BLISS ON EARTH ACCORDING TO THE CONTRACT: POETRY VERSION OF THE SOCIAL TREATY IN THE XVIII CENTURY RUSSIA

Author(s):  
Tatiana Abramzon
Keyword(s):  
1936 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Robert Herndon Fife ◽  
W. H. Bruford

Author(s):  
Andrzej Borowski

Galleys as the closed/total institution/, is regarding the whereabouts of the certain number of people isolated for a long stretch from the rest of society, remaining in the similar situation, of which the behaviour is under almost the total control of the staff of this institution. In the period of the antiquity slaves were the basic driving force of galleys but their fate resulted from the social status. In the period of the Middle Ages, galley slaves, called in Italian galeotti, they were free people, and their profession enjoyed the respect. Above all in France they have more and more often started with the 15th century to use galleys as the place of serving a penalty of imprisonment. This situation lasted to the mass scale till the XVIII century second-half, leaving in the social awareness stereotype of the galley slave.


Author(s):  
V. D. Puzanov

The article examines the situation of Tara uyezd and service people who lived in the town of Tara in the first third of the 18th century. The research relies on such archival materials as responses of officials of Tara uyezd who completed to Prof. G.F. Miller’s questionnaire, books and tables of Siberian prikaz on the servitors in Siberia, and materials from the Senate fund. The article provides data on the town of Tara and Tara uyezd in the 1730s. Tara had a near-border position. A large Oirat state -Dzungar Khanate - was located to the south of Tara, and noble Oirat nomads collected tribute from the Turkic population of the uyezd. The reforms of Peter I made profound changes in the social world of Siberia. In the first third of the 18th century, the composition of the uyezd’s population was significantly altered. A new social group raznochintsy was formed of the relatives of servitors and clergy, and a large part of Tara’s service people were transferred to the garrison regiments of Siberia and the Orenburg governorate. The conflict between Tara’s horse Cossacks and captain Yakov Cheredov is indicative and important for understanding the service in favor of the state at that time. The Cheredovs were a deep-rooted clan of Russian service people who had lived in Tara since its founding. The Cheredovs held a number of important offices in Tara, and many of them became Boyar scions and nobles. After the 1722 Tara Rebellion, in which the Cheredovs played a significant role, they lost their privileged position and became raznochintsy . The ‘old’ service people who were nobles, Boyar scions and Cossacks remained the main military force in Siberian uyezds after the reforms. However, their dependence on the state increased. New garrison regiments in the region were formed in the 1730s, mostly of ‘old’ service people.


2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 626-635
Author(s):  
А. А. Kosmovskaya

The research was based on previously unpublished financial documents of the Solikamsk and Kungursk provincial archives. The research featured income from fishing lease in the Kama River Area in 1720-1780. The geographic features of the region determined the distribution of fishing areas. The role of provincial offices (voivodships) in collecting fishing leases in this territory is new to historiography, as well as the issue of the fishing quota and the lease volume. The author made an attempt to estimate the size of revenues from the fishing industry for the population of the Kama region in the XVIII century. The low fees revealed that the fish lease played a minor role in the general structure of tax revenues. The study of various financial documents made it possible to describe the local fishing industry, the amount of fishing fees, and the social structure of leasers, who were free peasants and factory workers. As a rule, the rent hardly changed during the period and rarely exceeded 1 ruble for a fishing area per year.


2020 ◽  
pp. 400-421
Author(s):  
E. Y. Mokerova ◽  
K. N. Tarasov

The article is devoted to the issues of coin circulation in the Vyatka region (province) in the 30-90s of the 18th century. On the basis of a topographic summary compiled by the authors, the findings of coin treasure complexes are characterized. It is noted that, unlike previous periods, the treasures of coins of the XVIII century are divided into categories of coin metals. When analyzing coin complexes, the conclusion is made: in the territory of the Vyatka region, copper coins took the place of a silver penny and began to dominate money circulation from the second half of the 18th century, although a copper coin appeared as legal tender in Peter's time. The circulation of copper coins is determined, which make up the majority of the treasures of finds of the indicated period, mainly in the circle of the social lower classes of society. It is emphasized that the large copper treasures, large in size and weight, do not indicate an increase in the standard of living of the population, but are a reaction of the population to the depreciation of bank notes. The reasons for the population’s motivation for hoarding coin complexes are explored: an active foreign policy, the growth of industry and trade, monetary crises and related reforms and innovations, and tax increase.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-135
Author(s):  
Yuliia Velychkovska

The article deal the general patterns and main trends in the formation and development of the genre of diary as a self-sufficient form in the national literature in the XVIII century, in the coverage of anti-imperial ideas on the example of memoirs "Home Protocol" (1717-1767) of General Treasurer Yakov Markovich, "Diary or Journal" (1722) and "Diary" (1727 - 1752) of General Cornet Nikolai Khanenko. Analyzes the special approach of J. Markovych and M. Khanenko to the creation of the diary genre. It is proved that the memoirs are characterized by a special manner of narration, reminiscent of a clerical reporting document. The authors described events from their own lives, intertwining them with national ones. Fixing the moments with inherent factual accuracy helped to create a holistic canvas of our history during the period of the development of imperial colonial policy in Ukraine. An important feature of the diary narrative is the conciseness and introversion of the narrative, which is explained by the concealment of independent comprehension and assessment of events by diaries. The social level of everyday poetics emphasized the colonial position of Cossack Ukraine in the eighteenth century. A systematic analysis of the genre features of the diaries "Home Protocol" by J. Markovych, "Diary or Journal" and "Diary" by M. Khanenko genre-wise and problematically interconnected with the Cossack chronicle, suggests that the superficial content of notes on historical events in Ukraine and abroad its boundaries, conciseness and introversion of the story, fixation of moments with factual accuracy, the intertwining of personal life events with national ones contributed to the establishment of anti-imperial themes in national literature, that influenced trends in national literature.


2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
Vanessa Cerqueira Teixeira

As irmandades foram agremiações católicas compostas por leigos que se uniam por interesses e devoções em comum a partir de um santo protetor, garantindo inserção social e proteção. Na Idade Moderna, em meio à Reforma Católica, disseminaram-se da Europa para os territórios recém-povoados com a expansão marítima, chegando à América portuguesa, onde tiveram papel preponderante, com destaque para a Capitania de Minas Gerais. Pertencer a uma irmandade significava a garantia de legitimidade para as práticas sociais e religiosas, pois elas administravam os rituais católicos em nível local, construíam igrejas, estimulavam a produção artística e prestavam auxílio mútuo entre seus membros durante a vida e após a morte, com importância ímpar entre os menos favorecidos. Em contexto escravista, para além de reforçarem demarcações hierárquicas, possibilitaram o desenvolvimento de uma sociabilidade urbana e uma maior participação dos “homens de cor”, bem como contribuíram para a constituição da configuração social e das identidades, para a interação e ascensão sociais. Dito isso, o presente trabalho tem como proposta a análise de uma devoção em particular, a dedicada a Nossa Senhora das Mercês. No Setecentos mineiro foram fundadas vinte associações leigas sob esta invocação, pelos denominados “pretos crioulos”. Sendo assim, a partir de uma perspectiva cultural, almejamos a compreensão da constituição do culto mercedário e das distintas apropriações e ressignificações produzidas ao longo do tempo, recorrendo às fontes confrariais, aos sermões e à iconografia.* * *The brotherhoods were catholic memberships that united themselves by interests and devotions in common about a protector saint, ensuring social insertion and protection. At the Modern Age, during the Catholic Reformation, it spread from Europe to the new-settlements territories arriving on the portuguese America, where it played a predominant role, mainly at the Capitania of Minas Gerais. To belong to a brotherhood meant to have guaranteed the legitimacy to the social and religious practices, because the Brotherhoods managed the local catholic rituals, built churches, stimulated artistic production and helped their members during their life and death, with distinct significance among the poor and needy. On the slavery context in addition to ensure hierarchical demarcations, allowed the development of a urban sociability and a greater participation of “colored men”, as well as contributed to the formation of the identities and the social settings, to the social interaction and ascension. This way, this present work’s proposal is to analyse a particular devotion, dedicated to the nossa Senhora das Mercês. On the XVIII century at Minas Gerais were founded twenty lay associations under this invocation, by the so called “black creoles”. Therefore, from a cultural perspective, we seek to comprehend the formation of the Nossa Senhora das Mercês cult and the distinct appropriations and redefinitions produced through time, appealing to the Brotherhoods sources, sermons and iconography.


Author(s):  
Lyubov' Cubikova ◽  
Ekaterina Vasil'eva

The article deals with the legal regulation of the social status of the peasant at the beginning of the XVIII century. The authors came to the conclusion that the legal changes carried out during the reign of Peter I, concerning the peasantry, contributed to the restriction of their legal capacity, regardless of which category they belonged to-serfs, state, etc., which was manifested in the prohibition of free-dom of movement, in increasing dependence on their "owners", in increasing the tax burden, attach-ing the peasant to the land or to the factory, etc.


CEM ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 99-112
Author(s):  
Olímpia Loureiro

Regarding scenic art, the Portuguese censorship of the XVIII century was divorced from the possible authors and the public, trying to promote a form of spectacle and morals unintelligible to the eyes of both parties. This, when an idea was already certain — the usefulness of dramatic art as a mean of instruction and reaching the theater as a space of expression for a large popular audience. Between the most fragile of the social scale, only the most affluent, with average resources and even those obliged to make specific sacrifices, had the opportunity to attend a performance


2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-126
Author(s):  
Alexei А. Kara-Murza ◽  

Exploring the genesis of the search for social ideal one finds it in the late XVIII century writers – Prince Andrey I. Vyazemsky and historian Nicolay M. Karamzin. Both were «involuntary travelers», shunning anti-Masonic persecution launched by Catherine the Great. The surviving entries of Vyazemsky in his diary are extremely fragmentary, while Karamzin’s «Letters of the Russian Traveler » give us a rich and in many respects unexplored source if historical information. This philosophical travelogue, among other things, is an exposition of types of European regimes (German, Swiss, French, English) as a kind of competitive «social ideals». Karamzin elects Switzerland and in England, as the countries he loved from his youth. The author arrives at conclusion that, perceiving merits and demerits of social structures, Karamzin kept thinking that Russia, being European and Christian country, was capable of creating a harmonious society based on its own traditions.


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