Assessment of the frequency of Dzuds in the livestock sector of Mongolia

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-110
Author(s):  
Sainbayar Surenkhuu ◽  
Erdenetuya Boldbaatar ◽  
Khulan Borchuluun ◽  
Oyuntuya Sharavjamts
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
A Value ◽  
Migration Data ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Wilcoxon Rank Test

Dzud is defined as severe winter and spring weather conditions, which result in severe shortages of pastures and water, and the loss of large numbers of livestock [1]. According to a study conducted since 1944, the dzud in Mongolia killed a maximum of 9 million and a minimum of 1 million livestock a year, accounting for 2-33 percent of the total number of livestock counted in that year. In monetary terms, a total of 21.1 million head of livestock have died in the last 30 years alone, resulting in a loss of MNT 860 billion. Due to the increase in livestock losses due to the dzud, herders have lost their livestock, which is the main reason for the unplanned increase in the number of people moving to urban areas. This article presents the dzud incidents between 1990 and 2020 in each aimag, analyzes the corresponding migration and livestock mortality statistics, and presents the results.  The survey data were compiled using R Studio 4.0.3 software, and the Wilcoxon rank test was used to estimate the actual differences due to the abnormal distribution of dzud duration, livestock mortality, and migration data. Correlationally, as dzud incidence increased, livestock mortality and migration were likely to increase. A value of P greater than 0.05 for dzud duration and abnormal mortality data indicates that the two values are different, while a value of less than 0.05 for dzud migration data indicates no difference between the two values. Therefore, the dzud is likely to increase population influx and increase the negative impact on the agricultural sector in the future. Монгол орны мал аж ахуйн салбарт зудын давтамжийн үзүүлж буй хохирлын үнэлгээ Зуд гэж өвөл, хаврын улиралд цаг агаар хүндэрснээс мал сүрэг бэлчээр, усаар нэн гачигдан, турж зутран олноор хорогдох нөхцөл бүрдэхийг ойлгоно [1]. 1944 оноос хойш хийсэн судалгаагаар манай оронд болсон зудын нөлөөгөөр 1 жилд дотор хамгийн ихдээ 9 орчим сая, багадаа 1 сая орчим толгой мал тус тус хорогдож байсан ба тухайн жилд тоологдсон нийт малын тооны 2-33 хувийг эзлэж байжээ. Зөвхөн сүүлийн 30 жилийн хугацаанд нийт 21,1 сая толгой мал хорогдсоныг мөнгөн дунгээр илэрхийлбэл 860 тэрбум төгрөгний хохирол учиржээ. Зудны улмаас малын зүй бус хорогдол нэмэгдэж малчид малгүй болсны улмаас төв суурин, хот газарт шилжиж тэнд төлөвлөгдөөгүй хүн амын тоог нэмэгдүүлэх үндсэн шалтгаан болж байна. Энэ өгүүлэлд 1990-2020 оны хоорондох зудын тохиолдлыг аймаг тус бүрээр гарган, түүнд харгалзах хүн амын шилжилт хөдөлгөөн, малын зүй бус хорогдлын статистик мэдээлэлд дүн шинжилгээ хийж, гаргасан үр дүнгээс танилцуулж байна. Судалгааны тоон мэдээллийг R Studio 4.0.3 програм ашиглан боловсруулсан ба зуд болсон хугацаа, малын хорогдол болон хүн амын шилжилт хөдөлгөөний мэдээлэл нь хэвийн бус тархалттай байгаа учир Wilcoxon rank test-аргыг ашиглан бодит ялгаа байгааг тооцов. Корреляцийн хамаарлаар зудын тохиолдол олшрох тутам малын хорогдол, хүн амын шилжилт хөдөлгөөн ихсэх магадлалтай байлаа. P утга зуд болсон хугацаа болон зүй бус хорогдлын өгөгдлийн хувьд 0,05-аас их гарсан нь тухайн 2 утга ялгаатай, харин зуд болсон хугацаа хүн амын шижилт хөдөлгөөний хувьд 0,05-аас бага нь тухайн 2 утга ялгаагүй байгааг харуулж байна. Иймээс зудын нөлөөгөөр хүн амын шилжилт хөдөлгөөн ихсэх магадлалтай бөгөөд цаашид хөдөө аж ахуйн салбарт үзүүлэх сөрөг нөлөөлөл ихсэх магадлалтай байна. Түлхүүр үг: ган, зуд, хүн амын шилжилт хөдөлгөөн, малын зүй бус хорогдол

scholarly journals Statistical Modeling of the Early-Stage Impact of a New Traffic Policy in Milan, Italy

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Maranzano ◽  
Alessandro Fassò ◽  
Matteo Pelagatti ◽  
Manfred Mudelsee
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Policy Model ◽  
The North ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Progressive Policy

Most urban areas of the Po basin in the North of Italy are persistently affected by poor air quality and difficulty in disposing of airborne pollutants. In this context, the municipality of Milan started a multi-year progressive policy based on an extended limited traffic zone (Area B). Starting on 25 February 2019, the first phase partially restricted the circulation of some classes of highly polluting vehicles on the territory, in particular, Euro 0 petrol vehicles and Euro 0 to 3 diesel vehicles, excluding public transport. This is the early-stage of a long term policy that will restrict access to an increasing number of vehicles. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the early-stage impact of this policy on two specific vehicle-generated pollutants: total nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), which are gathered by Lombardy Regional Agency for Environmental Protection (ARPA Lombardia). We use a statistical model for time series intervention analysis based on unobservable components. We use data from 2014 to 2018 for pre-policy model selection and the relatively short period up to September 2019 for early-stage policy assessment. We include weather conditions, socio-economic factors, and a counter-factual, given by the concentration of the same pollutant in other important neighbouring cities. Although the average concentrations reduced after the policy introduction, this paper argues that this could be due to other factors. Considering that the short time window may be not long enough for social adaptation to the new rules, our model does not provide statistical evidence of a positive policy effect for NO x and NO 2 . Instead, in one of the most central monitoring stations, a significant negative impact is found.

scholarly journals Ramifications of Households’ Nonfarm Income on Agricultural Productivity: Evidence From a Rural Area of Pakistan

SAGE Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 215824402090209
Author(s):  
Md.Salamun Rashidin ◽  
Sara Javed ◽  
Bin Liu ◽  
Wang Jian
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Agricultural Productivity ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Nonfarm Income

Currently in Pakistan, the agricultural sector contributes up to 18.9% of the gross domestic product. As a result of modern science and technology development, the source of income for rural households is changing, and nonfarm income has become the main source. This study investigates the effects of nonfarm income on agricultural productivity in rural Pakistan. The current research data has been collected from the Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM) 2017–2018, a sample of rural and urban areas designed by Pakistan’s Federal Bureau of Statistics. In this study, Heckman’s two-step procedure is used to tackle the problems of endogeneity and selection bias. The first phase, probit regression, indicates that the accessibility of banks, motorable roads, forest, telecommunication substructure, montane grasslands, and shrublands zone affects nonfarm income. On the other hand, the second stage, ordinary least squares regression, found a negative impact of nonfarm income on per capita farm income. Furthermore, results reveal that nonfarm household income has a significant positive effect on agricultural productivity.

scholarly journals INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN AGRICULTURE AND ECONOMIC CHALLENGES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF AEROPONICS)

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1(21)) ◽  
pp. 82-91
Author(s):  
Aleksandre Vacharadze
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Traditional Method ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
World Population ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Future Production

In parallel with world population growth, demand for healthy and clean agricultural products is increasing day by day. To satisfy expected increases in agricultural products within traditional methods becomes more and more difficult, considering the climate change and soil degradation. There is a need to adopt and develop innovative agricultural practices. One of the most effective and new methods that can be used is Aeroponics. Aeroponics is a process of growing plants, within a controlled environment, in the absence of soil, with a small amount of water, using a minimum area of 3-dimensional greenhouse farming, where the cultivation period, compared to the traditional, is faster and prolonged throughout the year. Regarding this matter, we find it reassuring, that Georgian companies are not lagging behind the current global processes and are actively involved in refining or developing the Aeroponics system. The advantages of Aeroponics over the traditional method (Geoponics) can be classified as follows: • Requires less water. • Plant fertility does not depend on soil quality, or weather conditions. moreover, soil is not required at any stage of plant vegetation. • Has the highest vegetation per square meter compared to all other existing methods (Geoponics, Hydroponics), which is due to the possibility of 3-dimensional farming in Aeroponics. • Reduces transportation cost, since greenhouses can be organized directly in the cities and in urban areas. • The plans can be planted all year round regardless of meteorological conditions and seasonality. • Since nutrients and minerals are systematically provided to the plants’ roots, the process of its growth and consequently fertility lasts longer than the traditional method. As for disadvantages of using Aeroponics can be summarize as following: • At the beginning stage, set up costs of all components for the Aeroponics are relatively high. • Aeroponics requires specialized knowledge not only regarding the needs for plants, but also of the whole electronic systems and tools, which are widely used in Aeronautics (for example: pH / EC / humidity meter, timers, high pressure atomizers, etc.) • Even minor mistakes can have negative effect. Specifically, if the plants do not get exactly as many vital minerals as needed, they will not survive. As already mentioned, soil is not used in Aeronautics which would neutralize excess minerals or nutrients. In conclusion, Aeroponics is the one of the most innovative and efficient ways of farming, which promises sustainable future production of the agricultural products. Furthermore, Aeroponics has minimal or no negative impact on the environment, while traditional farming uses water and land resources insufficiently.

Urbanization of fauna on the example of marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus)

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 116-123
Author(s):  
A. P. Korzh ◽  
T. V. Zahovalko
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cognitive Modeling ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Corrective Effect ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Recently, the number of published works devoted to the processes of synanthropization of fauna, is growing like an avalanche, which indicates the extreme urgency of this theme. In our view, the process of forming devices to coexist with human and the results of his life reflects the general tandency of the modern nature evolution. Urbanization is characteristic for such a specific group of animals like amphibians, the evidence of which are numerous literature data. Many researchers use this group to assess the bioindicative quality of the environment. For this aim a variety of indicators are used: from the cellular level of life of organization up to the species composition of the group in different territories. At the same time, the interpretation of the results is not always comparable for different areas and often have significantly different interpretations by experts. Urban environment, primarily due to the contamination is extremely aggressive to amphibians. As a consequence, the urban populations of amphibians may be a change in the demographic structure, affecting the reproductive ability of the population, the disappearance of the most sensitive species or individuals, resizing animals, the appearance of abnormalities in the development, etc. At the same time play an important amphibians in the ecosystems of cities, and some species in these conditions even feel relatively comfortable. Therefore, it is interesting to understand the mechanisms of self-sustaining populations of amphibians in urban environments. To assess the impact of natural and anthropogenic factors on the development of amphibian populations were used cognitive modeling using the program Vensim PLE. Cognitive map of the model for urban and suburban habitat conditions were the same. The differences concerned the strength of connections between individual factors (migration, fertility, pollution) and their orientation. In general, factors like pollution, parasites, predators had negative impact on the population, reducing its number. The birth rate, food and migration contributed to raising number of individuals. Some of the factors affected on the strength to of each other as well: the majority of the factors affected the structure of the population, had an influence on the fertility. Thanks to it the model reflects the additive effect of complex of factors on the subsequent status of the population. Proposed and analyzed four scenarios differing strength and duration of exposure. In the first scenario, a one-time contamination occurs and not subsequently repeated. The second and third scenario assumes half board contamination, 1 year (2 scenario) and two years (scenario 3). In the fourth scenario, the pollution affected the population of amphibians constantly. In accordance with the results of simulation, much weaker than the natural populations respond to pollution - have them as an intensive population growth and its disappearance at constant pollution is slow. Changes to other parameters of the model showed that this pollution is the decisive factor -only the constant action leads to a lethal outcome for the populations. All other components of the model have a corrective effect on the population dynamics, without changing its underlying trand. In urban areas due to the heavy impact of pollution maintaining the population is only possible thanks to the migration process – the constant replenishment of diminishing micropopulations of natural reserves. This confirms the assumption that the form of existence metapopulations lake frog in the city. In order to maintain the number of amphibians in urban areas at a high level it is necessary to maintain existing migration routes and the creation of new ones. Insular nature of the placement of suitable habitats in urban areas causes the metapopulation structure of the types of urbanists. Therefore, the process of urbanization is much easier for those species whicht are capable of migration in conditions of city. In the initial stages of settling the city micropopulationis formed by selective mortality of the most susceptible individuals to adverse effects. In future, maintaining the categories of individuals is provided mainly due to migration processes metapopulisation form of the species of existence is supported). It should be noted that the changes in the previous levels are always saved in future. In the case of reorganizations of individuals we of morphology can assume the existence of extremely adverse environmental conditions that threaten the extinction of the micropopulations. 

Political Economy of Land Tax in Pakistan

1986 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 839-853
Author(s):  
Sarfraz Khan Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Agricultural Produce ◽  
Finance Development ◽  
Equity And Efficiency ◽  
Formed Part

Taxation of the agricultural sector is a major instrument for mobilization of the surplus to finance development projects within the agricultural sector and/or the rest of the economy. For many years, the need for a heavier taxation of agricultural land has formed part of the conventional wisdom regarding the ways of extracting agricultural surplus and increasing the tempo of agricultural development in poor countries. Land taxes have both equity and efficiency properties that gladden the hearts of both economists and vocal politicians belonging to urban areas. Taxes on land promote efficiency in the allocation of scarce resources by creating incentives for farmers to increase their effort and reduce their consumption, thus expanding the amount of agricultural produce available to the non-agricultural sectors of the economy. A tax on land has an important redistributive function because its incidence falls squarely on the landlord and is shifted neither forward to consumers nor backwards to suppliers of agricultural inputs; nor does it introduce distortions in the allocation of productive resources.

ASSESSMENT OF THE SPATIOTEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF THE MACROPHYTE THICKET ECOSYSTEMS IN THE NEVA BAY AND THE ADJACENT WATERS OF THE EASTERN GULF OF FINLAND

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Maksimova ◽  
Ekaterina Maksimova ◽  
Vladimir Zhigulsky ◽  
Vladimir Zhigulsky ◽  
Vladimir Shuisky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Vegetation ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Spatiotemporal Dynamics ◽  
Gulf Of Finland ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Nesting Sites ◽  
Significant Negative Impact ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Neva Bay

The macrophyte thicket ecosystems of higher aquatic vegetation in the Neva Bay (NB) and Eastern Gulf of Finland (EGoF) perform many important roles, including acting as the habitats, nesting sites and migration sites for aquatic and semi-aquatic birds, creating the specific conditions necessary for the spawning and growth of many species of fish, and taking part in the self-purification of the aquatic ecosystems. Many anthropogenic disturbances, hydraulic works in particular, have a significant negative impact on these macrophyte thicket ecosystems. In recent years, the active growth of a new type of macrophyte thicket has been observed in the NB. This is due to the aftereffects of the construction of the Saint Petersburg Flood Prevention Facility Complex (FPFC). It is quite likely that the total macrophyte thicket area in these waters is currently increasing. In the future, it will be necessary to assess the environmental impacts of the hydraulic works on the macrophyte thicket of the NB and EGoF, taking into account the background processes of the spatiotemporal dynamics of the reed beds in the waters in question. To do this, it will be necessary to carry out a comprehensive study of these ecosystems and identify patterns in their spatial and temporal dynamics. The program of the study has been developed and is currently being implemented by Eco-Express-Service, a St. Petersburg eco-design company.

Problems of Development of Small and Medium Russian Towns

2019 ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
V V. Kafidov ◽  
V. N. Filippov ◽  
I. P. Filippova
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Physical Space ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Fundamental Factor ◽  
New Buildings

The presented study addresses the problems of development of small and medium towns in Russia. Aim. The study aims to examine a town as a socio-economic environment where its residents exist and as the fundamental factor for the development of society.Tasks. The authors identify key problems in the development of small and medium Russian towns, which interferes with the historical appearance and has a negative impact on the living environment.Methods. Problems in the development of small and medium towns in Russia are examined using theoretical methods: systematic approach, statistical analysis, social and philosophical analysis.Results. The study identifies the main negative effects of the existing model of development of small and medium Russian towns, such as destruction of their historical and cultural appearance, distortion of the overall architectural motif, increased load on communications, and congestion of the transport infrastructure.Conclusions. At the current stage, efficient development of small and medium towns in Russia is impossible within the framework of the existing infill development. This chaotic process cannot be stopped without a new conceptual approach and changes in the legislative and normative framework of urban development. The only factor that determines the boundaries of the existing approach to urban development is the lack of physical space for new buildings in urban areas. The authors formulate proposals that would help to solve the problems of development of small and medium towns in Russia. 

scholarly journals Analysis of the Particulate Matter Pollution in the Urban Areas of Croatia, EU

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Martina Habulan ◽  
Bojan Đurin ◽  
Anita Ptiček Siročić ◽  
Nikola Sakač
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Adriatic Coast ◽  
Pm2.5 And Pm10 ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Particulate Matter Pollution

Particulate matter (PM) comprises a mixture of chemical compounds and water particles found in the air. The size of suspended particles is directly related to the negative impact on human health and the environment. In this paper, we present an analysis of the PM pollution in urban areas of Croatia. Data on PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were measured with nine instruments at seven stationary measuring units located in three continental cities, namely Zagreb (the capital), Slavonski Brod, and Osijek, and two cities on the Adriatic coast, namely Rijeka and Dubrovnik. We analyzed an hourly course of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations and average seasonal PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations from 2017 to 2019. At most measuring stations, maximum concentrations were recorded during autumn and winter, which can be explained by the intensive use of fossil fuels and traffic. Increases in PM concentrations during the summer months at measuring stations in Rijeka and Dubrovnik may be associated with the intensive arrival of tourists by air during the tourist season, and lower PM concentrations during the winter periods may be caused by a milder climate consequently resulting in lower consumption of fossil fuels and use of electric energy for heating.

Technological Innovation and the Agricultural Sustainability

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Rachida Khaled ◽  
Lamine Hammas
Keyword(s):  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Agricultural Productivity ◽  
Agricultural Sustainability ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
The Impact

The diffusion of the technological innovation can affect the agricultural sector in the three-sided (social, economic and environmental), a hand, it can contribute to solve problems of the agricultural sector: the effects of the climatic changes, the farming exodus and the migration and the problems of poverty and it can improve the agricultural productivity. But on the other hand, he can lead to new problems, such as depletion of energy resources caused by excessive use of energizing technologies, pollution of air and water and the destruction of soil by industrial waste. This paper aims to theoretically and empirically analyze the role of technological innovation in improving agricultural sustainability through the impact of mechanization on agricultural productivity, energy production and net income per capita for a panel of three Maghreb countries (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) during the period 1997-2012. By using simultaneous equations, the authors' finding that technological innovation cannot achieve the purpose of sustainable development in the agriculture sector in the Maghreb countries through the negative impact of mechanization and research and development on agricultural productivity.

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