Inclusion of Ensiled Cassava KM94 Leaves in Diets for Growing Pigs in Vietnam Reduces Growth Rate but Increases Profitability

SUMMARYForty-eight gilts by Landrace sires on Large White × Landrace females were randomly allocated to eight pens and within pens to six treatment groups involving three diets and two levels of feeding from 23 to 59 kg live weight. All diets were formulated to have approximately the same ratio of digestible energy to crude protein (160 kcal DE/unit % CP) but different energy and protein concentrations: (A) 3500 kcal/kg DE and 21 % CP, (B) 3150 kcal/kg DE and 19% CP, and (C) 2800 kcal/kg DE and 17% CP. Amino acid balance was maintained relatively constant with synthetic lysine, methionine and tryptophan. The levels of feeding were such that the lower level of diet A allowed an intake of energy and protein similar to the higher level of diet B, and the lower level of B was similar to the higher level of C.On the lower level of feeding, growth rate, efficiency of feed conversion and carcass fat content increased linearly with each increment in nutrient concentration; on the higher level of feeding growth rate and EFC increased from diet C to B but not from B to A, whereas carcass fat content increased linearly with diet from the lowest to the highest concentration. There was a non-significant tendency for the higher density diets at a similar level of nutrient intake to give better EFC and fatter carcasses than the lower density diets.

Download Full-text

Effects of supplementing organic microminerals and methionine with or without limiting growth during the rearing phase of replacement gilts on lameness, growth, and body composition1

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.1093/tas/txz038 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 717-730 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lluís Fabà ◽

Josep Gasa ◽

Mike D Tokach ◽

Evelia Varella ◽

David Solà-Oriol

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Phase I ◽

Phase Ii ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Dietary Factors ◽

Feeding Strategies ◽

Net Energy ◽

Growth Requirements ◽

Dietary Treatments

AbstractPrevious research suggested that lameness in growing pigs could be reduced using feeding strategies, such as limiting growth rate and supplementing trace minerals (TM) and (or) methionine (Met). The present study evaluates effects of 1) TM and Met and 2) limiting total lysine (Lys) during the rearing phase (90 d) of gilts (as a means to limit growth rate) on lameness, performance, and sow claw health and productivity (to first parity). Gilts (n = 240; 58.0 ± 11.1 kg body weight [BW]) were blocked, distributed into pens of 10 gilts, and pens were allocated to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Factors were: 1) control or TM plus Met, which provided additional 10, 20, and 50 mg/kg of chelated copper, manganese, and zinc, respectively (0.1%, Aplomotec Plus, Tecnología & Vitaminas, S.L.; Alforja, Spain), and a 1.01 Met:Lys ratio and 2) standard Lys was formulated to meet growth requirements or low Lys to 19% below growth requirements. Feeding was provided through two phases, first between 119 and 163 d of age (phase I) and the second between 163 and 209 d of age (phase II). Diets had 2.43 and 2.31 Mcal net energy/kg for phases I and II, respectively, and were offered ad libitum. Low Lys did not affect feed intake but rather reduced average daily gain (ADG) by 6.35% and the final BW by 3.80% compared with standard Lys (P < 0.001). Low Lys reduced ADG (P < 0.001) and gain:feed (P = 0.012) during phase I but not during phase II. Lameness prevalence was 7.92% during rearing and increased with time (P < 0.001). Final BW (151 kg) and ADG (989 g) were similar (P > 0.05) whether gilts displayed lameness or not. Lameness was low in severity and not affected by dietary factors. However, TM- plus Met-fed gilts were 19.2 kg heavier (P = 0.016) than were control at lameness detection. On the sow farm, there was no evidence for differences in lameness or claw lesions among previous dietary treatments. In conclusion, lameness prevalence during the rearing phase was similar, independent of TM plus Met supplement, low Lys, or the interaction. Insufficient reduction of ADG and low severity in lameness may have limited the potential of dietary treatments. Moreover, a greater deficiency of Lys would be needed to achieve the degree of growth reduction previously reported to lessen lameness through feed restriction.

Download Full-text

Tests of two theories of food intake using growing pigs 2. The effect of a period of reduced growth rate on the subsequent intake of foods of differing bulk content

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800055867 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 72 (2) ◽

pp. 361-373 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

E.C. Whittemore ◽

G.C. Emmans ◽

B.J. Tolkamp ◽

I. Kyriazakis

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Food Intake ◽

Sugar Beet ◽

Live Weight ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Sugar Beet Pulp ◽

Beet Pulp ◽

Bulk Content ◽

High Bulk ◽

Subsequent Intake

AbstractThe effect of a period of feeding on a high bulk food, upon the subsequent intake of foods of differing bulk content, was investigated in two experiments of the same design. The intention was to provide a severe test of the two current conceptual frameworks available for the prediction and understanding of food intake. In each experiment 40 male Manor Meishan pigs were randomly allocated to one of four treatment groups at weaning. Each experiment was split into two periods, P1 (12 to 18 kg) and P2 (18 to 32 kg). The treatments, all with ad libitum feeding, were: a control food (C) given throughout (treatment CC); a medium bulk food (M) given throughout (treatment MM); a high bulk food (H) given in P1 and then C in P2 (treatment HC); H given in P1 and M in P2 (treatment HM). C was based on micronized wheat with 13·4 MJ digestible energy and 243 g crude protein per kg fresh food. In experiment 1 M contained 350 g/kg and H 560 g/kg of unmolassed sugar-beet pulp and in experiment 2 M contained 500 g/kg and H 700 g/kg of unmolassed sugar-beet pulp. Framework 1 predicted that food intake on the medium bulk food (M) would not be increased, whereas framework 2 predicted that intake on M would be increased after a period of feeding on H, compared with when M was offered continuously.In P1, both food intake (P < 0·01) and growth (P < 0·001) were severely limited on H compared with C. In experiment 1 growth was limited on M compared with C during the first 7 days of P1 (P < 0·01) only. In experiment 2 intake (P < 0·001) and growth (P < 0·001) on M were limited throughout P1, compared with C but not thereafter. Therefore, in neither experiment did M cause a lower growth rate than C from 18 to 32 kg. In experiment 1 there was full adaptation to M after about 10 days from 12 kg. In experiment 2 adaptation was complete by the end of the first 7 days from 18 kg.In P2, food intake (P < 0·001) and live-weight gain (P < 0·05 and P < 0·001 in experiments 1 and 2, respectively) were increased on HC compared with CC. By the last 7 days of P2 intake was still higher (P < 0·01) but growth rate was no longer different to CC. Intake and gain were increased in P2 on HM compared with MM but, in general, these differences were small and not significant. In the first 7 days of P2, in experiment 1 pigs on HM had higher intakes (P < 0·001) and gains (P < 0·05) than those on MM, but in experiment 2 only intake was higher (P < 0·01) with no difference in gain. By the last 7 days of P2 there was no difference in either intake or gain between these two groups in either experiment. Pigs on HC increased intake by more than those on HM. There was, therefore, a significant interaction for food intake (P < 0·05, in experiment 1 and P < 0·001, in experiment 2) between prior and present food.The unexpected failure of either M food to limit growth throughout the experimental period meant that the results of these experiments could not be used as a strong test to reject either one of the frameworks. However, the ability of the pigs to compensate on M was less than that on C. The data provide some evidence that under conditions of compensation foods such as M may be limiting. This is in closer agreement with the framework that predicted that consumption of a limiting food will not increase after a period of feeding on a high bulk food (framework 1).

Download Full-text

Performance of growing pigs fed wheat, barley, or triticale

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9840501 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 24 (127) ◽

pp. 501 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

RL Davies ◽

BC Radcliffe

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Energy Requirement ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Energy Utilization ◽

Backfat Thickness ◽

Trypsin Inhibitor Activity ◽

Beta Glucan ◽

Growth Depression ◽

Digestible Energy ◽

Significant Difference

Four groups of 12 Large White pigs (six boars and six gilts) were fed from 14 to 47 kg liveweight on diets based on Kite wheat, Coorong triticale, Clipper barley or 2231 barley. The diets were formulated to provide 0.56 g lysine/MJ digestible energy and were fed to supply three times the maintenance energy requirement. On both liveweight and carcass weight bases, the pigs fed the diet containing Coorong triticale grew more slowly than those fed Kite wheat (P < 0 01); there were no differences in backfat thickness. The efficiency of utilization of lysine was depressed to a greater extent than that of digestible energy. This was consistent with the lysine limitation of the diets and suggested that the growth depression was mediated through an effect on amino acid rather than energy utilization. Differences between the barley cultivars were less consistent: pigs fed 2231 had significantly higher liveweight but not carcass growth rate. There was no significant difference in backfat thickness. Differences in growth rate and the efficiency of lysine and digestible energy utilization were not associated with differences in trypsin inhibitor activity of the grains, nor was there evidence of undesirable nutritional effects associated with elevated beta glucan in barley 2231.

Download Full-text

Effects of low levels of dietary magnesium silicate supplementation on the performance and carcass characteristics of pigs from 24 to 68 kg body weight

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas93-072 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 73 (3) ◽

pp. 665-667 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

F. Tortuero ◽

J. R. Rioperez

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Body Weight ◽

Carcass Characteristics ◽

Magnesium Silicate ◽

Liver Weight ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Dietary Magnesium ◽

Key Words Magnesium

Magnesium silicate (HMS) supplementation at 2.0% of the diet did not influence the growth rate, feed conversion efficiency or carcass characteristics of castrated male growing pigs. However, feeding HMS decreased (P < 0.01) the liver weight and increased (P < 0.07) the cross-sectional area of longissimus muscle in pigs slaughtered at 68 kg body weight. Key words: Magnesium silicate, growth rate, carcass characteristics

Download Full-text

Diet selection in pigs: choices made by growing pigs given foods of different protein concentrations

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100005298 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 189-199 ◽

Cited By ~ 91

Author(s):

I. Kyriazakis ◽

G. C. Emmans ◽

C. T. Whittemore

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Food Intake ◽

Protein Concentration ◽

Live Weight ◽

Diet Selection ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Growth Potential ◽

Feeding Method ◽

Total Food Intake ◽

Total Food

ABSTRACTTo test the proposition that growing pigs, when given a choice between two foods, are able to select a diet that meets their requirements, and to investigate the rules of diet selection, four foods (L, A, B and H) with similar energy yields, but different concentrations of crude protein (CP) (125, 174, 213 and 267 g CP per kg fresh food respectively) were formulated. The four foods were offeredad libitumeither singly, or as a two-way choice using all the six possible pairs, to 40 individually caged pigs from 12 to 30 kg live weight. On the single foods the rate of food intake fell from 1001 to 971 to 961 to 868 (s.e.d. 40) g/day (F < 0·05) as the protein concentration of the foods increased from L to H; the growth rate followed an opposite trend (492, 627, 743 and 693 (s.e.d. 31) g/day respectively;P< 0·01). When the pigs had to select between two foods limiting in protein (L and A) the less limiting one was preferred (710 (s.e. 200) g A per kg total food intake; the protein concentration of the selected diet was 160 (s.e. 10) g CP per kg). On the choice between B and H (a choice between a food with protein concentration close to requirements and a food with protein excess) the lower food was markedly preferred (928 (s.e. 4) g B per kg total food intake; the protein concentration of the selected diet was 218 (s.e. 1) g CP per kg). When the animals were given a choice between two foods, a combination of which was non-limiting (pairs LB, LH, AB and AH), the protein concentrations of the selected diets were not different between treatments (208, 204, 202 and 205 (s.e.d. 13) g CP per kg respectively) and they also declined systematically with time and weight. The growth rate of the animals on these pairs were 752, 768, 769 and 763 (s.e.d. 54) g/day (P > 0·05), which were not significantly different from the highest growth rate achieved on a single food. The results suggest that pigs, when given a choice between a suitable pair of foods, are able to choose a balanced diet and to change its composition to reflect their changing requirements. The choice-feeding method may well be useful as an effective and economic way of estimating and meeting requirements, and of measuring the growth potential of pigs.

Download Full-text

Effect of social group size and initial live weight on feeder space requirement of growing pigs given food ad libitum

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800052851 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 75 (1) ◽

pp. 75-83 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

S.P. Turner ◽

M. Dahlgren ◽

D.S. Arey ◽

S.A. Edwards

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Group Size ◽

Social Group ◽

Feeding Behaviour ◽

Interactive Effect ◽

Live Weight ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Space Requirement ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Feeder Space

AbstractFeeder space allowance should be sufficient to ensure adequate access to food for all group members, irrespective of competitive ability. However, the influence of social group size on minimum feeder space requirement of pigs given food ad libitum is poorly understood. Performance, aggression and feeding behaviour were assessed over a 6-week period from 29·3 (s.e. 0·19) kg live weight, using four replicates of a 2 ✕ 2 factorial design with two group sizes (20 v. 80) (small and large) and two feeder space allowances (32·5 v. 42·5 mm per pig) (low and high). Food intake was significantly lower in the low feeder space allowance treatments (1·44 v. 1·56 (s.e.d. 0·050) kg per pig per day, P < 0·05) and group mean growth rate was reduced in the later phase between 41 and 56 kg live weight. There was no main effect of group size or interactive effect between group size and feeder space allowance on performance. Mean skin lesion score and the frequency of aggression given or received at the feeders was unaffected by treatment. Heavy weight pigs showed similar feeding behaviour in each treatment, but light pigs visited the feeder more frequently in groups of 20 (23·1 v. 16·0 (s.e.d. 2·04) visits per pig per day, P < 0·05) and spent the greatest time feeding when at a low feeder space allowance (5461 v. 4397 (s.e.d. 288·8) s per pig per day, P < 0·05). To avoid a depression in growth rate, pigs >40 kg should be allocated a minimum feeder space allowance of 42·5 mm per pig. There was little indication of a need to specify differential feeder space allowances according to group size.

Download Full-text

RESPONSE OF GROWING-FINISHING PIGS TO DIETARY INCLUSION OF GREEN FOXTAIL (Setaria viridis) SEEDS

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas84-122 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 64 (4) ◽

pp. 1063-1066

Author(s):

A. G. CASTELL

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Feed Efficiency ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Carcass Composition ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Finishing Pigs ◽

Setaria Viridis ◽

Green Foxtail ◽

Ad Libitum

Increasing the level of wheat screenings (95% green foxtail seeds) from 0 to 25% in diets fed ad libitum over the period from 34 to 89 kg liveweight resulted in an increased daily feed intake (P < 0.05), reduced (P < 0.05) feed efficiency and apparent digestibility, but produced no consistent effects on growth rate or carcass composition. Key words: Growing pigs, green foxtail, Setaria viridis, carcass, digestibility

Download Full-text

EFFECTS OF FLOOR TYPE ON SERUM FOLATES, SERUM VITAMIN B12, PLASMA BIOTIN AND ON GROWTH PERFORMANCES OF PIGS

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas89-090 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 69 (3) ◽

pp. 779-788 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

R. BILODEAU ◽

G. J. BRISSON ◽

J. J. MATTE ◽

A. M. B. de PASSILLÉ ◽

C. L. GIRARD

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Serum Vitamin ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

The Other ◽

Vitamin B ◽

Free Access ◽

Growth Performances ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

B Complex Vitamins

Forty-eight 5-wk-old piglets were grouped into six blocks of eight pigs each. Each block comprised two pens of four pigs, two castrates and two females; one pen had a solid floor (free access to feces) while the other had a slatted floor (limited access to feces). Pigs were fed ad libitum a diet computed to meet NRC requirements for 18 wk. Every 14 d, each animal was weighed and a blood sample was taken for the determination of folates, vitamin B12, biotin, hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Ht) levels. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of floor type on serum folates or vitamin B12, nor on plasma biotin which averaged, respectively, 72.2 ± 2.9 ng mL−1, 246.0 ± 21.3 pg mL−1 and 1.34 ± 0.1 ng mL−1 at the end of the experiment. Biotin concentration was about 16-fold greater in the feces than in the diet, which was indicative of active bacterial synthesis of B-complex vitamins in the gut. Hb and Ht were about 4% higher (P < 0.05) in pigs on slatted floors than in those on solid floors. From 5 to 11 wk, pigs raised on slatted floors grew faster (P < 0.05) than those raised on solid floors, but growth rate was similar (P > 0.05) on both floor types from 11 to 23 wk. The results suggest that whatever the age of growing pigs, coprophagy is not an important way by which these animals meet their requirements in B-complex vitamins. Key words: Pigs, floor type, coprophagy, folates, vitamin B12, biotin

Download Full-text