Bovine Tuberculosis Prevalence, Potential Risk Factors and Its Public Health Implication in Selected State Dairy Farms, Central Ethiopia

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mulualem Endalew ◽  
Benti Chimdi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Public Health Implication ◽  
Central Ethiopia ◽  
Health Implication ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Tuberculosis Prevalence

scholarly journals The variable prevalence of bovine tuberculosis among dairy herds in Central Ethiopia provides opportunities for targeted intervention

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254091
Author(s):  
Gizat Almaw ◽  
Andrew J. K. Conlan ◽  
Gobena Ameni ◽  
Balako Gumi ◽  
Alemseged Alemu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
P Value ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Individual Animal ◽  
Central Ethiopia ◽  
High Prevalence

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an important disease for dairy productivity, as well as having the potential for zoonotic transmission. Previous prevalence studies of bTB in the dairy sector in central Ethiopia have suggested high prevalence, however, they have been limited to relatively small scale surveys, raising concerns about their representativeness. Here we carried out a cross sectional one-stage cluster sampling survey taking the dairy herd as a cluster to estimate the prevalence of bTB in dairy farms in six areas of central Ethiopia. The survey, which to date is by far the largest in the area in terms of the number of dairy farms, study areas and risk factors explored, took place from March 2016 to May 2017. This study combined tuberculin skin testing and the collection of additional herd and animal level data by questionnaire to identify potential risk factors contributing to bTB transmission. We applied the single intradermal cervical comparative tuberculin (SICCT) test using >4mm cut-off for considering an individual animal as positive for bTB; at least one reactor animal was required for a herd to be considered bTB positive. Two hundred ninety-nine dairy herds in the six study areas were randomly selected, from which 5,675 cattle were tested. The overall prevalence of bTB after standardisation for herd-size in the population was 54.4% (95% CI 48.7–60%) at the herd level, and it was 24.5% (95% CI 23.3–25.8) at the individual animal level. A Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) with herd and area as random effect was used to explore risk factors association with bTB status. We found that herd size, age, bTB history at farm, and breed were significant risk factors for animals to be SICCT positive. Animals from large herds had 8.3 times the odds of being tuberculin reactor (OR: 8.3, p-value:0.008) as compared to animals from small herds. The effect of age was strongest for animals 8–10 years of age (the oldest category) having 8.9 times the odds of being tuberculin reactors (OR: 8.9, p-value:<0.001) compared to the youngest category. The other identified significant risk factors were bTB history at farm (OR: 5.2, p-value:0.003) and cattle breed (OR: 2.5, p-value: 0.032). Our study demonstrates a high prevalence of bTB in central Ethiopia but with a large variation in within-herd prevalence between herds, findings that lays an important foundation for the future development of control strategies.

scholarly journals Prevalence of undernutrition and potential risk factors among children under 5 years of age in Amhara Region, Ethiopia: evidence from 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damitie Kebede ◽  
Yidnekachew Merkeb ◽  
Eyerusalem Worku ◽  
Hayat Aragaw
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Demographic And Health Survey ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Amhara Region ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Children Under 5

Abstract More than one-third of deaths during the first 5 years of life are attributed to undernutrition, which are mostly preventable through economic development and public health measures. The present study aimed to explore the potential risk factors of undernutrition among children under 5 years of age in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) were used. A total of 974 children under 5 years of age were involved. A multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was used at a 5 % level of significance to determine the individual- and community-level factors associated with childhood undernutrition. The prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight was 46⋅3, 9⋅8 and 28⋅4 %, respectively. About 23⋅1 % of children were both stunting and underweight, 7⋅3 % were both underweight and wasting and 4⋅5 % of children had all three conditions. Among the factors considered in the present study, the age of a child in months, birth weight, mother educational level, sex of household head, sources of drinking water and the type of toilet facility were significantly associated with undernutrition in the Amhara Region. Undernutrition among under-five children was one of the public health problems in the Amhara Region. The potential risk factors should be considered to develop strategies for reducing undernutrition in the Amhara Region. Finally, improving the living standards of the children is important to get better health care, to enhance the child's nutritional status and to reduce child mortality.

Public health and terrorism

2018 ◽  
pp. 499-502
Author(s):  
Kamaldeep Bhui
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Public Health Approach ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Public Health Strategies

This chapter describes terrorism and radicalization as processes that are usually managed by the criminal justice system, and erroneously applying information from convicted offenders to populations. Terrorism and radicalization are now proposed to be helpful targets of public health strategies, in order to shift potential risk factors and protective factors into more favourable profiles. Although the field is in its infancy, this chapter sets out some of the pros and cons of adopting a public health approach to tackle terrorism. Public health approaches to tackling violence are discussed, alongside research findings on how these might be adapted for tackling terrorism.

scholarly journals Study on the prevalence and risk factors of bovine tuberculosis in dairy cattle in Adama city, central Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tefera Woldemariam ◽  
Samuel Bekele ◽  
Gezahegne Mamo ◽  
Gobena Ameni
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Tuberculin Test ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Central Ethiopia

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a serious infectious disease of cattle with significant economic impact and public health risk. It is particularly important in Ethiopia where effective control measures are lacking. This cross-sectional study was carried out between April and July 2016 on 1038 cattle selected from 206 dairy farms in Adama city located in central Ethiopia to estimate the prevalence of bTB and identify the potential risk factors using comparative intradermal tuberculin skin test. Accordingly, the individual animal level prevalence was found to be 2.1% (95% CI: 1.35 – 3.22). Of the 206 dairy farms included in the study, 7.3% (95% CI: 4.29 – 11.98) had one or more 15 cattle positive for the tuberculin test. Furthermore, 5.5% of the examined cattle were found reactive for atypical Mycobacterium. Among the risk factors considered, age and lactation status of the animals were significantly associated (p< 0.05) with the prevalence of bTB. It was noted that the apparent prevalence of bTB positive reactivity was greater in young and non-lactating cattle than their counterparts. In conclusion, the present study revealed 2.1% prevalence of bTB in the dairy farms investigated and culling of positive reactors is recommended as a feasible control intervention. Keywords: Adama; Bovine tuberculosis; CIDT; dairy cattle; Ethiopia

scholarly journals Prevalence and Risk Factors of Repeat Breeding in Commercial Dairy Farms of Chittagong District of Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
BK Nath ◽  
BC Das ◽  
MS Bari ◽  
MA Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Farm Level ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp ◽  
Antibiotic Agents

The study was conducted to measure the prevalence of repeat breeding cows and to identify the potential risk factors of Repeat breeding syndrome in commercial dairy farms at Chittagong of Bangladesh during July 2011 to October 2012. A total of 15 government registered dairy farms having 283 cows were surveyed for individual and farm level variables identified using preset questionnaire. Out of them 56 dairy cows was sampled for bacteriological exploration and culture sensitivity test. Overall prevalence of repeat breeder cow in commercial dairying of Chittagong was 11.3%. The univariate analysis screened potential cow level exposure high yielding cows (p=0.02) and cows having peripartum events (dystocia) in last calving (p=0.001). Among farm level exposures, owner educational level (p=0.05), nature of feed offer at farm (p=0.06) were evident to be potential screened factors for repeat breeding. From the 32 repeat breeders, Staphylococcus spp. 13 (40.6%) was isolated as predominant bacteria followed by Escherichia coli 8 (25%), Bacillus spp 6 (18.8%), Corynebacterium spp 6 (18.8%) and Pseudomonas spp 5 (15.6%). The isolates of bacteria were more or less effective against eight antibiotic agents. Gentamicin 36 (97.3%) showed higher sensitivity followed by ceftriaxone 33 (89.2%), chloramphenicol 33 (89.2%) indicates the effectiveness of these antibiotics in treating repeat breeding. Moreover, the identified potential risk factors should be controlled to minimize the economic loss of dairy farms.International Journal of Natural Sciences (2014), 4(1) 21-27

scholarly journals Deviance from the ethical standard of reporting child sexual abuse in daily newspapers of Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asibul Islam Anik ◽  
Muhammad Ibrahim Ibne Towhid ◽  
Syed Shariful Islam ◽  
Md. Takit Mallik ◽  
Shabnam Azim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Child Sexual Abuse ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Ethical Standard ◽  
Daily Newspapers ◽  
News Stories ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Public Reaction

AbstractSince child sexual abuse (CSA) is one of the most serious public health issues, how CSA cases and victims are portrayed in the daily newspapers is a major concern to the public health and communication specialists. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree of the ethical standard of reporting CSA in Bangladeshi newspapers, as well as to identify the potential risk factors associated with unethical reporting. From January to December 2017, a total of 1093 news stories on CSA were collected from four top circulated Bengali newspapers and two English newspapers of Bangladesh. Berelson’s quantitative content analysis approach (only manifest content) was used to analyze these stories. For the coding and analysis purpose, news items (texts and news with photos) of spot news, editorials, and commentaries were included. Chi-square tests were used to evaluate the bivariate association of different case characteristics with unethical reporting, and multivariate logistic regression models were performed to assess the potential risk factors of disclosing the victim’s identity and needless detail in the news description. This study revealed that more than 40% of news stories on CSA cases did not follow the ethical standard of reporting. Episodic CSA cases were more unethically reported in newspapers, compared to the thematic stories (42.8% vs. 11.6%). Approximately 37% of news stories disclosed at least one identifying information of victims (i.e., name, parents’ name, family member’s name, or school name), and 23% of stories included sensual and/or excessive description of the event. Our adjusted model showed that victim identifiers were most likely to be reported in news stories when the victim was 13–17 years old (AOR 1.86; P = 0.027), the alleged perpetrator held influential social status (AOR 2.44, P = 0.005), the victim was familiar to the perpetrator (AOR 6.85, P < 0.001), and when public reaction against the CSA incident was reported (AOR 2.75, P < 0.001). In addition, if there was a public reaction to any CSA occurrence, the chances of unnecessary extensive coverage increased by 1.82 times. In conclusion, Bangladeshi newspapers often publish CSA stories without maintaining the ethical standard of reporting and thus ignore child rights.

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