English; 78 articles were found, but only 7 followed for analysis. Articles published more than 5 years ago and out of the proposed theme were disregarded. Results: The Zika virus, although similar to the dengue and chikungunya virus, it has a tendency to cause damage to the central nervous system such as Guillain-Barré Syndrome. However, the association between microcephaly and ZIKV started to be more observed through the increase of the disease among fetuses and newborns of mothers who had been infected during the gestational phase in the epidemic that happened in Brazil. It is known that the development of the nervous system is the product of processes of high proliferation and cellular differentiation, in which even small errors generate dangerous impacts, and it is during this period that ZIKV affects the CNS of the fetus. The disease is characterized by the reduction of the brain perimeter, in this context, is a consequence of abnormalities influenced by the virus. Conclusions: Microcephaly is a complex disease; therefore, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of primary care and other spheres for monitoring Zika virus infections, prenatal care and constant psychosocial monitoring. Furthermore, it is necessary to understand the relevance of studies about ZIKV and microcephaly, and to encourage scientific production in this area.

Download Full-text

Zika virus detection in cerebrospinal fluid from two patients with encephalopathy, Martinique, February 2016

Eurosurveillance ◽

10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.16.30205 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 21 (16) ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Benoît Rozé ◽

Fatiha Najioullah ◽

Aïssatou Signate ◽

Kossivi Apetse ◽

Yannick Brouste ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Virus Infection ◽

Zika Virus ◽

Virus Detection ◽

Neurological Complications ◽

Virus Infections ◽

Zika Virus Infection

We report two cases of encephalopathy (one with seizures, one with electroencephalogram changes) in patients with Zika virus infection. The cases occurred on Martinique in February 2016, during the Zika virus outbreak. Awareness of the various neurological complications of Zika virus infection is needed for patients living in areas affected by Zika virus infections or for travellers to these areas.

Download Full-text

Educational Programme for Pregnant Women About Zika Virus Infection in Benha City

International Journal of Studies in Nursing ◽

10.20849/ijsn.v3i2.388 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 65

Author(s):

Nehad Ahmed Ibrahim Zahra

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Health Education ◽

Virus Infection ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Zika Virus ◽

Health Concern ◽

Attitude And Practice ◽

Zika Virus Infection ◽

Before And After ◽

Knowledge Attitude And Practice

Background: Zika virus has potential to cause a pandemic so it becomes a major public health concern worldwide. Even if its effect on adults is commonly mild, Zika creates expressive risks for developing fetuses of infected women during pregnancy. The present study is quasi-experimental study aiming to examine the impact of Zika Virus Infection educational program for pregnant women on their knowledge, attitude and practice before and after applying for the program.Setting: The study was performed at antenatal clinics in maternal and child health care center at Benha city from the beginning of August 2015 until October2015. The study sample consisted of105 pregnant women simple randomly included in the study. The data was collected through a structured Interviewing questionnaire for the mother to assess the level of women's knowledge attitude and reported practice related to ZIK virus were assessed before and after the program. The results revealed that there was a significant improvement in the nurses' knowledge score about Meaning, causative agent, Vaccine, symptoms, complications, investigations, and management of Zika virus; moreover, there was an improvement in total reported practices about Zika tends to rise.Conclusion: There was an improvement in knowledge, attitude, and practice of the participant's post-program. Based on the results of the study recommended that: Health education to pregnant women about the Zika virus should be included in the antenatal health education program as well as the need for additional public health messaging to avoid it.

Download Full-text

Congenital Zika Virus Infection Paradigm: What is in the Wardrobe? A Narrative Review

East Africa Science ◽

10.24248/easci.v1i1.4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 49-56

Author(s):

Mariam M. Mirambo ◽

Lucas Matemba ◽

Mtebe Majigo ◽

Stephen E. Mshana

Keyword(s):

Virus Infection ◽

Neural Tube ◽

Zika Virus ◽

English Language ◽

Case Reports ◽

Case Series ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Ocular Manifestations ◽

Zika Virus Infection ◽

N 93

Background: Zika virus infection during pregnancy has been recently associated with congenital microcephaly and other severe neural tube defects. However, the magnitude of confirmed cases and the scope of these anomalies have not been extensively documented. This review focuses on the magnitude of laboratory-confirmed congenital Zika virus cases among probable cases and describing the patterns of congenital anomalies allegedly caused by the Zika virus, information which will inform further research in this area. Methods: We conducted a literature search for English-language articles about congenital Zika virus infection using online electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, POPLINE, Embase, Google Scholar, and Web of Knowledge). The search terms used were, “zika”, “pregnancy”, [year], “microcephaly”, “infants”, “children”, “neonates”, “foetuses”, “neural tube defect”, and “CNS manifestations” in different combinations. All articles reporting cases or case series between January 2015 and December 2016 were included. Data were entered into a Microsoft Excel database and analysed to obtain proportions of the confirmed cases and patterns of anomalies. Results: A total of 24 articles (11 case series, 9 case reports, and 4 others) were found to be eligible and included in this review. These articles reported 919 cases, with or without microcephaly, presumed to have congenital Zika virus infection. Of these cases, 884 (96.2%) had microcephaly. Of the 884 cases of microcephaly, 783 (88.6%) were tested for Zika virus infection, and 216 (27.6%; 95% confidence interval, 24.5% to 30.8%) were confirmed to be Zika virus-positive. In addition to microcephaly, other common abnormalities reported – out of 442 cases investigated – were calcifications of brain tissue (n=240, 54.3%), ventriculomegaly (n=93, 20.8%), cerebellar hypoplasia (n=52, 11.7%), and ocular manifestations (n=46, 10.4%). Conclusion: Based on the available literature, Zika virus infection during pregnancy might lead to a wide array of outcomes other than microcephaly. There is a need for more epidemiological studies in Zika-endemic areas, particularly in Africa, to ascertain the role of Zika virus in causing congenital neurological defects.

Download Full-text