Stump height effects on sprouting of mountain maple, paper birch and pin cherry — 10 year results

1997 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 590-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Jobidon
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Management ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Wildlife Habitat ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Stump Sprouting ◽  
Paper Birch ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Plot Design

Stump sprouting of mountain maple, paper birch and pin cherry was studied in relation to residual stump height. The three-year-old stems were cut at stump heights of 0, 15, 45 and 75 cm in a completely randomized plot design. Two growing seasons after cutting, the percent of stumps with live sprouts was lower for the low stump heights. Two years after cutting, the mean number of sprouts per stump of the three species significantly increased with stump height but the effect was no more significant after 10 years. Initially, total height of the sprouts was significantly greater for the higher stump heights of the three species, which is explained by the point of origin of the sprouts along the stump. After 10 years, this effect was no more significant. Except for pin cherry after the first growing season, the three species produced sprouts of similar vigor during the first 10 years, expressed in terms of both diameter and height growth, among the four stump heights. In view of the increasing stump mortality of these three species after manual or mechanical release treatments of a conifer regeneration, a cut height of 15 cm is recommended. Conversely, increasing stump height will likely favor sprout production, which could be advantageous in wildlife habitat management for browse consumption. Key words: stump height, vegetation management, sprout production, vegetative reproduction, wildlife habitat

scholarly journals Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Winter Rye Varieties Cultivated in Poland (2017–2019)

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 423
Author(s):  
Robert Kosicki ◽  
Magdalena Twarużek ◽  
Paweł Dopierała ◽  
Bartosz Rudzki ◽  
Jan Grajewski
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Great Economic Importance ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Positive Results

Rye (Secale cereale L.) is one of the most important cereals and is used in both the food and feed industries. It is produced mainly in a belt extending from Russia through Poland to Germany. Despite the great economic importance of this cereal, there is little research on rye contamination with mycotoxins. In this study, the occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, monoacetoxyscirpenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and zearalenone), as well as ochratoxin A, in 60 winter rye samples of four varieties (KWS Binntto, KWS Serafino, Dańkowskie Granat and Farm Saved Seed) cultivated in three consecutive growing seasons in five different regions of Poland was determined using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and fluorescence detection. Deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and zearalenone had the highest occurrence in samples (90%, 63%, 57%, and 45% positive results, respectively). The mean concentrations of these analytes were 28.8 µg/kg (maximum 354.1 µg/kg), 0.98 µg/kg (maximum 6.63 µg/kg), 2.98 µg/kg (maximum 29.8 µg/kg), and 0.69 µg/kg (maximum 10.2 µg/kg), respectively. The mean concentrations for individual mycotoxins were highest in the 2016/2017 growing season. In the 2016/2017 growing season, at least two mycotoxins were detected in 95% of the samples, while in the 2018/2019 growing season, 70% of samples contained one or no mycotoxins. The frequencies of mycotoxin occurrence in different rye varieties were similar. Although a high frequency of mycotoxin occurrence was noted (especially deoxynivalenol), their concentrations were low, and none of the analyzed rye samples exceeded the maximum acceptable mycotoxin level set by the European Commission.

Relationship between first-season free growth components and later field height growth in maritime pine (Pinuspinaster)

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 690-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine Kremer ◽  
Li-An Xu
Keyword(s):  
Principal Components ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Growth Function ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Apical Buds ◽  
Accelerate Growth

Pinuspinaster Ait. seedlings from 15 families were grown under conditions designed to accelerate growth for 21 weeks in their first season. Fifteen height growth components were assessed and compared with total height, height growth pattern, and height growth components of trees of the same families grown for 6 years on a sandy moorland site. Growth-accelerating conditions induced the formation of typical adult-like apical buds. Principal components analysis on the weekly height increments during the first growing season showed that 76% of the overall between-family variation could be attributed to the first two components. Families that were extremely poly cyclic and monocyclic in the field were separated on the graph of the two principal components. Among the 15 growth components assessed during the first growing season, 3 showed a significant correlation with total height at 6 years of age: mean stem unit length, asymptotic total height value of the Richards growth function, and the first principal component, i.e., height growth rates during the early stages of development. Mean stem unit length was the component that showed the highest stability between the first and the fifth growing seasons. Between 30 and 72% of the variation of total height (38–64% of the variation of secondary shoot length) at age 6 could be predicted by multiple regression, with a combination of two or three components assessed in the first season.

scholarly journals Early Field Performance of Micropropagated Japanese Persimmon Trees

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 751-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuya Tetsumura ◽  
Hisajiro Yukinaga ◽  
Ryutaro Tao
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Diospyros Kaki ◽  
Japanese Persimmon ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Outdoor Nursery

Growth of micropropagated Japanese persimmon trees (Diospyros kaki L. cv. Nishimurawase) during the initial 3 years after field establishment was compared with that of grafted trees on seedling stocks. Judging from the mean length of annual shoots per tree and the yearly increases in height, trunk diameter, and top and root dry mass, the grafted trees on seedling stocks grew poorly during the first and second growing seasons, while micropropagated trees, raised in an outdoor nursery, developed poorly only during the first growing season. In contrast, micropropagated trees raised in pots fared well soon after field establishment. These trees had more fine than middle and large roots; in contrast, grafted trees on seedling stocks had one large taproot, which died back to some extent after field establishment, with few fine roots.

scholarly journals Thermal conditions in Bydgoszcz Region in growing seasons of 2011–2050 in view of expected climate change/ Warunki termiczne w rejonie Bydgoszczy w okresie wegetacyjnym w latach 2011–2050 w świetle przewidywanej zmiany klimatu

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdan Bąk ◽  
Leszek Łabędzki
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Reference Period ◽  
Boundary Values ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Change In The Mean ◽  
The Mean

Abstract The paper presents an analyse of the scenario of expected changes in monthly mean air temperature of months in the growing season (April-September) and growing seasons of 2011-2050 in Bydgoszcz Region. Prediction of thermal conditions is made using regional climate model RM5.1 with boundary values taken from global model ARPEGE. When compared with the reference period 1971-2000, an increase of mean air temperature should be expected in most months and growing seasons of the years 2011-2050. The biggest positive change in the mean monthly temperature is predicted for July (1.5°C) and August (1.2°C). In 2011-2050 significant increase trends of air temperature change can be expected in April, June and August. According to the thermal classification proposed by Lorenc, normal, slightly warm and slightly cool months and growing periods will dominate. The frequency of normal and slightly cool growing periods will decrease and the frequency of slightly warm growing periods will increase.

Survival and Growth of Douglas-Fir Seedlings with Spot-Spraying, Mulching and Root-Dipping

1986 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 108-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao-Hsiung Tung ◽  
Jim Batdorff ◽  
David R. DeYoe
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Vegetation Management ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Survival Of Seedlings

Abstract Two vegetation management methods, paper mulching and spot-spraying with glyphosate, were combined with a root-dipping treatment, Terra Sorb®, to test effects on seedling survival and height growth on a harsh site in Oregon. Survival of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings was significantly higher after the third growing season when competing vegetation had been controlled with mulch or glyphosate during the first two growing seasons. Seedlings retreated with paper mulch and glyphosate before the second growing season had 36 and 25% higher survival than those that were not retreated. None of the seedlings was retreated before the third season; after this season, survival of seedlings treated twice with glyphosate was 26, 23, and 21% higher than seedlings receiving one glyphosate treatment and one or two mulch applications, respectively. There were no differences in seedling height growth among treatments. Rootdipping with Terra Sorb® did not influence survival or growth. West. J. Appl. For. 1:108-111 Oct. 86.

scholarly journals An Assessment of First and Second Rotations Average Dominant/Codominant Height Growth for Slash Pine Plantations in South Georgia and North Florida

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-71
Author(s):  
Charles E. Rose ◽  
Barry D. Shiver
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
South Georgia ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
The North ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Planting Method ◽  
Source Site

Abstract A slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) successive rotation plantation study was established in 1978–1979 for the north Florida and south Georgia flatwoods. The second rotation duplicated the first rotation seed source, site preparation, planting method and density. The comparison between the two rotations is based on the mean dominant/codominant height differential across a range of soil types and ages. There is a significant rotation 1 minus rotation 2 mean dominant/codominant height difference across the sites for all ages. Rotation 1 is 1.9 and 5.4 ft higher for mean dominant/codominant height at ages 2 and 20. The height differential is generally more significant for the spodosol soil type than the nonspodosol soil type. Rotation 1 generally experienced more favorable precipitation, for both the amount and timing of the precipitation within a year, than rotation 2. Rotation 2 experienced drought events and high growing season average temperatures during the first two growing seasons, while rotation 1 was near normal for this period. The evidence suggests that a main contributor to the decrease in mean dominant/codominant height across the spectrum of plots and age classes is the generally less favorable climatic growing season conditions experienced by rotation 2 relative to rotation 1. South. J. Appl. For. 26(2):61–71.

scholarly journals Container Size and Initial Trunk Diameter Effects Growth of Acer rubrum L. During Production

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
Donna C. Fare
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Bare Root

Abstract Two studies were conducted to determine container size and liner (young bare root trees) trunk diameter effects on growth of Acer rubrum L. ‘Franksred’, Red Sunset™ red maple. In experiment 1, maples liners with initial mean trunk diameters of 12.2 mm (0.5 in), 15.9 mm (0.6 in), and 22.3 mm (0.9 in) were potted in 26.5 liter (#7), 37.8 liter (#10), and 56.8 liter (#15) containers and grown for 18 months (2 growing seasons). Height and trunk diameter growth at the end of each growing season were affected by both the initial liner trunk diameter and container size. During year 1, liners with an initial trunk diameter of 12.2 mm (0.5 in) increased 28 and 70% more in height growth compared to liners initially 15.9 mm (0.6 in) and 22.3 mm (0.9) in trunk diameter, respectively. Twenty three percent more height growth occurred with maples in 37.8 liter (#10) and 56.8 liter (#15) containers compared to those in 26.5 liter (#7) containers. Trunk diameter growth increased 50% more with 12.2 mm (0.5 in) liners compared to 22.3 mm (0.9 in) liners. A 25% increase in trunk diameter growth occurred with liners potted in 56.8 liter (#15) compared to 26.5 liter (#7) containers. At the end of the second growing season, final tree size was similar with liners that were initially 12.2 mm (0.5 in) and 15.9 mm (0.6 in) liners in trunk diameter to those initially 22.3 mm (0.9 in) when potted into 37.8 liter (#10) and 56.8 liter (#15) containers. In experiment 2, maple liners with trunk diameters 17.5 mm (0.7 in), 20.5 mm (0.8 in), and 29.0 mm (1.1 in) were potted in container sizes 26.5 liter (#7), 37.8 liter (#10), and 56.8 liter (#15) and grown for 18 months (2 growing seasons). Liners grown in 56.8 liter (#15) containers had 92% more height growth and 48% more trunk diameter growth than with liners in 26.5 liter (#7) containers. At termination, the shoot dry weight was 41% larger with maples in 56.8 liter (#15) containers compared to those grown in 26.5 liter (#7) containers.

scholarly journals Alternative conifer release treatments affect small mammals in northwestern Ontario

1997 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Lautenschlager ◽  
F. Wayne Bell ◽  
Robert G. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Deer Mouse ◽  
Common Shrew ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Wildlife Habitat ◽  
Meadow Vole ◽  
Deer Mice ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Species Specific

Density changes of small mammals responding to different conifer release treatments (motor-manual [brush saw] cutting; mechanical [Silvana Selective] cutting; helicopter-applied herbicides [Release® (a.i. triclopyr), Vision® (a.i. glyphosate)]; controls [no treatment] were quantified. A total of 4,851 small mammals were captured and released during the three-year study. The most commonly captured (81% of total) species were: shrews (masked [Sorex cinereus Kerr], pygmy [S. hoyi Baird], arctic S. arcticus Kerr]), southern red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi Vigors), and deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus Wagner). Northern short-tailed shrews (Blarina brevicauda Say), eastern (Tamias striants L.) and least (T. minimus Bachman) chipmunks, meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus Ord), ermine (Mustela erminea L.), and meadow jumping mice (Zapus hudsonius Zimm.) were common. Shrew (masked, pygmy, arctic, short-tailed) densities were statistically unaffected by these treatments. Red-backed vole densities were highest on control plots during the first post-treatment growing season, and highest on control and Vision® plots during the second post-treatment growing season. During the first two growing seasons after treatment, deer mouse densities were highest on Silvana Selective plots; eastern chipmunk densities were highest on control, Vision® and Silvana Selective plots; least chipmunk densities were highest on Vision® and Release® plots; and meadow vole densities were highest on Release® plots. Small mammal responses to the alternative conifer release treatments examined were species specific one and two-growing seasons post-treatment, but similar to responses common to the standard (Vision® herbicide) conifer release treatment. Key words: conifer release, Fallingsnow Ecosystem Project, glyphosate, herbicides, Release®, small mammals, spruce plantation, triclopyr, vegetation management alternatives, Vision®, wildlife habitat

THE EFFECT OF LEAF LITTER UPON ESTABLISHMENT OF WHITE SPRUCE BENEATH PAPER BIRCH

1966 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Hardware Cloth ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Additional Protection ◽  
Paper Birch ◽  
Fallen Leaves

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of leaf smothering upon establishment of white spruce in Alaska. Treatment consisted of protecting seed-spots from leaf litter of an overstory paper birch stand with hardware cloth screens for varying periods. Protection significantly improved survival through the first four growing seasons following germination of the spruce seed. After the fourth growing season, most seedlings were large enough to avoid being smothered or crushed by fallen leaves; additional protection through the fifth growing season was not significantly beneficial. It appears unlikely that more than an occasional white spruce can become naturally established beneath birch stands in this region.

GROWING SEASONS AND THE CLIMATIC MOISTURE INDEX

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. K. SLY ◽  
W. BAIER
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Summer Precipitation ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Moisture Index ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Precipitation Indices ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Climatic moisture indices for a fixed growing season, from May to September, are compared with those for growing seasons defined as the periods when either the mean air temperature in the screen or the soil temperature at a 50-cm depth exceeds 5 C. Indices for the longer growing seasons based on soil and air temperatures have small differences at individual stations, but are larger than those for the May–September period. When arranged according to increasing index values, the orders of the stations are essentially the same when growing seasons are based on soil and air temperatures. These differ from the May–September order only in cases where late spring and early fall rains are heavy in relation to summer precipitation. Indices based on data for the May–September period adequately describe the water demand-water supply relationships during the period in which water deficits develop. When moisture conditions outside the May–September period are needed the accumulated water surpluses should be considered.

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