Some Physical and Mechanical Properties of Borate-Treated Oriental Beech Wood

The European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) wood was thermally modified in the presence of paraffin at the temperatures of 190 or 210 °C for 1, 2, 3 or 4 h. A significant increase in its resistance to the brown-rot fungus Poria placenta (by 71.4%–98.4%) and the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor (by 50.1%–99.5%) was observed as a result of all modification modes. However, an increase in the resistance of beech wood surfaces to the mold Aspergillus niger was achieved only under more severe modification regimes taking 4 h at 190 or 210 °C. Water resistance of paraffin-thermally modified beech wood improved—soaking reduced by 30.2%–35.8% and volume swelling by 26.8%–62.9% after 336 h of exposure in water. On the contrary, its mechanical properties worsened—impact bending strength decreased by 17.8%–48.3% and Brinell hardness by 2.4%–63.9%.

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The Influence of the Long-Term Storage of Hardwood on the Selected Physical and Mechanical Properties in View of Pulping

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.688.10 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 688 ◽

pp. 10-16

Author(s):

Blažej Seman ◽

Anton Geffert ◽

Jarmila Geffertova

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Impact Strength ◽

Continuous Production ◽

Beech Wood ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Long Term Storage ◽

The Impact ◽

Term Storage ◽

Strength In Bending

Wood is loosely stored to ensure continuous production inside paper mills where it is exposed to the effect of external factors. The impact of storage leads to some changes of mechanical and physical properties of wood, but these changes are not the same in all specimens. In this paper, it has been observed that the long term storage of wood influences the impact strength in bending and the permeability of wood for fluids. During the storage, there was a decrease of impact strength in bending of poplar heartwood by 28.3% and oak by 22.1% and mature beech wood by 37.3%. Also, there was decreased a permeability of wood, poplar sapwood 18.3 % and heartwood of 53.9%; oak sapwood by 20.0% and heartwood by 20.3%; beech sapwood 45.8% and mature wood by 48.2%. By decrease of the observed properties of the stored wood, a deterioration a quality of produced pulp can be expected (a higher Kappa number, amount reject and decrease the mechanical properties of pulp).

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Efficacy of Caffeine Treatment for Wood Protection—Influence of Wood and Fungi Species

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13213758 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (21) ◽

pp. 3758

Author(s):

Miloš Pánek ◽

Vlastimil Borůvka ◽

Jana Nábělková ◽

Kristýna Šimůnková ◽

Aleš Zeidler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Beech Wood ◽

Ecological Integrity ◽

Treated Wood ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Brown Rot ◽

European Beech ◽

Brown Rot Fungi ◽

Wood Protection ◽

Caffeine Treatment

In the future, we can expect increased requirements to the health and ecological integrity of biocides used for the protection of wood against bio-attacks, and it is therefore necessary to search for and thoroughly test new active substances. Caffeine has been shown to have biocidal efficacy against wood-destroying fungi, moulds and insects. The aim of the research was to determine whether the effectiveness of caffeine, as a fungicide of natural origin, is affected by a different type of treated wood. Norway spruce mature wood (Picea abies), Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris), and European beech wood (Fagus sylvatica) were tested in this work. The samples were treated using long-term dipping technology or coating (according to EN 152:2012) and then tested against selected wood-destroying brown rot fungi according to the standard EN 839:2015, wood-staining fungi according to EN 152:2012, and against mould growth according to EN 15457:2015. The penetration of caffeine solution into wood depth was also evaluated using liquid extraction chromatography, as well as the effect of the treatment used on selected physical and mechanical properties of wood. The test results showed that the type of wood used and the specific type of wood-degrading agent had a significant effect on the effectiveness of caffeine protection. The most resistant wood was the treated spruce, whereas the most susceptible to deterioration was the treated white pine and beech wood. The results of the work showed that caffeine treatment is effective against wood-destroying fungi at a concentration of 2%, and at 1% in some of the tested cases. It can be used as an ecologically acceptable short-term protection alternative against wood-staining fungi in lumber warehouses and is also partially effective against moulds. It also does not have negative effects on changes in the physical and mechanical properties of the tested wood species.

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Comparison of selected physical and mechanical properties of densified beech wood plasticized by ammonia and saturated steam

European Journal of Wood and Wood Products ◽

10.1007/s00107-014-0814-8 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 72 (5) ◽

pp. 583-591 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Petr Pařil ◽

Martin Brabec ◽

Ondřej Maňák ◽

Radim Rousek ◽

Peter Rademacher ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Beech Wood ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Saturated Steam

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Comparison of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Beech and Walnut Wood from Iran and Georgian Beech

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12060801 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 801

Author(s):

Mohammad Najafian Ashrafi ◽

Hooman Shaabani Asrami ◽

Zeynolabedin Vosoughi Rudgar ◽

Mohammad Ghorbanian Far ◽

Ali Heidari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Beech Wood ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Relevant Information ◽

Mechanical Tests ◽

Dry Density ◽

Hardwood Species ◽

Fagus Orientalis Lipsky ◽

The Mean ◽

Mechanical Strengths

Beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests in Iran are one of the most important sources of the hardwood species used for lumber, furniture, and interior object design due to its hardness, wear resistance, strength, and excellent bending capabilities. Furthermore, Iran is third most important country for walnut wood production after China and United States. Therefore, in this study, we compared specific mechanical properties between beech wood obtained from Sangdeh (Iran) and Georgia and four different kinds of walnut woods in Iran. Physical and mechanical tests were performed according to ISO 3129 (2012) and ASTM (D143-14) standards. The moisture content of all samples was 12% during mechanical tests. The mean dry density of Sangdeh and Georgian beech obtained was 0.61 and 0.65 g/cm3, respectively, while the mean dry density of Noor, Shahrekord, Mashhad, and Mako walnut woods measured 0.62, 0.59, 0.62, and 0.57 g/cm3, respectively. The results showed significant differences among the properties of the Sangdeh and Georgian species and the four different walnut tree woods. Overall, the obtained strengths of Georgian timber were higher than that of the Iranian beech, which was attributed to the higher density of Georgian timber. Furthermore, due to the higher density of the walnut species in the Noor and Mashhad regions, the measured mechanical strengths of these trees were higher than those of other walnut species. The obtained results provide relevant information to determinate the future applications of each wood source.

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Mechanical properties and chemical composition of beech wood exposed for 30 and 120 days to white-rot fungi

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf-2014-0057 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 69 (5) ◽

pp. 587-593 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Ehsan Bari ◽

Hamid Reza Taghiyari ◽

Behbood Mohebby ◽

Carol A. Clausen ◽

Olaf Schmidt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Beech Wood ◽

White Rot Fungi ◽

White Rot ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Fungal Decay ◽

Oriental Beech ◽

Impact Bending ◽

Decay Tests

Abstract The effects of exposing specimens of Oriental beech [Fagus sylvatica subsp. orientalis (Lipsky) Greuter and Burdet] to the white-rot fungi Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.: Fr.) Kummer and Trametes versicolor (L.: Fr.) Pilát strain 325 have been studied concerning the mechanical properties and chemical composition in terms of carbohydrates, cellulose, and lignin. Biological decay tests were carried out in accordance with the EN 113 standard specifications for 30 and 120 days. P. ostreatus had nearly the same deteriorating effects on the mechanical properties and chemical composition as that caused by T. versicolor. High and significant correlations were found between some mechanical properties with chemical components; for instance, the correlation coefficient (R2) between impact bending and carbohydrate content was about 0.96. The changes of components influence the various mechanical properties to a different degree. Incipient fungal decay caused severe changes for impact bending and carbohydrate loss. Several other properties declined at 120-day exposure time, such as the hardness, compression strength parallel to grain, and cellulose and lignin losses.

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Physical and Mechanical Properties of Thermally-Modified Beech Wood Impregnated with Silver Nano-Suspension and Their Relationship with the Crystallinity of Cellulose

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym11101538 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 1538 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Siavash Bayani ◽

Hamid R. Taghiyari ◽

Antonios N. Papadopoulos

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Low Temperatures ◽

Beech Wood ◽

Treated Wood ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Thermal Modification ◽

Crystalline Cellulose ◽

Cross Linking ◽

Amorphous Cellulose

The aim of this study was to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of thermally modified beech wood impregnated with silver nano-suspension and to examine their relationship with the crystallinity of cellulose. Specimens were impregnated with a 400 ppm nanosilver suspension (NS); at least, 90% of silver nano-particles ranged between 20 and 100 nano-meters. Heat treatment took place in a laboratory oven at three temperatures, namely 145, 165, and 185 °C. Physical properties and mechanical properties of treated wood demonstrated statistically insignificant fluctuations at low temperatures compared to control specimens. On the other hand, an increase of temperature to 185 °C had a significant effect on all properties. Physical properties (volumetric swelling and water absorption) and mechanical properties (MOR and MOE) of treated wood demonstrated statistically insignificant fluctuations at low temperatures compared to control specimens. This degradation ultimately resulted in significant decrease in MOR, impact strength, and physical properties. However, thermal modification at 185 °C did not seem to cause significant fluctuations in MOE and compression strength parallel to grain. As a consequence of the thermal modification, part of amorphous cellulose was changed to crystalline cellulose. At low temperatures an increased crystallinity caused some of the properties to be improved. Crystallinity also demonstrated a decrease in NS-HT185 in comparison to HT185 treatment. TCr indices in specimens thermally treated at 145 °C revealed a significant increase as a result of impregnation with nanosilver suspension. This improvement in TCr index resulted in a noticeable increase in MOR and MOE values. Other properties did not show significant fluctuations, suggesting that the effect of the increased crystallinity and cross-linking in lignin was more than the negative effect of the low cell-wall polymer degradation caused by thermal modification. Change of amorphous cellulose to crystalline cellulose, as well as cross-linking in lignin, partially ameliorated the negative effects of thermal degradation at higher temperatures and therefore, compression parallel to grain and modulus of elasticity did not decrease significantly. Overall, it can be concluded that increased crystallinity and cross-linking in lignin can compensate for some decreased properties caused by thermal modification, but it would be significantly dependent on the temperature under which modification is carried out. Impregnating specimens with silver nano-suspension prior to thermal modification enhanced the effects of thermal modification as a result of improved thermal conductivity.

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Mechanical Properties of Impregnated and Heat Treated Oriental Beech Wood

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.11.4.8285-8296 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Turkay Turkoglu ◽

Ergun Baysal ◽

Mehmet Yuksel ◽

Huseyin Peker ◽

Cevdet Sacli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Beech Wood ◽

Oriental Beech ◽

Heat Treated

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Influence of Nitrate Species ANO3 and ANO3·nH2O on Physico-Mechanical Properties of the Aluminosilicate Adhesives for Wood and Wooden Structures

Solid State Phenomena ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.325.143 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 325 ◽

pp. 143-149

Author(s):

Sergii G. Guzii ◽

Ihar Bazhelka ◽

Volodymyr Romaniuk ◽

Svitlana Davydivna Lapovska

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Shear Strength ◽

Ammonium Nitrate ◽

Beech Wood ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Potassium Nitrate ◽

Lithium Nitrate ◽

Oak Wood ◽

Shearing Strength

The article presents the results of studies of the effect of lithium, sodium, potassium and ammonium nitrates on the physical and mechanical properties of aluminosilicate adhesives intended for gluing wood and structures based on them. Nitrates were introduced into the aluminosilicate adhesive of composition Na2O·Al2O3·6SiO2·20H2O in amounts of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 wt. %. Changes in the shear strength along the fibers of substrates made of pine, beech, and oak wood were studied after 7 and 28 days of hardening of aluminosilicate adhesives in vivo. It is shown that for gluing pine wood it is most expedient to use adhesives containing lithium nitrate, potassium nitrate and ammonium nitrate is within 1.5 wt. %, the shearing strength along the fibers after 28 days of hardening is 1.7-1.8 times higher than the strength of the adhesive without additives. For gluing beech wood, it is most advisable to use adhesives containing potassium and ammonium nitrate in an amount of 1.5 wt. %, the shearing strength along the fibers after 28 days of hardening is 1.5 times lower than the strength of the adhesive without additives. For gluing oak wood, it is most advisable to use adhesives containing lithium nitrate, potassium nitrate and ammonium nitrate in amounts of 0.5 and 1.5 wt. %, the shear strength along the fibers increases by 1.3-1.5 times for 7 and 28 days of hardening compared to the strength of the adhesive without additives. According to the degree of influence on strength, modifying additives can be ranked in the series LiNO3×3H2O>KNO3>NH4NO3>NaNO3.

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The Use of SEM/EDX Analysis to Investigate the Pore Effect on the Mechanical Properties of some Selected Tropical Hardwoods

International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.56.64 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 56 ◽

pp. 64-76

Author(s):

Joseph Olawale Akinyele ◽

Abidemi Bashiru Folorunsho

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Beech Wood ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Mechanical Tests ◽

Timber Species ◽

Edx Analysis ◽

Elemental Impurities ◽

Hardwood Species ◽

Three Samples

Previous studies have investigated the effect of moisture content on the physical and mechanical properties of timber species. This study investigated the effect of the tube-like grain pores in the wood and the presence of elemental impurities on the failure mechanism of four tropical hardwoods. The four hardwood species are Mahogany, Albizia, Beech and Birch. The moisture content of each wood specie was determined at normal temperature, mechanical tests were conducted to determine the strength of each wood samples, while the Scanning Electron Microscopy/ Energy Dispersion X-ray (SEM/EDX ) analysis was carried out to determine the high-resolution images and elemental peaks of the wood specie. The work concluded that beech wood failed earlier when compared to the other three samples due to high moisture content that is above the fibre saturation point. The SEM/EDX test revealed that the early failure was also as a result of the presence of large pores and elemental impurities in the sample of Beech wood.

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