For centuries, ecologists and evolutionary biologists have used images such as drawings, paintings, and photographs to record and quantify the shapes and patterns of life. With the advent of digital imaging, biologists continue to collect image data at an ever-increasing rate. This immense body of data provides insight into a wide range of biological phenomena, including phenotypic trait diversity, population dynamics, mechanisms of divergence and adaptation and evolutionary change. However, the rate of image acquisition frequently outpaces our capacity to manually extract meaningful information from the images. Moreover, manual image analysis is low-throughput, difficult to reproduce, and typically measures only a few traits at a time. This has proven to be an impediment to the growing field of phenomics - the study of many phenotypic dimensions together. Computer vision (CV), the automated extraction and processing of information from digital images, is a way to alleviate this longstanding analytical bottleneck. In this review, we illustrate the capabilities of CV for fast, comprehensive, and reproducible image analysis in ecology and evolution. First, we briefly review phenomics, arguing that ecologists and evolutionary biologists can most effectively capture phenomic-level data by using CV. Next, we describe the primary types of image-based data, and review CV approaches for extracting them (including techniques that entail machine learning and others that do not). We identify common hurdles and pitfalls, and then highlight recent successful implementations of CV in the study of ecology and evolution. Finally, we outline promising future applications for CV in biology. We anticipate that CV will become a basic component of the biologist’s toolkit, further enhancing data quality and quantity, and sparking changes in how empirical ecological and evolutionary research will be conducted.
Image Data Give New Insight into Life on the Seafloor
