Soil Physical Quality in Sugarcane Field Under Cover Crop and Different Soil Tillage Systems

Currently, the management practices employed in Brazilian sugarcane plantations have contribute to soil physical degradation and, few studies considering the effect of cover crop associated with conservationist soil tillage systems to control or even reverse this process. Therefore, with the aim to assess the impact of cover crop and tillage systems on the least limiting water range (LLWR) and the S index in two soils of different textures used for sugarcane production, a fieldwork was carried out in two sugarcane plantations in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The experimental design is a split-plot with four repetitions. The main factor consisted of soil cover vegetation: cover crop and fallow, and the second factor, the tillage system: minimum tillage and conventional tillage. The data of this study demonstrated that clayey and medium-textured soil are sensitive to the management systems used. The use of cover crop promoted an increase of LLWR (average incremental rate of 105% for clayey and 100% for medium-textured soil) and S index (average incremental rate of 16% for clayey and 10% for medium-textured soil). The maintenance of soil under fallow represented restrictive conditions for the growth/development of the plants due to the degradation of the soil structure. In addition, conservation management systems, such as minimum tillage, resulted in better soil physical quality when associated with cover crop. Finally, the clayey and medium-textured soil, show good S index during the first cycle of sugarcane cultivation.

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The Mechanical Impact of Water Affected the Soil Physical Quality of a Loam Soil under Minimum Tillage and No-Tillage: An Assessment Using Beerkan Multi-Height Runs and BEST-Procedure

Land ◽

10.3390/land10020195 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 195 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mirko Castellini ◽

Anna Maria Stellacci ◽

Danilo Sisto ◽

Massimo Iovino

Keyword(s):

Soil Water ◽

Water Retention ◽

Management Practices ◽

Soil Management ◽

Soil Water Retention ◽

Physical Quality ◽

Soil Physical Quality ◽

Loam Soil ◽

The Impact

The multi-height (low, L = 3 cm; intermediate, M = 100 cm; high, H = 200 cm) Beerkan run methodology was applied on both a minimum tilled (MT) (i.e., up to a depth of 30 cm) and a no-tilled (NT) bare loam soil, and the soil water retention curve was estimated by the BEST-steady algorithm. Three indicators of soil physical quality (SPQ), i.e., macroporosity (Pmac), air capacity (AC) and relative field capacity (RFC) were calculated to assess the impact of water pouring height under alternative soil management practices. Results showed that, compared to the reference low run, M and H runs affected both the estimated soil water retention curves and derived SPQ indicators. Generally, M–H runs significantly reduced the mean values of Pmac and AC and increased RFC for both MT and NT soil management practices. According to the guidelines for assessment of SPQ, the M and H runs: (i) worsened Pmac classification of both MT and NT soils; (ii) did not worsen AC classification, regardless of soil management parameters; (iii) worsened RFC classification of only NT soil, as a consequence of insufficient soil aeration. For both soil management techniques, a strong negative correlation was found between the Pmac and AC values and the gravitational potential energy, Ep, of the water used for the infiltration runs. A positive correlation was detected between RFC and Ep. The relationships were plausible from a soil physics point of view. NT soil has proven to be more resilient than MT. This study contributes toward testing simple and robust methods capable of quantifying soil degradation effects, due to intense rainfall events, under different soil management practices in the Mediterranean environment.

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Critical limits of soil penetration resistance in a rhodic Eutrudox

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/s0100-06832014000100029 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 288-298 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Moacir Tuzzin de Moraes ◽

Henrique Debiasi ◽

Reimar Carlesso ◽

Julio Cezar Franchini ◽

Vanderlei Rodrigues da Silva

Keyword(s):

Cropping Systems ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

No Tillage ◽

Matric Potential ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Physical Quality ◽

Minimum Tillage ◽

Soil Penetration Resistance ◽

Soil Physical Quality

Soil penetration resistance is an important indicator of soil physical quality and the critical limit of 2 MPa has been widely used to characterize the soil physical quality, in both no-tillage and conventional systems. The aim of this study was to quantify the influence of different tillage and cropping systems on the soil penetration resistance in a Rhodic Eutrudox. The experiment was carried out in a 5 × 2 factorial, completely randomized block design (tillage systems vs cropping systems), with four replications. The tillage systems consisted of: conventional tillage disk harrow; minimum tillage with annual chiseling; minimum tillage with chiseling every three years; no-tillage for 11 consecutive years; and no-tillage for 24 consecutive years. The factor cropping systems was represented by: crop rotation and crop succession. The soil penetration resistance (SPR) was determined in 20 soil samples per treatment and layer (0.0-0.10; 0.10-0.20 and 0.20-0.30 m) for each soil matric potential: -6, -10, -33, -100, -500 kPa. The SPR was determined at a volumetric soil water content equivalent to the fraction of plant-available water of 0.7. There were no differences of soil penetration resistance between the two cropping systems. Differences in soil penetration resistance among tillage systems were related to the matric potential at which the samples were equilibrated. The critical SPR limit of 2 MPa normally used for conventional tillage should be maintained. However, this value of 2 MPa is inappropriate for the physical quality characterization of Rhodic Eutrudox under no-tillage and/or minimum tillage with chiseling. Regardless of the cropping systems, the critical SPR limit should be raised to 3 MPa for minimum tillage with chiseling and to 3.5 MPa for no-tillage.

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AMOUNT AND STRUCTURE OF THE BIOLOGICAL FERTILITY OF SOYA, DEPENDING ON THE SYSTEM OF MAIN TILLAGE OF SOIL AND MEASURES TO OPTIMIZE NUTRITION MODE

Technical and technological aspects of development and testing of new machinery and technologies for agriculture of Ukraine ◽

10.31473/2305-5987-2020-2-27(41)-16 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

M. Novokhatskyi ◽

◽

V. Targonya ◽

T. Babinets ◽

O. Gorodetskyi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Optimal Number ◽

Soil Tillage ◽

Forest Steppe ◽

Biological Productivity ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Application Rates ◽

Tillage System ◽

Biological Yield ◽

The Impact

Aim. Assessment of the impact of the most common systems of basic tillage and biological methods of optimization of nutrition regimes on the realization of the potential of grain productivity of soybean in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The research used general scientific (hypothesis, experiment, observation) and special (field experiment, morphological analysis) methods Results. The analysis of the results of field experiments shows that the conservation system of soil cultivation, which provided the formation of 27.6 c/ha of grain, is preferable by the level of biological yield of soybean. The use of other systems caused a decrease in the biological yield level: up to 26.4 c/ha for the use of the traditional system, up to 25.3 c/ha for the use of mulching and up to 23.0 c/ha for the use of the mini-till. With the use of Groundfix, the average biological yield of soybean grain increases to 25.6 c / ha for application rates of 5 l/ha, and to 28.2 c/ha for application rates of 10 l/ha when control variants (without the use of the specified preparation) an average of 22.6 c/ha of grain was formed with fluctuations in soil tillage systems from 21.0 (mini-bodies) to 25.8 c/ha (traditional).The application of Groundfix (10 l/ha) reduced the seed abortion rate from 11.0% (average without biofertilizer variants) to 8.0%, forming the optimal number of stem nodes with beans, increasing the attachment height of the lower beans and improving other indicators of biological productivity soybeans. Conclusions. It has been found that the use of the canning tillage system generates an average of 27.6 cent soybean grains, which is the highest indicator among the main tillage systems within the scheme of our research. The use of Groundfix caused a change in this indicator: if the variants with a conservative system of basic tillage without the use of biological preparation (control) were formed on average 24.1 c/ha, the use of Ground Licks caused the increase of biological productivity up to 29.4 c/ha, and at a dose of 10 l/ha biological yield was 32.2 c/ha. It was found that both the use of Groundfix and the basic tillage system influenced the elements of the yield structure: the density of the plants at the time of harvest depended more on the tillage system than on the use of Groundfix; the use of Groundfix and increasing its dose within the scheme of our studies positively reflected on the density of standing plants; the height of attachment of the lower beans and reduced the abortion of the seeds.

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Earthworm Abundance Changes Depending on Soil Management Practices in Slovenian Vineyards

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11061241 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1241

Author(s):

Stanko Vršič ◽

Marko Breznik ◽

Borut Pulko ◽

Jesús Rodrigo-Comino

Keyword(s):

Management Practices ◽

Human Impacts ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Soil Management ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Soil Tillage ◽

Soil Biodiversity ◽

Straw Mulch ◽

Green Cover ◽

The Impact

Earthworms are key indicators of soil quality and health in vineyards, but research that considers different soil management systems, especially in Slovenian viticultural areas is scarce. In this investigation, the impact of different soil management practices such as permanent green cover, the use of herbicides in row and inter-row areas, use of straw mulch, and shallow soil tillage compared to meadow control for earthworm abundance, were assessed. The biomass and abundance of earthworms (m2) and distribution in various soil layers were quantified for three years. Monitoring and a survey covering 22 May 2014 to 5 October 2016 in seven different sampling dates, along with a soil profile at the depth from 0 to 60 cm, were carried out. Our results showed that the lowest mean abundance and biomass of earthworms in all sampling periods were registered along the herbicide strip (within the rows). The highest abundance was found in the straw mulch and permanent green cover treatments (higher than in the control). On the plots where the herbicide was applied to the complete inter-row area, the abundance of the earthworm community decreased from the beginning to the end of the monitoring period. In contrast, shallow tillage showed a similar trend of declining earthworm abundance, which could indicate a deterioration of soil biodiversity conditions. We concluded that different soil management practices greatly affect the soil’s environmental conditions (temperature and humidity), especially in the upper soil layer (up to 15 cm deep), which affects the abundance of the earthworm community. Our results demonstrated that these practices need to be adapted to the climate and weather conditions, and also to human impacts.

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INTERVALO HÍDRICO ÓTIMO PARA AVALIAÇÃO DE SISTEMAS DE PRODUÇÃO E RENDIMENTO DO FEIJÃO

Irriga ◽

10.15809/irriga.2017v22n2p383-399 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 383-399 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Laura Fernanda Simões Da Silva ◽

Mara De Andrade Marinho ◽

Raquel Stucchi Boschi ◽

Edson Eiji Matsura

Keyword(s):

Bulk Density ◽

Lower Limit ◽

Management Systems ◽

Conventional System ◽

Undisturbed Soil ◽

Important Indicator ◽

Physical Quality ◽

Soil Physical Quality ◽

Wide Range ◽

Bean Yield

INTERVALO HÍDRICO ÓTIMO PARA AVALIAÇÃO DE SISTEMAS DE PRODUÇÃO E RENDIMENTO DO FEIJÃO Laura Fernanda Simões da Silva1; Mara de Andrade Marinho2; Raquel Stucchi Boschi3 E Edson Eiji Matsura2 ¹Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Rural / CCA / UFSCar Rodovia Anhanguera, km 174 – SP-330 - Araras - SP - Brasil - CEP: 13600-970, email: [email protected] ²Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Avenida Candido Rondon, n 501, Barão Geraldo, Campinas – SP, Brasil - CEP 13083-875, email: [email protected]; [email protected]³Secretaria de Gestão Ambiental e Sustentabilidade/ UFSCar Rod. Washington Luis, km 235 - São Carlos - SP - Brasil - CEP:13565-905, email: [email protected] 1 RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi compreender o efeito de dois sistemas de produção agrícola, com e sem irrigação, sobre atributos físicos do solo e sobre o rendimento do feijão, utilizando o conceito de intervalo hídrico ótimo (IHO). A pesquisa foi conduzida em parcelas experimentais situadas na região de Campinas, cultivadas com feijão sob Sistema Plantio Direto (SPD) e Sistema Convencional com Grade (SC). Para determinação do IHO, os atributos densidade do solo (Ds), curva de retenção de água (CRA), curva de resistência do solo à penetração (RP) e porosidade de aeração foram determinados para camada do solo 0-0,20 m, a partir de amostras indeformadas extraídas de diferentes locais, de modo a representar uma faixa ampla de variação da densidade do solo. O monitoramento da qualidade do solo e do desempenho dos sistemas de produção foi efetuado com base em dados de: Ds, umidade volumétrica e produtividade da cultura de feijão, irrigado e não irrigado para uma safra agrícola de inverno. Os limites do IHO foram definidos pelo q-0,01MPa (limite superior) e pelo q-1,5MPa (limite inferior), para os valores de Ds até 1,2 kg dm-3. A partir deste valor de Ds, o limite inferior passa a ser definido pelo qRP. O período de dias em que o solo permaneceu fora das condições ideais de umidade estabelecidas pelo IHO foi suficiente para afetar diferencialmente a produtividade do feijoeiro nos tratamentos não irrigados, com vantagem para o SPD. O IHO representa um importante indicador na avaliação da qualidade estrutural do solo submetido a diferentes sistemas de manejo. Ainda, o IHO pode ser utilizado no monitoramento da qualidade física do solo associado a uma maior ou menor frequência de ocorrência da umidade do solo fora dos limites estabelecido pelo mesmo. Palavras-chave: manejo de irrigação, densidade do solo, sistema plantio direto, sistema convencional, qualidade física. Silva, L. F. S.; Marinho, M. A.; Boschi, R. S.; Matsura, E. E.LEAST LIMITING WATER RANGE TO ASSESS BEAN MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND YIELD 2 ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to understand the effect of two management systems, with and without irrigation, on soil physical properties and bean yield, using the concept of least limiting water range (LLWR). The study was conducted in experimental plots located in Campinas, planted with beans under no tillage system (NTS) and conventional system (SC). To determine the LLWR, bulk density (BD), water retention curve (WRC), soil resistance to penetration curve (SRPC) and macroporosity were determined for the layer 0-0.20 m, from undisturbed soil samples extracted from different locations to represent a wide range of bulk density. Monitoring of soil quality and performance of production systems was made based on the following data: BD, water content and productivity of bean crops, irrigated and non-irrigated, for a harvest of winter. The θ-0,01MPa determined the upper limit of the LLWR and θ-1,5MPa the lower limit to BD equal to 1.2 kg dm-3 from which the lower limit is set by SRPC. The period of days that the soil remained outside the ideal conditions of moisture established by the LLWR was enough to differentially affect bean yield in non-irrigated treatments, with better results for NTS. The LLWR is an important indicator for assessing the soil structural quality under different management systems. Additionally, the LLWR can be used to monitor the soil physical quality associated with a higher or lower frequency of occurrence of soil moisture outside the limits set by LLWR. Keywords: irrigation management, bulk density, direct drilling system, conventional system, soil physical quality.

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Carbon fractions and soil fertility affected by tillage and sugarcane residue management an Xanthic Udult

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n5p2921 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (5) ◽

pp. 2921 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Iara Maria Lopes ◽

Shirlei Almeida Assunção ◽

Ana Paula Pessim de Oliveira ◽

Lúcia Helena Cunha dos Anjos ◽

Marcos Gervasio Pereira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Fertility ◽

Management Practices ◽

Production Systems ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Residue Management ◽

Soil Tillage ◽

Management Systems ◽

Gradual Change ◽

Carbon Fractions

The gradual change in management practices in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) production from burning straw to a green harvesting system, as well as the use of minimum soil tillage during field renovation, may affect soil fertility and soil organic matter (SOM) contents. The objectives of this work were to investigate the influence of sugar cane production systems on: (1) soil fertility parameters; (2) on physical carbon fractions; (3) and on humic substance fractions, in a long-term experiment, comparing two soil tillage and two residue management systems an Xanthic Udult, in the coastal tableland region of Espírito Santo State, Brazil. The treatments consisted of plots (conventional tillage (CT) or minimum tillage (MT)) and subplots (residue burned or unburned at harvesting), with five replicates The highest values of Ca2+ + Mg2+ and total organic carbon (TOC) were observed in the MT system in all soil layers, while high values of K+ were observed in the 0.1-0.2 m layer. The CT associated with the burned residue management negatively influenced the TOC values, especially in the 0.1-0.2 and 0.2-0.4 m layers. The carbon in the humin fraction and organic matter associated with minerals were significantly different among the tillage systems; the MT showed higher values than the CT. However, there were no significant differences between the sugarcane residue management treatments. Overall, fractioning the SOM allowed for a better understanding of tillage and residue management systems effects on the soil properties.

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Linking Soil Water Changes to Soil Physical Quality in Sugarcane Expansion Areas in Brazil

Water ◽

10.3390/w12113156 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 3156

Author(s):

Felipe Bonini da Luz ◽

Martha Lustosa Carvalho ◽

Daniel Aquino de Borba ◽

Bruna Emanuele Schiebelbein ◽

Renato Paiva de Lima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Water ◽

Management Practices ◽

Clayey Soil ◽

Field Capacity ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Water Dynamics ◽

Native Vegetation ◽

Soil Water Dynamics ◽

Physical Quality ◽

Soil Physical Quality

Brazil is the world’s largest sugarcane producer with projections for expanding the current area by 30% in the coming years, mainly in areas previously occupied by pastures. We assess soil water changes induced by land-use change (LUC) for sugarcane expansion in the central-south region of Brazil. For that purpose, soil samples were collected in a typical LUC sequence (native vegetation–pasture–sugarcane) in two contrasting soil textures (i.e., sandy and clayey). Soil hydro-physical properties such as pores size distribution, bulk density, soil water content, water tension, and drainage time at field capacity, plant-available water, and S-index were analyzed. Our data showed that long-term LUC from native vegetation to extensive pasture induced severe degradation in soil physical quality and soil water dynamics. However, conventional tillage used during conversion from pasture to sugarcane did not cause additional degradation on soil structure and soil water dynamics. Over time, sugarcane cultivation slightly impaired soil water and physical conditions, but only in the 10–20 cm layer in both soils. Therefore, we highlight that sustainable management practices to enhance soil physical quality and water dynamics in sugarcane fields are needed to prevent limiting conditions to plant growth and contribute to delivering other ecosystem services.

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Soil aggregation and organic carbon of Oxisols under coffee in agroforestry systems

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/s0100-06832014000100028 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 278-287 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Gabriel Pinto Guimarães ◽

Eduardo de Sá Mendonça ◽

Renato Ribeiro Passos ◽

Felipe Vaz Andrade

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Aggregation ◽

Root Penetration ◽

Conventional System ◽

Physical Quality ◽

Soil Physical Quality ◽

Organic Coffee ◽

On Farm ◽

The Impact

Intensive land use can lead to a loss of soil physical quality with negative impacts on soil aggregates, resistance to root penetration, porosity, and bulk density. Organic and agroforestry management systems can represent sustainable, well-balanced alternatives in the agroecosystem for promoting a greater input of organic matter than the conventional system. Based on the hypothesis that an increased input of organic matter improves soil physical quality, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of coffee production systems on soil physical properties in two Red-Yellow Oxisols (Latossolos Vermelho-Amarelos) in the region of Caparaó, Espirito Santo, Brazil. On Farm 1, we evaluated the following systems: primary forest (Pf1), organic coffee (Org1) and conventional coffee (Con1). On Farm 2, we evaluated: secondary forest (Sf2), organic coffee intercropped with inga (Org/In2), organic coffee intercropped with leucaena and inga (Org/In/Le2), organic coffee intercropped with cedar (Org/Ced2) and unshaded conventional coffee (Con2). Soil samples were collected under the tree canopy from the 0-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm soil layers. Under organic and agroforestry coffee management, soil aggregation was higher than under conventional coffee. In the agroforestry system, the degree of soil flocculation was 24 % higher, soil moisture was 80 % higher, and soil resistance to penetration was lower than in soil under conventional coffee management. The macroaggregates in the organic systems, Org/In2, Org/In/Le2, and Org/Ced2 contained, on average, 29.1, 40.1 and 34.7 g kg-1 organic carbon, respectively. These levels are higher than those found in the unshaded conventional system (Con2), with 20.2 g kg-1.

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Assessment of tillage effects on soil quality of pastures in South Africa with indexing methods

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr14234 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

pp. 274 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

P. A. Swanepoel ◽

C. C. du Preez ◽

P. R. Botha ◽

H. A. Snyman ◽

J. Habig

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Soil Quality ◽

Management Practices ◽

Soil Disturbance ◽

Warning Signs ◽

Chemical Degradation ◽

Soil Quality Index ◽

Physical Quality ◽

Soil Physical Quality

Soil quality of pastures changes through time because of management practices. Excessive soil disturbance usually leads to the decline in soil quality, and this has resulted in concerns about kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum)–ryegrass (Lolium spp.) pasture systems in the southern Cape region of South Africa. This study aimed to understand the effects of tillage on soil quality. The soil management assessment framework (SMAF) and the locally developed soil quality index for pastures (SQIP) were used to assess five tillage systems and were evaluated at a scale inclusive of variation in topography, pedogenic characteristics and local anthropogenic influences. Along with assessment of overall soil quality, the quality of the physical, chemical and biological components of soil were considered individually. Soil physical quality was largely a function of inherent pedogenic characteristics but tillage affected physical quality adversely. Elevated levels of certain nutrients may be warning signs to soil chemical degradation; however, tillage practice did not affect soil chemical quality. Soil disturbance and the use of herbicides to establish annual pastures has lowered soil biological quality. The SQIP was a more suitable tool than SMAF for assessing soil quality of high-input, dairy-pasture systems. SQIP could facilitate adaptive management by land managers, environmentalists, extension officers and policy makers to assess soil quality and enhance understanding of processes affecting soil quality.

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