scholarly journals AFLP analysis reveals infraspecific phylogenetic relationships and population genetic structure of two species of Aconitum in Central Europe

2015 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Józef Mitka ◽  
Piotr Boroń ◽  
Ada Wróblewska ◽  
Wojciech Bąba
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Reticulate Evolution ◽  
Secondary Contact ◽  
Aflp Analysis ◽  
Geographic Isolation ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Infraspecific Taxa ◽  
The Individual

The genetic diversity of two <em>Aconitum</em> species endemic to the Carpathian Mountains and Sudetes was studied. A reticulate evolution between them was earlier postulated as an effect of secondary contact. The genetic diversity at the individual and taxonomic levels was examined across the entire geographical ranges of the taxa in 11 populations based on 247 AFLP markers found in 112 individuals in the Sudetes and Western Carpathians. The overall genetic differentiation was greater within the Sudetic <em>A. plicatum</em> (<em>F</em><span><sub>ST</sub></span> = 0.139, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001) than within the Carpathian <em>A. firmum</em> (<em>F</em><span><sub>ST</sub></span> = 0.062, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), presumably due to the long-lasting geographic isolation between the Giant Mts and Praděd (Sudetes) populations of the species. Interestingly, relatively distant and presently isolated populations of <em>A. plicatum</em> and <em>A. f.</em> subsp. <em>maninense</em> share a part of their genomes. It could be an effect of their common evolutionary history, including past and present reticulations. The introgression among infraspecific taxa of <em>Aconitum</em> is common, probably as a result of seed dispersal within a distance of ca. 20 km (Mantel’s <em>r</em> = 0.36, <em>P</em> = 0.01). <em>Aconitum f.</em> subsp. <em>maninense</em> had the highest genetic diversity indices: Nei’s <em>h</em> and rarefied <em>FAr</em>, and divergence index <em>DW</em> (<em>P</em> ≤ 0.05), pointing to its presumably ancient age and long-term isolation.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity and differentiation of Pinus sylvestris L. from the IUFRO 1982 provenance trial revealed by AFLP analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1237-1249
Author(s):  
Piotr Androsiuk ◽  
Sylwia Ciaglo-Androsiuk ◽  
Lech Urbaniak
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Aflp Analysis ◽  
Provenance Trial ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Bulked Dna ◽  
Individual Character ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Diversity Studies

DNA markers have become effective tools in genetic diversity studies of forest trees. However, molecular marker analyses are associated with laborious and costly effort. One of the possibilities to overcome these constraints is to analyze bulked samples per population, rather than individual plants. We have used bulked DNA-based AFLP analysis to investigate genetic variations in Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) from the IUFRO 1982 provenance trial in K?rnik (western Poland). Four AFLP primer combinations yielded a total of 309 bands, of which 208 (67.31%) were polymorphic. Thirty-six (11.65%) unique alleles were deployed randomly among the populations. Estimated genetic diversity and differentiation was high, as expressed by He = 0.238 and I = 0.356, and by genetic distance values which ranged from 0.154 to 0.363. A geographic pattern of interpopulation differentiation was observed, pointing to the individual character of populations from northeastern Europe. In the light of available data, we discuss the influence of historical migration routes, gene flow and human activity on observed genetic diversity and differentiation of Scots pine in Europe. Our results indicate that the AFLP method applied to DNA templates extracted from bulked leaf samples provides an efficient approach to elucidate genetic diversity and relationships among Scots pine populations.

scholarly journals Isolated Grauer's gorilla populations differ in diet and gut microbiome

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Michel ◽  
Riana Minocher ◽  
Peter Niehoff ◽  
Yuhong Li ◽  
Kevin Nota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Geographic Isolation ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Social Ecological ◽  
Dietary Choice

Conservation efforts tend to focus on populations that are genetically differentiated without paying attention to their ecological differentiation. However, isolated populations may be ecologically unique, an important aspect for the design of appropriate conservation measures for endangered species. Here we investigate the interplay between diet and gut microbiome in several geographically isolated and genetically differentiated populations of the critically endangered Grauer's gorilla. We find that dietary and gut microbial profiles are population-specific, likely due to geographic isolation and environmental differences. In addition, social groups within each population also differed in diet and, to a lesser extent, in gut microbial composition and diversity. Individuals at low elevation consumed a larger variety of plant taxa than those at high elevation, consistent with the notion that dietary choice is constrained by food availability that changes with elevation. Despite no detectable correlation between the diet and gut microbiome in richness or evenness, dietary and gut microbial composition covaried significantly. As we did not find evidence for an effect of genetic relatedness on the composition of the gut microbiome of Grauer's gorillas, this pattern is likely a result of long-term social, ecological, and geographic factors acting on both diet and microbiome. These results reveal that isolated and genetically distinct populations of Grauer's gorillas are also ecologically distinct, highlighting the need to dedicate separate conservation efforts for each population.

scholarly journals Genetic Variability and Management in Nero di Parma Swine Breed to Preserve Local Diversity

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Mariani ◽  
Andrea Summer ◽  
Michela Ablondi ◽  
Alberto Sabbioni
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Breeding Strategies ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
The North ◽  
Local Diversity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual

Nero di Parma is an endangered swine breed reared in the North of Italy which nowadays counts 1603 alive pigs. The aims of this study were (i) to explore the genetic diversity of the breed at pedigree level to determine the actual genetic structure, (ii) to evaluate the effectiveness of the breeding recovery project and (iii) to potentially propose breeding strategies for the coming generations. The pedigree dataset contained 14,485 animals and was used to estimate demographic and genetic parameters. The mean equivalent complete generations was equal to 6.47 in the whole population, and it reached a mean value of 7.94 in the live animals, highlighting the quality of the available data. Average inbreeding was 0.28 in the total population, whereas it reached 0.31 in the alive animals and it decreased to 0.27 if only breeding animals were considered. The rate of inbreeding based on the individual increase in inbreeding was equal to 7%. This study showed the effectiveness of the recovery project of the breed. Nevertheless, we found that inbreeding and genetic diversity have reached alarming levels, therefore novel breeding strategies must be applied to ensure long-term survival of this breed.

scholarly journals Genetic Structure of Fusarium pseudograminearum Populations from the Australian Grain Belt

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison R. Bentley ◽  
John F. Leslie ◽  
Edward C. Y. Liew ◽  
Lester W. Burgess ◽  
Brett A. Summerell
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Aflp Analysis ◽  
Geographic Isolation ◽  
Fusarium Pseudograminearum ◽  
Southwestern Australia ◽  
South Central ◽  
Gibberella Coronicola

Crown rot, caused by the fungus Fusarium pseudograminearum (teleomorph Gibberella coronicola) is a major disease of wheat in the Australian grain belt. However, there is little information available on the population structure of this pathogen. We measured genetic diversity as assessed with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis within and between populations of F. pseudograminearum from northeastern, south central, and southwestern regions of the Australian grain belt. Amongst the 217 isolates, 176 haplotypes were identified and grouped into two main clusters. One cluster contained isolates from populations in northeastern Australia, and the other cluster contained isolates from populations in south central and southwestern Australia. The southern populations were distinguished from the northeastern populations by higher levels of population differentiation (Gst) between them and genetic identity amongst the regional populations. We hypothesize that the F. pseudograminearum populations from northeastern and southern Australia are independent, which could result from different founding events or from geographic isolation and the accumulation of genetic differences due to genetic drift and/or selection.

scholarly journals KERAGAMAN GENETIK VARIETAS PADI japonica DAN indica BERDASARKAN MARKA DNA TERKAIT MUTU RASA

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Puji Lestari ◽  
Reflinur Reflinur ◽  
Dody Dwi Handoko ◽  
Mastur Mastur
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Dna Markers ◽  
Polymorphic Information Content ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Similarity Matrix ◽  
Neighbor Joining ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
The Individual

PCR-based markers and evaluation of physicochemical properties should be addressed for the improvement of rice varieties with good eating dan eating quality (EQ). This study aimed to examine the genetic diversity of rice varieties based on DNA markers related to physicochemical properties determining EQ. A total of 46 rice varieties consisting of 22 japonica varieties and 24 indica varieties were examined using 43 PCR-based markers. The results showed that polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.04 to 0.38, in support of genetic diversity indices which ranged from 0.04 to 0.50 across total markers. Pairwise genetic similarity matrix ranged from 0.40 to 0.98 with the closest genetic distance was observed between two japonica varieties (Dongjin and Hwaseong) and the most distant one was between japonica and indica (Onnuri/Manmi with Cigeulis/Fatmawati). The unweighted neighbor-joining tree clustered the rice varieties into two major clades, indica and japonica, and subsequent subclades were differentiating according to the individual genetic background. The genetic diversity of rice from different subspecies and DNA markers for EQ can effectively be utilized for basic information and marker-assisted selection (MAS) for the development of improved varieties with good EQ in rice breeding program.

scholarly journals Reducing the loss of genetic diversity associated with assisted colonization-like introductions of animals

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 827-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaana Kekkonen ◽  
Jon E. Brommer
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Allelic Richness ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Secondary Contact ◽  
Source Population ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Loss Of Genetic Diversity ◽  
Assisted Colonization

Abstract Translocations, especially assisted colonizations, of animals are increasingly used as a conservation management tool. In many cases, however, limited funding and other logistic challenges limit the number of individuals available for translocation. In conservation genetics, small populations are predicted to rapidly lose genetic diversity which can deteriorate population survival. Thus, how worried should we be about the loss of genetic diversity when introducing small, isolated populations? Historical species introductions provide a means to assess these issues. Here we review 13 studies of “assisted colonization-like” introductions of animals, where only a small known number of founders established an isolated population without secondary contact to the source population. We test which factors could be important in retaining genetic diversity in these cases. In many cases, loss in heterozygosity (-12.1%) was detected, and more seriously the loss in allelic richness (-27.8 %). Number of founders seemed to have an effect but it also indicated that high population growth rate could help to retain genetic diversity, i.e. future management actions could be effective even with a limited number of founders if population growth would be enhanced. On the contrary, translocated organisms with longer generation times did not seem to retain more genetic diversity. We advocate that, where possible, future studies on translocated animals should report the loss of genetic diversity (both heterozygosity and allelic richness), which is essential for meta-analyses like this one for deepening our understanding of the genetic consequences of assisted colonization, and justifying management decisions.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity of Galium cracoviense Ehrend. (Rubiaceae)- the Polish endemic plant

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Cieślak ◽  
Zbigniew Szeląg
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Aflp Analysis ◽  
Endemic Plant ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Mechanical Destruction ◽  
High Level ◽  
Jurassic Limestone

Genetic diversity of <em>Galium cracoviense</em>, a narrow endemic species, limited to the small area in southern Poland and concentrated on Jurassic limestone outcrops near Częstochowa, was examined using the AFLP marker. Twenty nine individuals from three spatially isolated populations were used for the study. AFLP analysis yielded 157 bands, of which 110 (70%) were polymorphic. The AMOVA analysis revealed a substantially higher variation within populations (89.35%) than among them (10.65%). Values of parameters describing population genetic diversity, such as Shannon index and gene diversity index estimated for each population, were highly similar. The results indicate a high level of genetic polymorphism as well as a high genetic similarity of the isolated populations of <em>G. cracoviense</em> and thus an unconstrained gene flow between them. Based on the results we conclude that additional demographic and genetic studies, are necessary to monitor potential decrease of populations size resulting mainly from the mechanical destruction of plants and their habitats caused by intense tourism. Due to the small general range of occurrence, conservation should include the highest possible number of populations of <em>G. cracoviense</em>.

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