Fighting Against Organized Crime With the Use of Agent Provocateur. The Experience of Slovak Republic. Outline of Issues

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-60
Author(s):  
Jacek Dworzecki ◽  
Štefan KOČAN
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Specific Kind ◽  
First Line ◽  
Single Term ◽  
The World ◽  
Penal Order ◽  
Secret Agent

In subject literature devoted to police formations in various countries, we can find a lot of terms describing essentially the same institution concerning the police officer’s secret actions — “undercover”, the so called “police agent”. In the legal and penal order of many countries the terminology concerning the police agent’s institution has not been standardized until now, no single term covering this issue has been elaborated so far. The most frequent terms that may be encountered are: “secret investigative agent“, “secret police officer“, “undercover agent“, “covert“ or “secret agent“. Not only are we dealing with a situation in which in practice there is no one international and universal term describing this issue, but also in majority of European countries there are various determinants and criteria enabling the practical use of this “tool, designated for the fight against criminality. The factors that affect it include, for example: the implications provided to law enforcement authorities by domestic and international activities of organized crimes which, in turn, forces us to identify and define emerging threats and to modify and adjust practical actions concerning the police, prosecutor’s office and courts in their fight with this specific kind of criminal activity. For this reason, we may be able to find various doctrines concerning the procedure of using the institution of the police agent’ in the fight against criminality all over the world. The article has been prepared as part of theresearch project called “Understand the Dimensions of Organized Crime and Terrorist Networks for Developing Effective and Efficient Security Solutions for First-line-practitioners and Professionals” (Project: TAKEDOWN, H2020-FCT-2015, No.: 700688).

4. Controlling and preventing organized crime

2018 ◽  
pp. 91-103
Author(s):  
Georgios A. Antonopoulos ◽  
Georgios Papanicolaou
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
New Model ◽  
Model Based ◽  
The Us ◽  
International Issue ◽  
Crime Legislation ◽  
Criminal Groups

‘Controlling and preventing organized crime’ discusses the types of policy and law enforcement approaches intended to address organized crime as an issue. The US became the first country to develop a comprehensive and wide-ranging response to the phenomenon of ‘organized crime’. Legislation introduced in the late 1960s gave prosecutors a new model based on patterns of criminal activity rather than specific offences. Alongside the new tools for prosecuting criminal groups, it increased the severity of sanctions against them. The US approach became the model for other countries. With organized crime being seen as an international issue new organizations have appeared to address it. But can organized crime ever be prevented?

scholarly journals Transnational organized crime as a modern phenomenon: definitions and main features

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (19) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Olena Tkachova
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Transnational Organized Crime ◽  
Spheres Of Influence ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
Crime Organization ◽  
The World ◽  
Illegal Activities ◽  
Modern Technologies

The article analyzes the current situation in the world from the standpoint of the spread of such a negative phenomenon as transnational organized crime. It has been proven that by reducing the time of entry into another country, and in EU countries also by eliminating the need for customs control, it is easier for criminals not only to quickly and unhindered to get, so to speak, to another part of the hemisphere, but also to move, hide or hide goods, weapons, etc. In addition, a powerful impetus to criminal activity was given by globalization, the development of modern technologies, in particular, methods, techniques, programs used in modern banking, facilitated the implementation of international criminal agreements, and the electronics revolution gave criminals, including criminal organizations, access to new means and methods of obtaining funds.It is substantiated that transnational organized crime is one of the highest levels of criminal evolution, a qualitatively new form of crime organization, their antisocial, illegal activities go beyond the territory and jurisdiction of one state, and the subjects are sustainable criminal organizations, whose activities and spheres of influence applies not to one but to several countries, neighboring states, regions, etc. They operate in different regions of the world, have a certain specialization, use various methods, techniques (blackmail, intimidation, corruption schemes), and are united by a common goal - to obtain a very high (maximum) profit while ensuring minimal risk.

scholarly journals A Man’s world? Comparing the structural positions of men and women in an organized criminal network

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 547-569
Author(s):  
Tomáš Diviák ◽  
James A. Coutinho ◽  
Alex D. Stivala
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Criminal Network ◽  
Canadian Law ◽  
Social Network Approach ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Structural Positions

Abstract The crime gender gap is the difference between the levels of participation of men and women in crime, with men responsible for more crime than women. Recent evidence suggests that the crime gender gap is closing, both in crime in general and in organized crime. However, organized crime differs from other forms of criminal activity in that it entails an organizational structure of cooperation among offenders. Assessing whether the gender gap in organized crime is narrowing is not only about the overall levels of involvement of women, but about their roles and positions within the organized criminal structure, because the involvement of women does not mean that they are in influential positions, or that they have power or access to resources important for the commission of organized crime. This paper uses a social network approach to systematically compare the structural positions of men and women in an organized criminal network. We use a dataset collected by Canadian Law Enforcement consisting of 1390 individuals known or suspected to be involved in organized crime, 185 of whom are women. Our analysis provides evidence for an ongoing gender gap in organized crime, with women occupying structural positions that are generally associated with a lack of power. Overall, women are less present in the network, tend to collaborate with other women rather than with men, and are more often in the disadvantageous position of being connected by male intermediaries. Implications for theory and law enforcement practice are discussed.

scholarly journals Counter-terrorism Units of the Police Force of Slovak Republic

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Jacek Dworzecki ◽  
Izabela Nowicka
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Police Force ◽  
First Line ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Horizon 2020 ◽  
Counter Terrorism ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Terrorist Networks

This study has been dedicated to counter-terrorism forces which form part of the Police Force. Its officers deal with physical neutralisation of terror threats and they take part in fighting against organised crimes on the Slovak Republic territory. The material also addresses the issue of special use of firearms by operators and police sharpshooters who perform their daily duty in specialized counter-terrorism units. The study has been prepared within the framework of the realization of international scientific and research project implemented under the Horizon 2020-FCT-2015 operational programme, No: 700688, entitled: Understand the Dimensions of Organized Crime and Terrorist. Networks for Developing Effective and Efficient Security Solutions for First-Line-Practitioners and Professionals.

scholarly journals Technology as a Tool for Transnational Organized Crime

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-121
Author(s):  
Gurpreet Tung
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Complex World ◽  
Criminal Networks ◽  
Transnational Organized Crime ◽  
The World

Using technology to commit crimes is becoming much more prevalent. The internet has provided organized criminal entities anonymity and accessibility to criminal networks across the world to expand their illicit businesses. Technology is allowing for different organizations to co-exist and assist one another to achieve their goals. Organized crime entities are not only utilizing cyberspaces to communicate with networks across the globe but are also utilizing these spaces to aid in money laundering. Money laundering processes have begun to move online to better obscure assets in relation to criminal activity. Therefore, technology is creating a more dynamic and complex world to combat organized crime.

‘Ndrangheta Dynasties: A Conceptual and Operational Framework for the Cross-Border Policing of the Calabrian Mafia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Sergi
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Do So

Abstract Attention to the Calabrian mafia, the ‘ndrangheta, has been increasing across law enforcement authorities around the world. This paper aims at bringing forward a theoretical and operational conversation on how to best approach, from a policing perspective, what is a complex clan-based criminality able to operate simultaneously in different states. The paper will therefore formulate a preliminary framework for strategies focusing on the policing of mafia dynasties. It will do so by identifying how ‘ndrangheta clans can be studied as family dynasties, including in their assessment also the factors of family life (familiness) that can facilitate or obstruct the dynasty’s success. By looking at ‘ndrangheta clans as family dynasties, we can inform a framework that cuts through the most common policing aims and strategies against organized crime, as shared by states involved in current anti-mafia efforts.

scholarly journals Crime Boss and the Grounds for Liability: Postmodernism in Criminal Law

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Burlakov ◽  
Vladislav Shchepelkov
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Crime Organization ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
National Boundaries ◽  
Criminal Groups

All over the world crime is becoming more and more organized. Globalization has considerably extended the area of criminal activities, it can no longer be contained within the national boundaries of one state. Crime bosses freely travel between countries and may solve the problems of their gangs’ cooperation far from the place where the criminal activity takes place. The gangs today have moved away from typical criminal practices. Business is becoming their key activity as it facilitates the organization of criminal groups not only in the shadow, but also in the legal economy. Thus, the main focus of crime counteraction should be the bosses of organized crime. Based on this position, the authors provide a theoretical basis for the introduction of Art. 210.1 in the Criminal Law of Russia — taking the highest position in the criminal hierarchy. They analyze the legal construction of this offence which, in essence, is inchoate. The authors also assess the grounds for criminalizing the very fact of occupying the highest position in a criminal hierarchy. It is proven that this status of a crime boss emerges at an advanced stage of development of the organized group, so the form of crime organization could act as a criterion for the establishment of such a status. The authors also examine some problems of enforcing Art. 210.1 of the Criminal Code and offer different ways of solving them, namely, the aggregate of Part 4, Art. 210 and Art. 210.1 of the CC, and the and specific features of penalizing offenders persecuted under Art. 210.1 and Part 4, Art. 210 of the CC of the Russian Federation.

scholarly journals CRIMINOLOGICAL PREVENTION OF PREVENTION OF ORGANIZED CRIME ACTIVITY AT ENTERPRISES, INSTITUTIONS, ORGANIZATIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 118-120
Author(s):  
I. I. Bashta ◽  
S. L. Horobets
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Criminological Theory

The main factors of prevention of organized criminal activity at enterprises, establishments, and organizations are investigated in the article. In criminological theory and practice, the prevention of organized crime is seen as a special kind of social activity to prevent crime by identifying, eliminating and neutralizing the causes that give rise to them and the conditions that contribute to them. As a holistic integrative system for combating crime, which unites the efforts of different social institutions of society, prevention of organized crime of enterprises, institutions, organizations should be carried out both at the general social and special criminological levels. The importance of combating organized crime should not lead to the emergence of “special” criminal processes, to the weakening of criminal procedural safeguards. The problem today is the problem of protection of law enforcement officials, provocation, compromise, involvement in criminal activity – not all the list of means used by criminals to block the actions of law enforcement agencies. In addition, many staff members of these bodies have to work in the context of increased professional risk. In this regard, it is necessary to develop as soon as possible recommendations and proposals on the legal and social protection of law enforcement officers. The effectiveness of measures of special criminological prevention of organized crime largely depends on the completeness of the implementation of the main provisions: implementation and compliance with the Laws of Ukraine “On Prevention of Corruption” of 27 October 2011, “On Operational Investigation Activities”, “On National Police”, “About the Security Service of Ukraine”, “About the Prosecutor’s Office”, etc. A real assessment of the situation shows that organized crime has affected many areas of social life. Without effective measures to combat it, it is impossible to further improve social relations. Therefore, the urgent task is to develop a national program to combat organized crime. It should be emphasized that much attention is paid in this article to the legal boundaries of the subjects and objects of prevention. State and specialized subjects of crime prevention in metallurgical complex are considered.

If Addiction Is Incurable, Why Do We Try to Cure It?

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Barbara ◽  
June Morrison
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western World ◽  
Incurable Disease ◽  
The World ◽  
Illicit Traffic

The method of controlling opiate addiction in the United States is compared with the method being used in Great Britain. Al though both start with the concept that the addict is ill and needs treatment, the methods used by the two nations are different. In the United States it is illegal for a physician to prescribe any form of opium to addicts; in Britain, registered addicts are maintained on heroin legally by authorized medical personnel. There is a small amount of illicit traffic in heroin in Britain; in the United States, the bureaucratized federal and state criminalization of addicts has created the most widespread black market in heroin in the Western world, and intensifying the criminal law penalties —which have been among the most severe in the world—has suc ceeded only in further inflating the price charged for inferior and adulterated substances. The condition of the addict in the United States continues to deteriorate. The high profits to be made by the sale of this small bulk commodity have made drugs a large con tributor to organized crime. Addiction may be an incurable dis ease. Treatment efforts have been surpassed in their lack of success only by the efforts of law enforcement to conquer addiction by making it illegal. Perhaps we should accept the addict as a person who has an incurable disease, treat him medically as required, and stop supporting unenforceable legislation.

Individuality and Beyond

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedetta Zavatta
Keyword(s):  
Moral Autonomy ◽  
First Line ◽  
Philosophical Interpretation ◽  
Individual Personality ◽  
The World ◽  
Regulative Ideal ◽  
Personal Library ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Based on an analysis of the marginal markings and annotations Nietzsche made to the works of Emerson in his personal library, the book offers a philosophical interpretation of the impact on Nietzsche’s thought of his reading of these works, a reading that began when he was a schoolboy and extended to the final years of his conscious life. The many ideas and sources of inspiration that Nietzsche drew from Emerson can be organized in terms of two main lines of thought. The first line leads in the direction of the development of the individual personality, that is, the achievement of critical thinking, moral autonomy, and original self-expression. The second line of thought is the overcoming of individuality: that is to say, the need to transcend one’s own individual—and thus by definition limited—view of the world by continually confronting and engaging with visions different from one’s own and by putting into question and debating one’s own values and certainties. The image of the strong personality that Nietzsche forms thanks to his reading of Emerson ultimately takes on the appearance of a nomadic subject who is continually passing out of themselves—that is to say, abandoning their own positions and convictions—so as to undergo a constant process of evolution. In other words, the formation of the individual personality takes on the form of a regulative ideal: a goal that can never be said to have been definitively and once and for all attained.

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