scholarly journals The structure and distribution of glandular trichomes on the stems and leaves of drug eyebright (Euphrasia stricta D. Wolff ex J. F. Lehm.)

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska ◽  
Anna Matysik-Woźniak ◽  
Dagmara Sadowska
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Capitate Trichomes ◽  
Stems And Leaves ◽  
Glandular Structures ◽  
Active Substances

<i>Euphrasia stricta</i> is a medicinal plant being one of the ingredients of "Herba Euphrasiae". Many studies have been devoted to the identification of biologically active substances in the herb of eyebright, but much less research has been done on the constitution of glandular structures of this taxon. This paper relates to glandular trichomes located on the stems and leaves of <i>E. stricta</i>. The trichome structure was examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. It was shown that the stems of <i>E. stricta</i> were mainly covered by non-glandular trichomes, whereas glandular trichomes were rarely found on them. However, clusters of short capitate trichomes were found to occur in specific epidermal regions on both surfaces of the leaf blades and bracts. On the adaxial leaf surface, glandular trichomes grew only in the grooves above the vascular bundles, while on the abaxial surface in the depressions located in the expanded part of the teeth. The glandular hairs consisted of 1-2 cells of the stalk and a two-celled head. Trichomes with 3- or 4-celled heads were found sporadically. The glandular trichomes functioned non-synchronously, since they differed in head size and the colour of cell protoplasts. The presence of a light secretion was found on the surface and around the trichomes in both fresh and dry plant material.

scholarly journals The use of plant material for enrichment of fresh juices by biologically active substances

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3(23)) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Оксана Володимирівна Арпуль ◽  
Олена Михайлівна Усатюк ◽  
Наталія Вікторівна Жукова
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Biologically Active Substances ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Active Substances

Micellar-mediated extraction of green tea containing Chrysanthemum morifolium flowers

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justyna Suliga ◽  
Paweł Śliwa
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Green Tea ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽  
Biologically Active Substances ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Sorbitan Esters ◽  
Active Substances

Micellar mediated extraction (MME) is a new and alternative method of obtaining biologically active substances, such as flavones, flavanones, anthocyanins, triterpene from plant material. In this study a series of polyethoxylated sorbitan esters of fatty acids (Tween 20, 40, 60 and 80) have been applied for the extraction of green tea containing Chrysanthemum morifolium flowers. Results showed that all tested surfactants were effective in the solubilisation of flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Probably, because of too high hydrophilicity, Tween 20 was not sufficient to obtain antioxidants, in contrast to another Tween. It has been shown that method is economical, attractive and ecological.

scholarly journals TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF COUNTERCURRENT EXTRACTION: DERIVING BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM PLANT RAW MATERIALS

2016 ◽  
pp. 8-15
Author(s):  
Sergey Garmashov ◽  
Sergey Garmashov ◽  
Alexander Izgaryshev ◽  
Alexander Izgaryshev ◽  
Egor Kashirskih ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Biologically Active Substances ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Wild Plant ◽  
Countercurrent Extraction ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Active Substances

Wild-growing plants produce a wide range of vitamins, macro- and microelements, mineral salts and other biologically active substances. Even in minute quantities, these constituents can mediate the healing effect on a human body. To date, the most promising method of extracting biologically active compounds from crude wild plant material is solvent extraction. The intensification of the extraction process has seen a new development in the last few years. This paper focuses on obtaining maximum yield of bioactive compounds from wild-growing plants, such as ordinary cowberry, prickly wild rose, sea-buckthorn, ordinary rowan, guelder-rose by a countercurrent extraction method, a continuous process where the plant material moves against the solvent. With that, it examines various extraction agents and their mixtures in relation to the extractives and total flavonoid content, the optimal time of the duration of the extraction. The optimal temperature of the process was found to be corresponding to the boiling point of the solvent. In the future, this study might contribute to the development of high quality new galenical preparations with maximum content of biologically active substances identical to the composition of the source plants to produce pharmaceutical drugs, food supplements, functional foods and cosmetics.

scholarly journals MICROMORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE EPIDERMIS AND HYSTOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUE OF IDENTIFICATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES IN THE LEAVES OF BORAGINACEAE HERBAСEOUS PLANTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-41
Author(s):  
Aida Ya. Tamakhina ◽  
Amina A. Akhkubekova
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Conventional Medicine ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Anthracene Derivatives ◽  
Active Substances ◽  
Micromorphological Analysis

Aim. In conventional medicine, the species of the Boraginaceae family are not used due to the poor scientific knowledge of the products of secondary metabolism and the lack of information about most of the species. We investigated micromorphological features of the epidermis and conducted histochemical analysis of the products of secondary metabolism in the leaves of Pulmonaria mollis Wulfen ex Hornem., Echium vulgare L., Symphytum asperum Lepech. and S. caucasicum M. Bieb. Methods. Micromorphological analysis included the study of the shape of the main cells of the epidermis, the structure of trichomes and stomata. The number of stomata and trichomes was calculated per 1 mm2. Were used the histochemical reactions in order to identify the products of secondary metabolism. Results. The studied species are characterized by the bifacial type of leaves, numerous trichomes, including long leaf fuzz with a rosette of epidermal cells. The anomocytic type of stomata is characteristic for P. mollis and E. vulgare, anomocytic and anisocytic for S. asperum and S. caucasicum. The leaves of P. mollis, E. vulgare and S. caucasicum are amphistomatic while S. asperum is hypostomatic. The ratio of the non- glandular and glandular trichomes of the intercostal zones of the lower epidermis to the upper in P. mollis was 1.08 and 1.83, respectively, in S. caucasicum 1.61 and 2.67, in S. asperum 7.21 and 2.50, in E. vulgare 1.65 (glandular trichomes in the interstitial zones are absent). In the leaves of the studied species, the products of secondary metabolism (tannins, alkaloids, essential oils, anthracene derivatives and mucus) are localized in bases of non-glandular, glandular trichomes, veins and the main cells of the epidermis. Conclusions. Genus signs of the epidermis of leaves of Boraginaceae are the structure and location of trichomes. Species differences are due to the location of stomata, glandular trichomes and shape of the main epidermal cells. The intensity of staining of secondary metabolites depends on their content in the leaves. The presence of biologically active substances in the leaves of P. mollis, S. caucasicum, S. asperum and E. vulgare determines the value of these species in the creation of new phytopreparations.

scholarly journals Micromorphology of trichomes in the flowers of the horse chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum L.

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirosława Chwil ◽  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska ◽  
Aneta Sulborska ◽  
Magdalena Michońska
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Aesculus Hippocastanum ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Nectar Guides ◽  
Ornamental Tree ◽  
Glandular Structures ◽  
Light Fluorescence ◽  
Active Substances ◽  
Number Of Cells

<em>Aesculus hippocastanum </em>L. is an ornamental tree appreciated for its beautiful flowers and leaves. The flowers of this species contain secondary metabolites exhibiting pharmacological activity. They also produce essential oils and coloured “nectar guides”, which enable insects to reach nectar and pollen. The aim of the study was to investigate the types and characteristics of chestnut flower trichomes, which may contain biologically active substances. The analyses were performed using light, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy. Three types of trichomes were found on the sepals and the surface of the ovary, whereas the corolla petals exhibited two types of hairs and papillae. The hairs differ in terms of their length and number of cells. The perianth and pistil had no capitate hairs, whereas the ovary exhibited the presence of colleters. Histochemical assays revealed that all the types of trichomes and papillae contained lipids or essential oils; hence, they can be classified as glandular structures. The “nectar guides” were characterised by higher density of secretory hairs than that on the rest of the petal surface, which implies that these petal fragments may emit stronger fragrance.

scholarly journals CONTENT OF VITAMIN C IN BERRIES OF THE GRAPES CULTIVATED IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE SOUTH OF WESTERN SIBERIA

2020 ◽  
pp. 89-96
Author(s):  
Irina Dmitriyevna Borodulina ◽  
Mariya Vasil'yevna Vorotyntseva ◽  
Galina Aleksandrovna Makarova ◽  
Anna Yakovlevna Zemtsova ◽  
Galina Gennad'yevna Sokolova
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
The South ◽  
Active Substances

Grapes is a highly valuable food product due to the presence in it of a number of biologically active substances, among which vitamins occupy a special place. One of the most important and studied in grapes is vitamin C (ascorbic acid). The ascorbic acid contained in plant tissue participates in redox metabolism, thereby increasing the resistance of plant organisms to infections and low negative temperatures. Studies aimed at determining the concentration of vitamin C in plant material are important both for breeding and for identifying the most sustainable competitive varieties. The purpose of these studies is to study the content of vitamin C in grapes cultivated in the South of Western Siberia. Conducted research with 12 introduced varieties and selected forms growing in the collection of the Research Institute of horticulture of Siberia M.A. Lisavenko, allowed to establish dependence of accumulation of ascorbic acid in berries on weather conditions; to allocate 5 genotypes with high content of vitamin C. It is noted that the ripening period of berries, their color, as well as the direction of use and ecological and geographical origin of varieties and selected forms did not affect the accumulation of vitamin C in the period 2014–2016.

scholarly journals Technological methods of herbs Salsola collina Pall. efficient processing

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 155-161
Author(s):  
A. N. Melentiyeva ◽  
V. S. Chuchalin ◽  
V. N. Burkova
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Biologically Active Substances ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Liquid Extract ◽  
Efficient Processing ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Technological Methods ◽  
Active Substances

Research is devoted to the problem of efficient use of the herbs of Salsola collina Pall. Studied and analyzed the known technological methods of processing and to obtain standardized extractive complexes. Had developed an effective method of obtaining the liquid extract. The parameters of the extraction process and the proposed complex extractant, allowing a high degree of depletion of plant material for the various groups of biologically active substances, and get the finished product with desired properties.

scholarly journals Chemical Constituents, Biological Properties, and Uses of Tribulus terrestris: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1986839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivanka B. Semerdjieva ◽  
Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Tribulus Terrestris ◽  
Steroidal Saponins ◽  
Hormonal Imbalance ◽  
Active Substances

Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) (puncturevine) is a common weed that grows in many countries worldwide and in some places is considered as a noxious weed. The plant has been used in traditional Chinese and Indian medicines and is now considered as one of the most popular aphrodisiacs. It is known for its healing properties for sexual difficulties, impotence, and human and animal hormonal imbalance. It is also used as a sexual booster. Because of the plant’s active substances that can be used for curing sexual and other disorders, interest in it is increasing, and it is currently one of the most studied medicinal plants. The products and preparations manufactured from the aboveground plant parts are especially popular among athletes and people with health issues and diseases such as hormonal imbalance, sexual problems, heart problems, and various kidney and skin diseases. The aim of this review is a comprehensive and critical assessment of the scientific publications involving TT, with special reference to its chemical constituents and biological properties that may facilitate current understanding and future studies of this fascinating plant species. The objectives of this review were (1) to find knowledge gaps, (2) to discuss critically relevant publications and issues with materials and methods that may be prerequisites for contradictory results, and (3) to identify research and development areas. It was found that some of the studies on TT extracts as aphrodisiacs are controversial. A significant number of research publications claim that TT extracts and nutritional supplements containing TT improve muscle tone, have a common biostimulating effect, and improve spermogenesis. However, there are a growing number of publications that dispute these claims, as there are no empirical data on commonly accepted mechanisms of action. The main biologically active substances in TT are steroidal saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and lignan amides, the most studied being the steroidal saponins. Multiyear data on the metabolic profile of the species are generally lacking. There are a variety of methods used for extracting plant material, differences in methodologies and saponin analyses, and scientific instruments that were used. Lack of common standards could be a reason for differences in the pharmacological activity and composition of the TT preparations. Development of standard procedures and methods for collection of plant material and analyses are recommended. Selection and breeding efforts and agronomic studies of promising clones of TT would need to be conducted in order to develop TT as a new crop. This will provide consistency of supply and quality of the feedstock for the pharmaceutical industry and could provide a new cash crop for growers.

scholarly journals Influence of grinding methods of birch bark on the yield of biologically active substances

2021 ◽  
pp. 14-24
Author(s):  
Yu.V. Ligostaeva ◽  
◽  
M.A. Khanina ◽  
О.R. Grek ◽  
А.P. Rodin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
Biologically Active Substances ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Birch Bark ◽  
Ball Mills ◽  
Extractive Substances ◽  
Active Substances

Introduction. Birch bark contains biologically active substances (BAS). In this regard, the search for ways to increase yield of its bioactive agents is relevant. Aim. To study the effect of birch bark grinding methods on the extract of its BAS during extraction. Materials and methods. Samples of birch bark of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) were ground up on devices with various force effects on plant material — disk (mainly squeezing, shear, tensile and shearing forces), three-roll annular (crushing and abrasive forces) and ball (crushing, abrasive and shock-shear forces) mills. Morphological and microscopic studies were carried out, the content of extractive substances and moisture in the ground up samples was determined. The composition and content of BAS were analyzed. Results. The smallest changes in the morphological and anatomical structure of plant material were observed when using a disk mill (the morphological features of birch bark and its cellular structure are preserved), grinding on three-roll ring and ball mills leads to serious changes in the morphological and anatomical structure of birch bark (the morphological and anatomical structure is lost, cell walls are destroyed). Comparative analysis of the yield of extractive substances from ground up birch bark samples, depending on the grinding method and the extractant used (purified water and ethyl alcohol of different concentrations: 96, 80, 70, 40, 20 and 10%) showed that the best extractant is 80% ethyl alcohol. The highest yield of extractive substances was noted for a sample of birch bark ground up in a ball mill — 36.85%, for ground up in a disc mill — 29.96%, on a three-roll ring mill — 30.88%. When studying the yield of the main groups of BAS (saponins, tannins, coumarins, hydroxycinnamic acids) from ground up birch bark samples, it was found that when using grinding methods that do not lead to the destruction of cell walls, the yield of BAS is limited by the capillary-porous structure of the plant material. Conclusion. When using grinding methods that lead to the destruction of cell walls, the greatest yield of BAS from birch bark is observed in the case of using a more severe impact on it, including not only abrasion, crushing, but also impact (ball mills).

Neutral Lipids of Oats Fruit (Avena Sativa L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 40-43
Author(s):  
N. K. Yuldasheva ◽  
S. D. Gusakova ◽  
D. Kh. Nurullaeva ◽  
N. T. Farmanova ◽  
R. P. Zakirova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Active Substances

Introduction. Lipids are a widespread group of biologically active substances in nature, making up the bulk of the organic substances of all living organisms. They accumulate in plants in seeds, as well as in fruits and perform a number of vital functions: they are the main components of cell membranes and the energy reserve for the body.Aim. Study of neutral lipids of sown oats (Avena sativa L.).Materials and methods. The objects of the study were fruits (grains) of oats of the sown variety "Tashkent 1," harvested in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Results and discussions. Neutral lipids of oat grains have been found to contain 13 fatty acids with a predominance of the sum of oleic, linolenic and linoleic acids. The total degree of unsaturation was almost 78%. Absorption bands characteristic of these substances were observed in the IR spectrum of MEGC.Conclusion. According to the results of the NL analysis, oat grains consisted of triacylglycerides and free LCDs, which were accompanied by hydrocarbons, phytosterols, triterpenoids and tocopherols.

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