scholarly journals Observation of changes of cambial domain patterns on the basis of primary ray development in Fagus silvatica L.

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 319-330
Author(s):  
Wiesław Włoch ◽  
Waldemar Szendera
Keyword(s):  
Stem Segment ◽  
Domain Pattern ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Fagus Silvatica

The high multiseriate primary rays that occur in young stems of <i>Fagus silvatica</i> L. undergo splitting during cambium development. Segments of the split primary rays remain close to each other and form characteristic strands. Within these strands, sections can be observed in which the rays are split in the same direction, either in configuration Z or S. The configuration of other cambial cellular events neighboring the primary rays under consideration is in agreement with the configuration of the splitting of these rays. The arrangement of the rays on the surface of the wood after debarking a young stem makes it possible to decipher the domain pattern on a surface of any given size. As the stem segment ages, the borders between domains migrate and new borders are formed, changing their course from longitudinal to transverse.

scholarly journals Transformation of the domain pattern in the development of Fagus silvatica L. cambium

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 331-341
Author(s):  
Wiesław Włoch ◽  
Piotr Popiel ◽  
Marek Rusin ◽  
Anna Słowioczek
Keyword(s):  
Annual Ring ◽  
Leaf Trace ◽  
First Year ◽  
Checkerboard Pattern ◽  
Regular Pattern ◽  
Domain Pattern ◽  
Longitudinal Line ◽  
Fagus Silvatica ◽  
Gradual Transformation

The domain pattern of cambium during the first year of its function in <i>Fagus silvatica</i> L. resembles a checkerboard. The longitudinal line along the leaf trace, its corresponding line on the opposite side of the internode and nodes comprise the domain borders. Starting from the formation of the first annual ring, this checkerboard pattern begins to undergo gradual transformation. A transitional domain pattern appears during the first few years; in each internode, due to the alternate disappearance of Z and S domains, a fragmentary domain of one type and an expanded domain of the opposite type occur in pairs. After further transformations, a regular pattern of transverse bands of domains moving along the stem appear on older stems (over ten years-old). This pattern is commonly found in other studied species of trees.

Analysis of variations in and correlations between selected physical parameters of common beech (Fagus silvatica L.) nuts

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (21) ◽  
pp. 49-63
Author(s):  
Zdzisław Kaliniewicz ◽  
Piotr Markowski ◽  
Andrzej Anders ◽  
Paweł Tylek ◽  
Zbigniew Krzysiak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Common Beech ◽  
Mesh Screen ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Fagus Silvatica ◽  
Highly Correlated

The basic dimensions and the mass of common beech nuts and seeds from five nut batches, harvested from tree stands in northern Poland, were determined. Environmental conditions had a greater influence on seed plumpness than the age of tree stands. The results of measurements were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance, correlation analysis and linear regression analysis. Despite differences in their plumpness, nuts were characterized by nearly identical cross-sections which resembled an equilateral triangle. The thickness of nuts and seeds was highly correlated with their mass, and this information can facilitate seed husking and separation into mass categories. Before and after husking, seeds should be separated with the use of a mesh screen with longitudinal openings. Medium-sized (most numerous) seeds were separated into the following plumpness categories using a screen separator with ≠6 mm and ≠7 mm openings: 84% of moderately plump seeds, 3% of seeds with reduced plumpness, and 13% of plump seeds.

Molecular Dissection of Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion: Oxidative Stress and Cellular Events

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (19) ◽  
pp. 1965-1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Branislav Rovcanin ◽  
Branislava Medic ◽  
Gordana Kocic ◽  
Tatjana Cebovic ◽  
Marko Ristic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Renal Ischemia ◽  
Molecular Dissection ◽  
Cellular Events

Establishing a model to demonstrate physical and mathematical properties of chromatin fibres in fission yeast cells - Research in the Molecular Biophysics Lab at Hiroshima University

Impact ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (3) ◽  
pp. 89-91
Author(s):  
Shin-ichi Tate
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Sports Science ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
And Function ◽  
Education Culture ◽  
Open The Doors

The field of molecular biology has provided great insights into the structure and function of key molecules. Thanks to this area of research, we can now grasp the biological details of DNA and have characterised an enormous number of molecules in massive data bases. These 'biological periodic tables' have allowed scientists to connect molecules to particular cellular events, furthering scientific understanding of biological processes. However, molecular biology has yet to answer questions regarding 'higher-order' molecular architecture, such as that of chromatin. Chromatin is the molecular material that serves as the building block for chromosomes, the structures that carry an organism's genetic information inside of the cell's nucleus. Understanding the physical properties of chromatin is crucial in developing a more thorough picture of how chromatin's structure relate to its key cellular functions. Moreover, by establishing a physical model of chromatin, scientists will be able to open the doors into the true inner workings of the cell nucleus. Professor Shin-ichi Tate and his team of researchers at Hiroshima University's Research Center for the Mathematics on Chromatin Live Dynamics (RcMcD), are attempting to do just that. Through a five-year grant funded by the Platform for Dynamic Approaches to Living Systems from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Tate is aiming to gain a clearer understanding of the structure and dynamics of chromatin.

scholarly journals Roles of pRB in the Regulation of Nucleosome and Chromatin Structures

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiharu Uchida
Keyword(s):  
Target Genes ◽  
Chromosome Instability ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Induce Cell Cycle Arrest ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Cycle Arrest ◽  
Histone Modifiers ◽  
Physical Interactions ◽  
Functional Inactivation

Retinoblastoma protein (pRB) interacts with E2F and other protein factors to play a pivotal role in regulating the expression of target genes that induce cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and differentiation. pRB controls the local promoter activity and has the ability to change the structure of nucleosomes and/or chromosomes via histone modification, epigenetic changes, chromatin remodeling, and chromosome organization. Functional inactivation of pRB perturbs these cellular events and causes dysregulated cell growth and chromosome instability, which are hallmarks of cancer cells. The role of pRB in regulation of nucleosome/chromatin structures has been shown to link to tumor suppression. This review focuses on the ability of pRB to control nucleosome/chromatin structures via physical interactions with histone modifiers and chromatin factors and describes cancer therapies based on targeting these protein factors.

scholarly journals Adiponectin: Structure, Physiological Functions, Role in Diseases, and Effects of Nutrition

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1180
Author(s):  
Kayvan Khoramipour ◽  
Karim Chamari ◽  
Amirhosein Ahmadi Hekmatikar ◽  
Amirhosein Ziyaiyan ◽  
Shima Taherkhani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Energy Regulation ◽  
Treatment Interventions ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Healthy Nutrition

Adiponectin (a protein consisting of 244 amino acids and characterized by a molecular weight of 28 kDa) is a cytokine that is secreted from adipose tissues (adipokine). Available evidence suggests that adiponectin is involved in a variety of physiological functions, molecular and cellular events, including lipid metabolism, energy regulation, immune response and inflammation, and insulin sensitivity. It has a protective effect on neurons and neural stem cells. Adiponectin levels have been reported to be negatively correlated with cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, and shown to be affected (i.e., significantly increased) by proper healthy nutrition. The present review comprehensively overviews the role of adiponectin in a range of diseases, showing that it can be used as a biomarker for diagnosing these disorders as well as a target for monitoring the effectiveness of preventive and treatment interventions.

scholarly journals Allotetraploidization in Brachypodium May Have Led to the Dominance of One Parent’s Metabolome in Germinating Seeds

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 828
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Skalska ◽  
Elzbieta Wolny ◽  
Manfred Beckmann ◽  
John H. Doonan ◽  
Robert Hasterok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Nutrient Mobilization ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Germinating Seeds ◽  
Community Standard ◽  
Ecological Range

Seed germination is a complex process during which a mature seed resumes metabolic activity to prepare for seedling growth. In this study, we performed a comparative metabolomic analysis of the embryo and endosperm using the community standard lines of three annual Brachypodium species, i.e., B. distachyon (Bd) and B. stacei (Bs) and their natural allotetraploid B. hybridum (BdBs) that has wider ecological range than the other two species. We explored how far the metabolomic impact of allotetraploidization would be observable as over-lapping changes at 4, 12, and 24 h after imbibition (HAI) with water when germination was initiated. Metabolic changes during germination were more prominent in Brachypodium embryos than in the endosperm. The embryo and endosperm metabolomes of Bs and BdBs were similar, and those of Bd were distinctive. The Bs and BdBs embryos showed increased levels of sugars and the tricarboxylic acid cycle compared to Bd, which could have been indicative of better nutrient mobilization from the endosperm. Bs and BdBs also showed higher oxalate levels that could aid nutrient transfer through altered cellular events. In Brachypodium endosperm, the thick cell wall, in addition to starch, has been suggested to be a source of nutrients to the embryo. Metabolites indicative of sugar metabolism in the endosperm of all three species were not prominent, suggesting that mobilization mostly occurred prior to 4 HAI. Hydroxycinnamic and monolignol changes in Bs and BdBs were consistent with cell wall remodeling that arose following the release of nutrients to the respective embryos. Amino acid changes in both the embryo and endosperm were broadly consistent across the species. Taking our data together, the formation of BdBs may have maintained much of the Bs metabolome in both the embryo and endosperm during the early stages of germination. In the embryo, this conserved Bs metabolome appeared to include an elevated sugar metabolism that played a vital role in germination. If these observations are confirmed in the future with more Brachypodium accessions, it would substantiate the dominance of the Bs metabolome in BdBs allotetraploidization and the use of metabolomics to suggest important adaptive changes.

scholarly journals Mutations and Protein Interaction Landscape Reveal Key Cellular Events Perturbed in Upper Motor Neurons with HSP and PLS

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 578
Author(s):  
Oge Gozutok ◽  
Benjamin Ryan Helmold ◽  
P. Hande Ozdinler
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Protein Interaction ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Functional Identification ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Interaction Domains ◽  
Upper Motor Neurons

Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) and primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) are rare motor neuron diseases, which affect mostly the upper motor neurons (UMNs) in patients. The UMNs display early vulnerability and progressive degeneration, while other cortical neurons mostly remain functional. Identification of numerous mutations either directly linked or associated with HSP and PLS begins to reveal the genetic component of UMN diseases. Since each of these mutations are identified on genes that code for a protein, and because cellular functions mostly depend on protein-protein interactions, we hypothesized that the mutations detected in patients and the alterations in protein interaction domains would hold the key to unravel the underlying causes of their vulnerability. In an effort to bring a mechanistic insight, we utilized computational analyses to identify interaction partners of proteins and developed the protein-protein interaction landscape with respect to HSP and PLS. Protein-protein interaction domains, upstream regulators and canonical pathways begin to highlight key cellular events. Here we report that proteins involved in maintaining lipid homeostasis and cytoarchitectural dynamics and their interactions are of great importance for UMN health and stability. Their perturbation may result in neuronal vulnerability, and thus maintaining their balance could offer therapeutic interventions.

scholarly journals Highly Specialized Ubiquitin-Like Modifications: Shedding Light into the UFM1 Enigma

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Katharina F. Witting ◽  
Monique P.C. Mulder
Keyword(s):  
Dna Repair ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Er Stress ◽  
Unmet Needs ◽  
Biological Function ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Er Stress Response ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Complex Signaling

Post-translational modification with Ubiquitin-like proteins represents a complex signaling language regulating virtually every cellular process. Among these post-translational modifiers is Ubiquitin-fold modifier (UFM1), which is covalently attached to its substrates through the orchestrated action of a dedicated enzymatic cascade. Originally identified to be involved embryonic development, its biological function remains enigmatic. Recent research reveals that UFM1 regulates a variety of cellular events ranging from DNA repair to autophagy and ER stress response implicating its involvement in a variety of diseases. Given the contribution of UFM1 to numerous pathologies, the enzymes of the UFM1 cascade represent attractive targets for pharmacological inhibition. Here we discuss the current understanding of this cryptic post-translational modification especially its contribution to disease as well as expand on the unmet needs of developing chemical and biochemical tools to dissect its role.

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