scholarly journals Interesting Pausal Forms in the Speech of Muslims and Christians in Kufᵘr-Kanna

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 121-136
Author(s):  
Amal Zuʿbi

The aim of this paper is to describe the system of vocalic variants in pause pertaining to speakers of Arabic in Kufᵘr-Kanna (AKK) and in this regard to determine the features that characterize the AKK. As in Nazareth, the incidence of pauses in AKK varies and depends on the content, the listener and the speaker’s intentions. In AKK I detected pausal forms in the speech of middle-aged and elderly Muslims and elderly Christians. In addition to changes in consonants and vowel quality in their speech, in pausal position final syllables also undergo other modifications as compared to the contextual forms. Unlike in Nazareth, four further types were identified in AKK: (1) lengthening of short vowels in final position: ‑Cv > ‑Cv̄#, -CvC > -Cv̄C#; lengthening of normal and anaptyctic short vowels in final closed syllables: -CvC#; (2) devoicing of voiced consonants in word-final position; (3) glottalization after con­sonants and vowels in word-final position; and (4) aspiration: addition of (h) in pausal position where the word ends in long vowels. Key words: Arabic dialects – Pausal forms – Syllables – Long vowels – Short vowels – Christians and Muslims.

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason A. Shaw ◽  
Shigeto Kawahara

Research on English and other languages has shown that syllables and words that contain more information tend to be produced with longer duration. This research is evolving into a general thesis that speakers articulate linguistic units with more information more robustly. While this hypothesis seems plausible from the perspective of communicative efficiency, previous support for it has come mainly from English and some other Indo-European languages. Moreover, most previous studies focus on global effects, such as the interaction of word duration and sentential/semantic predictability. The current study is focused at the level of phonotactics, exploring the effects of local predictability on vowel duration in Japanese, using the Corpus of Spontaneous Japanese. To examine gradient consonant-vowel phonotactics within a consonant–vowel-mora, consonant-conditioned Surprisal and Shannon Entropy were calculated, and their effects on vowel duration were examined, together with other linguistic factors that are known from previous research to affect vowel duration. Results show significant effects of both Surprisal and Entropy, as well as notable interactions with vowel length and vowel quality. The effect of Entropy is stronger on peripheral vowels than on central vowels. Surprisal has a stronger positive effect on short vowels than on long vowels. We interpret the main patterns and the interactions by conceptualizing Surprisal as an index of motor fluency and Entropy as an index of competition in vowel selection.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-241
Author(s):  
Gjert Kristoffersen

The topic of the paper is a small group of Norwegian dialects where lenition of p, t, k into b, d, g in intervocalic and word-final position is limited to words characterized by a monomoraic, stressed syllable in Old Norse. These dialects are spoken in the easternmost local communities in Agder county, at the eastern margin of the South-Norwegian lenition areas where lenition hit all short oral stops irrespective of preceding vowel length. After the quantity shift had made all stressed vowels bimoraic, with rimes being either VV or VC, the distribution of the lenited plosives are after both long and short vowels (the main area) or after short vowels only (the eastern marginal area). Haslum (2004) argues that the limited distribution in the east ist the result of a reversal after long vowels only. While this cannot be refuted as a possibility, I argue below that it may also be the result of a two-stage process, whereby lenition after a short vowel has spread further than the generalized process.


Author(s):  
Jordi Aguadé

This chapter analyses synchronically and diachronically the Maghrebi Arabic dialects spoken in North Africa, whose most outstanding features are the prefix n- for the first person singular of the imperfect and a vowel system characterized by elision of short vowels in open syllable. Maghrebi Arabic shows less variety than do Middle Eastern dialects and has been influenced by only two substrate languages, Berber and Latin (the latter especially in Mediterranean coastal towns). All Maghrebi dialects have far fewer Turkish loanwords than do Middle Eastern dialects. On the other hand, French influence on the vocabularies of Tunisian, Algerian, and Moroccan dialects is strong, and code-switching between Arabic and French common in North African language use (except in Libya and Malta). Diachronically, Maghrebi Arabic dialects are divided into two types—pre-Hilālī and Hilālī— depending on whether they go back to the first or the second wave of the Arabization of North Africa.


1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHELE SHADY ◽  
LOUANN GERKEN

In order to begin to learn a language, young children must be able to locate and distinguish linguistic units in the speech they hear. A number of cues in the speech stream may aid them in this task. Some cues, such as frequently occurring grammatical morphemes and prosodic changes at linguistic boundaries are inherent in the language. Other cues, such as short utterance length and placement of key words in utterance-final position, are not integral to the grammar of the language but are characteristically provided by caregivers. Although previous studies suggest that even infants are sensitive to many of these cues, it is not clear that young listeners actually use them in assigning structure to sentences. The experiments reported here asked whether 60 children aged 2;0 to 2;2 used grammatical and caregiver cues in sentence comprehension and how different types of cues interacted. Two findings are of note: children used all of the cues tested, and the presence of one type of cue did not diminish use of another.


Diachronica ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ives Goddard

Summary Word-initial high short vowels have two apparently unconditioned reflexes in Fox. Pre-Fox *o- (< Proto-Algonquian *we-) and *i- (< Proto-Algonquian *e-) are continued as o- and i- in some cases, but more frequently both become a-. Words that retained the high-vowel quality of o- and i- (which was sometimes subsequently lost) fall mostly into four sets: enclitics, highly topical nouns, words containing the third-person prefix, and words that bear a valence for an oblique complement. While this distributuion is clearly not random, it does not provide an explanation for the retention as long as the unaffected words are considered only as isolated lexical items. When, however, the patterns of the use of these classes of words in sentences are examined, they are all seen to have a greater tendency than others to occur after other words in closely linked phrases. This suggests that the retention of o- and i- can be explained as resulting from the blocking of the regular shift of these vowels to a- at the beginning of words that were closely linked to the preceding word in a phrase. Words with a greater tendency to appear in this sandhi environment generalized o- and i-, while other words tended to generalize a-. This case illustrates how sound change may operate at the sentence level (as Brugmann argued) and how it may thus correlate indirectly with patterns and categories of syntactic and discourse organization. Résumé En début de mot en Fox il y a deux traitements différents des voyelles brèves fermées. Dans certains cas le *o- et le *i- d’un stade antérieur (< protoalgonquien *we- et *e-), qui subsistent tels quels dans plusieurs langues algonquiennes, se maintiennent aussi en Fox, mais le plus souvent ces voyelles on abouti à a en Fox. Les mots qui conservent les timbres d’origine se rangent pour la plupart dans quatre catégories, à savoir: les enclitiques, les noms de grande topicalité inhérente, les mots qui contiennent le préfixe de la troisième personne, et les mots qui portent une valence grammaticale pour un complément oblique. Il est évident que cette répartition ne s’est pas faite par hasard, mais on ne s’explique pas pourquoi ce sont précisément ces mots qui conservent le timbre primitif de la voyelle initiale, du moins s’ils sont considérées comme des mots isolés. Mais quand par contre on examine l’usage des mots de ces quatre catégories dans la phrase, on constate qu’ils ont fortement tendance à être liés étroitement au mot précédent par la syntaxe et la phonétique de la phrase. Ce fait montre que le maintien de o- et de i- pourrait s’expliquer de la manière suivante: ces voyelles deviennent a- sauf dans le cas d’un mot qui est étroitement lié, phonétiquement, au mot précédent. Les mots tendant le plus à se trouver dans ces conditions de sandhi généralisent le o- et le i-, tandis que les autres mots dans la plupart des cas généralisent le a-. Cet exemple montre que le changement phonétique peut se réaliser dans le contexte de la phrase (comme l’avait affirmé Brugmann), et que par conséquent ses effets peuvent indirectement correspondre à des structures et des catégories de l’organisation de la phrase syntaxique et du discours. Zusammenfassung Im Anlaut zeigen kurze geschlossene Vokale zwei Entsprechungen im Fox, anscheinend ohne bestimmte Ursache für die Spaltung. In einigen Fällen werden das *o- und *i- einer früheren Stufe (< Proto-Algonkin *we- bzw. *e-), die in vielen Algonkinsprachen unverändert bleiben, auch im Fox behalten, aber häufiger treten die beiden als a- auf. Die Wörter, die die Urqualitäten der zwei Vokale behalten haben, ordnen sich meistens in vier Klassen ein, nämlich, Enklitika, Nomina von hoher innerer Topikalität, Wörter die das Präfix der dritten Person enthalten, und Wörter die eine grammatische Valenz für eine oblique Ergänzung tragen. Obgleich diese Verteilung offenbar nicht zufällig ist, so liefert sie doch keine Aufklärung für die Erhaltung von o- und i-, vorausgesetzt, dass die unveränderten Wörter nur als isolierte lexikalische Einheiten betrachtet werden. Wenn man hingegen die Gebrauchsmuster dieser Wortklassen in Sätzen untersucht, sieht man, dass sie mit höherer Wahrscheinlichkeit als zweiter Teil einer eng verbundenen Phrase zu finden sind. Diese Tatsache deutet an, dass sich die Erhaltung von o- und i- als Resultat der Blockierung des regelrechten Lautwechsels zu a- unter besonderen Sandhi-Umständen erklären lässt, nämlich wenn ein Wort mit dem betreffenden Vokal in einer eng verbundenen Phrase mit dem vorhergehenden Wort stand. Wörter mit der starken Neigung zu solcher Wortfügung haben o- und i- verallgemeinert, während andere dazu tendieren a- zu verallgemeinern. Dieses Beispiel zeigt, dass der Lautwandel als Satzphonetik wirken kann (wie Brugmann behauptet hat), und folglich in Wechselbeziehung mit Mustern und Kategorien der Syntax und des Diskurses stehen mag.


1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-531
Author(s):  
Joshua Blau

Although in classical Arabic all short vowels, as a rule, are preserved, a is more persistent than i/u: in prose, pausal -in/-un are elided, yet -an shifts to -ā. In many modern Arabic dialects too (dubbed by J. Cantineau diffeérentiel) a tends to be sustained in phonetic environments in which i/u are elided. This is, it seems, the reason that in the Bedouin dialects of northern Arabia and the Syrian-Iraqi desert it is the historical tanwīn -an, rather than -in/-un, that is preserved, especially when preceding an indefinite attribute; even phonetic -in has, it seems, to be derived from original -an. The same applies to medieval Judeo-Arabic 'n (spelt as a separate word) in this position.


Author(s):  
Adaobi Ngozi Okoye

This study investigated the formation of questions in Etulo, a minority language spoken in Benue State. It specifically examines the strategies used in forming content and polar questions in the language. Data for the study were collected during a fieldtrip to Adi in Buruku Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria. The study shows that both content and polar questions are formed in the language through different strategies. Whereas content questions are formed through the use of interrogative words such as òle/kↄ ‘where’, òle ‘which’, ème ‘who’ emine ‘how many’ among others, the main strategy employed in polar question formation is the use of tone. In addition to tone; the language also uses such particles as gbɛ́ɛ̀ and lô in polar question formation. These particles occur at the final position of a declarative sentence to indicate that it is a question. Key Words: Etulo, Question Formation, Polar, Interrogative Words


2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-64
Author(s):  
Anubhav Thukral ◽  
Vaibhav Srivastava ◽  
Amit Nandan Dhar Dwivedi ◽  
Manish Mishra ◽  
Kamlaker Tripathi

A middle aged man of 50 years presented with features of portal hypertension without any features of liver decompensation or cirrhosis, found to have abnormal flow pattern in peri-umbilical vein, confirmed by Doppler to have a patent left umbilical vein. This represents a very treatable cause of portal hypertension as ligation of vein may result in complete reversal of disease process. The case also outlines importance of routine general examination like of seeing the direction of flow in periumbilical veins even in obvious cases of portal hypertension that helped us in detection of this case. Key Words: Portal hypertension; Periumbilical vein DOI: 10.3126/ajms.v2i1.3780 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 2 (2011) 63-64


2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-43
Author(s):  
Joseph Chetrit

This study presents the diversity of North African Judeo-Arabic dialects documented in an extensive course of fieldwork concerning some one hundred and thirty Moroccan Jewish dialects, both urban and rural. Dozens of additional dialects from Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria complete the global repartitioning of these dialects into four distinct groups:Eqa:l,Wqal,kjal, andʔaldialects. The different dialects in each set share common phonetic, phonological, morphological, and grammatical features. All of them preserve the unvoiced realization of the stop /q/ and articulate it as a uvular [q] (Eqa:landWqal), a palato-velar [kj] (kjal), or a glottal [ʔ] (ʔal).Eqa:ldialects developed in Libya, Tunisia, and Eastern Algeria; they distinguish between long and short vowels.Wqaldialects developed in Western Morocco.Kjaldialects developed in northwestern Algeria and in southeastern Morocco.ʔaldialects developed in Moroccan cities, where Jews expelled from Spain and Portugal settled among native Jews.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document