scholarly journals Early Field Performance of Micropropagated Japanese Persimmon Trees

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 751-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuya Tetsumura ◽  
Hisajiro Yukinaga ◽  
Ryutaro Tao
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Diospyros Kaki ◽  
Japanese Persimmon ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Outdoor Nursery

Growth of micropropagated Japanese persimmon trees (Diospyros kaki L. cv. Nishimurawase) during the initial 3 years after field establishment was compared with that of grafted trees on seedling stocks. Judging from the mean length of annual shoots per tree and the yearly increases in height, trunk diameter, and top and root dry mass, the grafted trees on seedling stocks grew poorly during the first and second growing seasons, while micropropagated trees, raised in an outdoor nursery, developed poorly only during the first growing season. In contrast, micropropagated trees raised in pots fared well soon after field establishment. These trees had more fine than middle and large roots; in contrast, grafted trees on seedling stocks had one large taproot, which died back to some extent after field establishment, with few fine roots.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Winter Rye Varieties Cultivated in Poland (2017–2019)

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 423
Author(s):  
Robert Kosicki ◽  
Magdalena Twarużek ◽  
Paweł Dopierała ◽  
Bartosz Rudzki ◽  
Jan Grajewski
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Great Economic Importance ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Positive Results

Rye (Secale cereale L.) is one of the most important cereals and is used in both the food and feed industries. It is produced mainly in a belt extending from Russia through Poland to Germany. Despite the great economic importance of this cereal, there is little research on rye contamination with mycotoxins. In this study, the occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, monoacetoxyscirpenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and zearalenone), as well as ochratoxin A, in 60 winter rye samples of four varieties (KWS Binntto, KWS Serafino, Dańkowskie Granat and Farm Saved Seed) cultivated in three consecutive growing seasons in five different regions of Poland was determined using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and fluorescence detection. Deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and zearalenone had the highest occurrence in samples (90%, 63%, 57%, and 45% positive results, respectively). The mean concentrations of these analytes were 28.8 µg/kg (maximum 354.1 µg/kg), 0.98 µg/kg (maximum 6.63 µg/kg), 2.98 µg/kg (maximum 29.8 µg/kg), and 0.69 µg/kg (maximum 10.2 µg/kg), respectively. The mean concentrations for individual mycotoxins were highest in the 2016/2017 growing season. In the 2016/2017 growing season, at least two mycotoxins were detected in 95% of the samples, while in the 2018/2019 growing season, 70% of samples contained one or no mycotoxins. The frequencies of mycotoxin occurrence in different rye varieties were similar. Although a high frequency of mycotoxin occurrence was noted (especially deoxynivalenol), their concentrations were low, and none of the analyzed rye samples exceeded the maximum acceptable mycotoxin level set by the European Commission.

Effects of clear-cut logging on the diversity and persistence of ectomycorrhizae at a subalpine forest

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon M Hagerman ◽  
Melanie D Jones ◽  
Gary E Bradfield ◽  
M Gillespie ◽  
D M Durall
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Subalpine Forest ◽  
Inoculum Source ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Tree Removal

The mycelium extending from ectomycorrhizal fine roots is thought to be an important inoculum source for outplanted seedlings. The purpose of this study, carried out at a subalpine forest in British Columbia, was to investigate the effect of three different clear-cut sizes: 0.1, 1.0, and 10 ha, on the persistence and diversity of ectomycorrhizae. Over the course of the study, a total of 39 distinct mycorrhizal types were observed. The dominant types matched descriptions of E-strain mycorrhizae and of mycorrhizae formed by Cenococcum spp., two types of Lactarius spp., Piloderma spp., Hebeloma spp., Amphinema spp., and Cortinarius spp. One growing season after tree removal, there were no differences between the treatments in the numbers of active fine roots at any location nor were there any effects on the diversity of ectomycorrhizae with treatment. Two and three growing seasons after logging the persistence of some of the main morphotypes differed with treatment. Although there were no differences in the diversity indices at corresponding distances within the different opening sizes, after two and three growing seasons the numbers of active fine roots as well as the diversity of ectomycorrhizae in clearcuts was significantly reduced with distance from the forest edge.

scholarly journals Safflower grown in different sowing dates and plant densities

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (12) ◽  
pp. 2145-2152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogério Antonio Bellé ◽  
Edileusa Kersting da Rocha ◽  
Fernanda Alice Antonello Londero Backes ◽  
Mauricio Neuhaus ◽  
Natalia Teixeira Schwab
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
Total Plant

The objectives of this study were to test the effects of different plant densities on stem characteristics in two growing seasons: Fall/Winter and Spring/Summer. The plant densities evaluated were 48, 64, 80, 96, 112 and 128plants m-2. The Fall/Winter growing season was from 04/04/2008 to 23/08/2008 and the Spring/Summer growing season was from 03/10/2008 to 23/12/2008. Total and partial plant height did not differ among plant densities in the Fall/Winter growing season. However, in the Spring/Summer growing season total plant height had a quadratic response to increase in plant population whereas the partial height did not vary. In the Fall/Winter cultivation, plants presented larger stems and branches diameter, branches length and total number of nodes main stem and branches diameters, number and length of branches, fresh and dry mass decreased as density increased in the two growing seasons. The capitulum's diameter decreased as density increased in the Fall/Winter growing season, but at the Spring/Summer growing season it decreased in the density from 48 to 96plants m-2 and increased in the density from 112 a 128plants m-2.

scholarly journals Effect of Container Design on Plant Growth and Root Deformation of Littleleaf Linden and Field Elm

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 1824-1829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Amoroso ◽  
Piero Frangi ◽  
Riccardo Piatti ◽  
Francesco Ferrini ◽  
Alessio Fini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Root Deformation

This experiment investigated the effect of different container design on growth and root deformation of littleleaf linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) and field elm (Ulmus minor Mill.). The trial was carried out over two growing seasons (2008 to 2009). In April 2008, 1-year-old bare-root seedlings of the two species were potted in three types of 1-L containers: Superoots® Air-Cell™ (The Caledonian Tree Company, Pathhead, UK), Quadro fondo rete (Bamaplast, Massa e Cozzile, Italy), and smooth-sided containers. At the beginning of the second growing season, the same plants were repotted in the following 3-L containers: Superoots® Air-Pot™ (The Caledonian Tree Company), Quadro antispiralizzante (Bamaplast), and smooth-sided containers. At the end of each growing season, a subset of the plants from each container type was harvested to determine shoot and root dry mass and root deformation (by dry weight of root deformed mass relative to the whole root mass). Chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf chlorophyll content were measured during the second growing season. For both species, at the end of first growing season, the poorest root architecture was observed in the smooth-sided containers, whereas Superoots® Air-Cell™ and Quadro fondo rete both reduced the percentage of deformed root mass. At the end of the second growing season, plants of both species grown in Superoots® Air-Pot™ showed less deformed root mass, whereas Quadro antispiralizzante provided good results only in littleleaf linden. A reduction of field elm root biomass and littleleaf linden shoot biomass was observed at the end of the trial in plants grown in Superoots® Air-Pot®. Plants grown in these containers showed less leaf chlorophyll content compared with plants grown in smooth-sided containers at the end of the second year.

scholarly journals Genetic Differences and Environmental Variations in Calyx-end Fruit Cracking among Japanese Persimmon Cultivars and Selections

HortScience ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiko Yamada ◽  
Akihiko Sato ◽  
Yasuo Ukai
Keyword(s):  
Variance Components ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Diospyros Kaki ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Japanese Persimmon ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Fruit Cracking ◽  
Environmental Variations ◽  
The Mean

Environmental variance components were estimated for calyx-end fruit cracking in pollination-constant and nonastringent cultivars and selections of Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.). The cracking value of a tree in a cultivar or selection (genotype) (X) was evaluated as the number of fruit that cracked divided by the total number (25) of fruit evaluated from each tree. Because the mean value of X was correlated with the variance of X, analyses of variance were performed using its square root value. The variance associated with genotyp× year interaction was the largest of environmental variance components. The variances associated among years and among trees within genotypes were very small. The mean percentage of cracked fruit in evaluation for 10 years was 3% for `Fuyu', 11% for `Matsumotowase-Fuyu', and 12% for `Izu'. On the basis of the environmental variance components obtained, it is proposed that all offspring genotypes exhibiting a phenotypic cracking incidence of less than 20% and 11% should be selected in single-year and three-year evaluations, respectively, when those genotypes are evaluated using 25 fruits from a single tree, in order to successfully select all genotypes with an genotypic incidence of less than 3%.

scholarly journals Thermal conditions in Bydgoszcz Region in growing seasons of 2011–2050 in view of expected climate change/ Warunki termiczne w rejonie Bydgoszczy w okresie wegetacyjnym w latach 2011–2050 w świetle przewidywanej zmiany klimatu

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdan Bąk ◽  
Leszek Łabędzki
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Reference Period ◽  
Boundary Values ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Change In The Mean ◽  
The Mean

Abstract The paper presents an analyse of the scenario of expected changes in monthly mean air temperature of months in the growing season (April-September) and growing seasons of 2011-2050 in Bydgoszcz Region. Prediction of thermal conditions is made using regional climate model RM5.1 with boundary values taken from global model ARPEGE. When compared with the reference period 1971-2000, an increase of mean air temperature should be expected in most months and growing seasons of the years 2011-2050. The biggest positive change in the mean monthly temperature is predicted for July (1.5°C) and August (1.2°C). In 2011-2050 significant increase trends of air temperature change can be expected in April, June and August. According to the thermal classification proposed by Lorenc, normal, slightly warm and slightly cool months and growing periods will dominate. The frequency of normal and slightly cool growing periods will decrease and the frequency of slightly warm growing periods will increase.

Content of selected secondary metabolites in wild hop

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Ürgeová ◽  
Katarína Vulganová ◽  
Ľudovít Polívka
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Bitter Acids ◽  
Tennis Court

AbstractWe focused on the determination of biologically active secondary metabolites in wild hops over the course of the vegetation period in four selected sites in Piešťany. Hop was collected in four collection periods in 2010. The objects of research were the leaves of male and female plants, and female cones. Analysis of the extracts from wild hop confirmed differences in total content of polyphenols, flavonoids between the localities and in the growing seasons over the vegetation period. The extracts from leaves from the first harvest in localities “gSládkovičova” and the river Vah showed higher levels of polyphenols (4.91–6.93 mg g−1 of dry mass), flavonoids (2.28–2.99 mg g−1 of dry mass) than the extracts from cones collected at the end of the vegetation period (polyphenols 3.63–5.33 mg g−1 of dry mass, flavonoids 1.86–2.16 mg g−1 of dry mass). The extracts from leaves from the first harvest from the “tennis court” site showed lower values of polyphenols and flavonoids. Our findings were that the leaves from the first harvest at the beginning of the growing season contained higher amounts of the secondary metabolites investigated than the cones at the end of the growing season. The content of α-bitter acids in wild hop cones ranged from 1.64 % to 2.91 %, in leaves from 0.11 % to 0.99%. Concentration of β-bitter acids in cones varied from 1.63 % to 1.93 % and in leaves from 0.02 % to 0.61 %.

scholarly journals An Assessment of First and Second Rotations Average Dominant/Codominant Height Growth for Slash Pine Plantations in South Georgia and North Florida

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-71
Author(s):  
Charles E. Rose ◽  
Barry D. Shiver
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
South Georgia ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
The North ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Planting Method ◽  
Source Site

Abstract A slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) successive rotation plantation study was established in 1978–1979 for the north Florida and south Georgia flatwoods. The second rotation duplicated the first rotation seed source, site preparation, planting method and density. The comparison between the two rotations is based on the mean dominant/codominant height differential across a range of soil types and ages. There is a significant rotation 1 minus rotation 2 mean dominant/codominant height difference across the sites for all ages. Rotation 1 is 1.9 and 5.4 ft higher for mean dominant/codominant height at ages 2 and 20. The height differential is generally more significant for the spodosol soil type than the nonspodosol soil type. Rotation 1 generally experienced more favorable precipitation, for both the amount and timing of the precipitation within a year, than rotation 2. Rotation 2 experienced drought events and high growing season average temperatures during the first two growing seasons, while rotation 1 was near normal for this period. The evidence suggests that a main contributor to the decrease in mean dominant/codominant height across the spectrum of plots and age classes is the generally less favorable climatic growing season conditions experienced by rotation 2 relative to rotation 1. South. J. Appl. For. 26(2):61–71.

scholarly journals Container Size and Initial Trunk Diameter Effects Growth of Acer rubrum L. During Production

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
Donna C. Fare
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Bare Root

Abstract Two studies were conducted to determine container size and liner (young bare root trees) trunk diameter effects on growth of Acer rubrum L. ‘Franksred’, Red Sunset™ red maple. In experiment 1, maples liners with initial mean trunk diameters of 12.2 mm (0.5 in), 15.9 mm (0.6 in), and 22.3 mm (0.9 in) were potted in 26.5 liter (#7), 37.8 liter (#10), and 56.8 liter (#15) containers and grown for 18 months (2 growing seasons). Height and trunk diameter growth at the end of each growing season were affected by both the initial liner trunk diameter and container size. During year 1, liners with an initial trunk diameter of 12.2 mm (0.5 in) increased 28 and 70% more in height growth compared to liners initially 15.9 mm (0.6 in) and 22.3 mm (0.9) in trunk diameter, respectively. Twenty three percent more height growth occurred with maples in 37.8 liter (#10) and 56.8 liter (#15) containers compared to those in 26.5 liter (#7) containers. Trunk diameter growth increased 50% more with 12.2 mm (0.5 in) liners compared to 22.3 mm (0.9 in) liners. A 25% increase in trunk diameter growth occurred with liners potted in 56.8 liter (#15) compared to 26.5 liter (#7) containers. At the end of the second growing season, final tree size was similar with liners that were initially 12.2 mm (0.5 in) and 15.9 mm (0.6 in) liners in trunk diameter to those initially 22.3 mm (0.9 in) when potted into 37.8 liter (#10) and 56.8 liter (#15) containers. In experiment 2, maple liners with trunk diameters 17.5 mm (0.7 in), 20.5 mm (0.8 in), and 29.0 mm (1.1 in) were potted in container sizes 26.5 liter (#7), 37.8 liter (#10), and 56.8 liter (#15) and grown for 18 months (2 growing seasons). Liners grown in 56.8 liter (#15) containers had 92% more height growth and 48% more trunk diameter growth than with liners in 26.5 liter (#7) containers. At termination, the shoot dry weight was 41% larger with maples in 56.8 liter (#15) containers compared to those grown in 26.5 liter (#7) containers.

scholarly journals Effect of Provenance on Alkalinity Tolerance of Baldcypress

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1004A-1004
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Denny ◽  
Michael A. Arnold ◽  
Donita Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
South Texas ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Mexican Families ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Screening Experiments ◽  
Greenhouse Screening ◽  
Four Levels

Seedlings from 15 open-pollinated families of Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. native to the Gulf Coast, central and south Texas, and Mexico, were evaluated for growth and foliar chlorosis development on field sites in Texas with acidic to alkaline soils. Forty seedlings per family were rated for level of chlorosis, height, and trunk diameter after two growing seasons in the field. Families grown on acidic soils did not differ in chlorosis ratings. Families from Mexico and south Texas had the lowest levels of chlorosis in the field, followed by those from central Texas, and then those from the Gulf Coast. Additionally, eight of the families were subjected to a greenhouse screening experiment with four levels of KHCO3 (0, 4, 8, 12 mM). These were evaluated for height, trunk diameter, shoot and root dry mass, and level of chlorosis and leaf necrosis. Family differences were less apparent during greenhouse screening experiments than in the field. Mexican families were significantly less chlorotic than other families at higher levels of alkalinity in the greenhouse. There was also a trend for height and shoot dry masses of western populations to be less adversely affect by higher alkalinity levels than more eastern populations.

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