scholarly journals Efeitos diretos e indiretos da migração de retorno no Brasil nos anos 2000 / Direct and indirect effects of the return migration in Brazil in the 2000’s

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (47) ◽  
pp. 672
Author(s):  
Adriana De Miranda-Ribeiro ◽  
Ricardo Alexandrino Garcia ◽  
Carlos Lobo
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Return Migration ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Place Of Birth ◽  
Brazilian Immigrants

<p>No cenário das migrações no Brasil, o retorno ao local de nascimento tem crescido de importância nas últimas décadas. Este artigo tem como objetivo principal a mensuração dos efeitos direto e indireto da migração de retorno às unidades da Federação brasileira, no período 2000-2010. Foram utilizados os microdados do Censo Demográfico de 2010. A metodologia denomina de efeito direto os retornados ao local de nascimento. O efeito indireto é composto por parentes do retornado, desde que cumpram alguns requisitos. Os resultados apontam que a soma dos efeitos diretos e indiretos da migração de retorno correspondem a quase a metade dos imigrantes de última etapa do país.</p><p><strong>Abstract </strong></p><p>The return to the place of birth plays an important role in the Brazilian migration scenario. This paper measures the direct and indirect effects of return migration in Brazil between 2000 and 2010. Data come from the 2010 Brazilian Demographic Census. Those who return to the place of birth compose the direct effect. The indirect effect is composed by the returned migrant’s relatives, conditioned to some rules.  Results show that the return migration effects in Brazil represent almost a half of the Brazilian immigrants in the period.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: spatial distribution, internal migration, return migration.</p>

The Influence of Directive Strategies on Settlement Duration

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Sigmund Gartner
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Negative Selection ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Influence Strategies ◽  
Process Effects ◽  
Durable Peace

Are Directive Strategies in international disputes the most effective mediation method for obtaining durable peace? A standard statistical analysis shows no effect of Directive Strategies on settlement durability. This result however, is misleading, failing to take selection and indirect effects into account. In this article, I identify when selection and process effects reinforce or oppose each other. Directive Strategies have opposing negative selection and positive process effects, which can distort inferences about their influence. Strategies’ direct and indirect effects are also examined. Directive Strategies are more likely to lead to Full Settlements – the most comprehensive form of agreement, which improve the settlement durability (an indirect effect). However, Directive Strategies are used in more intractable disputes that result in fragile settlements (a direct effect). A statistical analysis of international disputes that takes these conflicting dynamics into account demonstrates the efficacy of Directive Mediation Strategies in producing durable agreements.

scholarly journals Direct and indirect effects of marijuana use on the risk of fatal 2-vehicle crash initiation

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanford Chihuri ◽  
Guohua Li
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Total Effect ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
Fatal Crash ◽  
Vehicle Crash

Abstract Background Marijuana and alcohol each play a significant role in fatal crash initiation. We decomposed the total effect of marijuana use in the presence or absence of alcohol on fatal crash initiation into direct and indirect effects. Methods Pair-matched data on 5856 culpable drivers (initiators) and 5856 nonculpable drivers (noninitiators) involved in the same fatal 2-vehicle crashes recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System between 2011 and 2016 were analyzed using the conditional logistic regression model and the unified mediation and interaction analysis framework. Results Crash initiators were more likely than noninitiators to test positive for marijuana (16.1% vs. 9.2%, P < 0.001), alcohol (28.6% vs. 9.7%, P < 0.001) and both substances (6.3% vs. 1.6%, P < .0001). Adjusted odds ratios of fatal 2-vehicle crash initiation revealed a positive interaction on the additive scale between marijuana and alcohol. Of the total effect of marijuana use on fatal 2-vehicle crash initiation, 68.8% was attributable to the direct effect (51.5% to controlled direct effect and 17.3% to reference interaction effect with alcohol) and 31.2% to the indirect effect (7.8% to mediated interaction effect and 23.4% to pure indirect effect through alcohol). Conclusion Our results indicate that the increased odds of fatal 2-vehicle crash initiation associated with marijuana use is due mainly to the direct effect.

scholarly journals The Political Violence Cycle

2017 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. HARISH ◽  
ANDREW T. LITTLE
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
The Political ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Electoral Violence ◽  
Formal Argument ◽  
Political Outcomes

Elections are often violent affairs, casting doubt on the canonical claim that democracy makes societies more peaceful by creating nonviolent means to contest for power. We develop a formal argument to demonstrate that this conclusion is incorrect. Holding elections has a direct effect of increasing levels of violence close to the voting, as this is when electoral violence can influence political outcomes. Precisely for this reason, elections also have an indirect effect of decreasing levels of violence at all other times, as parties can wait for the election when their efforts are more likely to succeed. The direct and indirect effects generate a “political violence cycle” that peaks at the election. However, when the indirect effect is larger, politics would be more violent without elections. When elections also provide an effective nonviolent means to contest for power, they unambiguously make society more peaceful while still generating a political violence cycle.

scholarly journals Estimating the direct and indirect effects of secondary organic aerosols using ECHAM5-HAM

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 8635-8659 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. O'Donnell ◽  
K. Tsigaridis ◽  
J. Feichter
Keyword(s):  
Aerosol Optical Depth ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
The United States ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Tropospheric Aerosol

Abstract. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) has been introduced into the global climate-aerosol model ECHAM5/HAM. The SOA module handles aerosols originating from both biogenic and anthropogenic sources. The model simulates the emission of precursor gases, their chemical conversion into condensable gases, the partitioning of semi-volatile condenable species into the gas and aerosol phases. As ECHAM5/HAM is a size-resolved model, a new method that permits the calculation of partitioning of semi-volatile species between different size classes is introduced. We compare results of modelled organic aerosol concentrations against measurements from extensive measurement networks in Europe and the United States, running the model with and without SOA. We also compare modelled aerosol optical depth against measurements from the AERONET network of grond stations. We find that SOA improves agreement between model and measurements in both organic aerosol mass and aerosol optical depth, but does not fully correct the low bias that is present in the model for both of these quantities. Although many models now include SOA, any overall estimate of the direct and indirect effects of these aerosols is still lacking. This paper makes a first step in that direction. The model is applied to estimate the direct and indirect effects of SOA under simulated year 2000 conditions. The modelled SOA spatial distribution indicates that SOA is likely to be an important source of free and upper tropospheric aerosol. We find a negative shortwave (SW) forcing from the direct effect, amounting to −0.31 Wm−2 on the global annual mean. In contrast, the model indicates a positive indirect effect of SOA of +0.23 Wm−2, arising from the enlargement of particles due to condensation of SOA, together with an enhanced coagulation sink of small particles. In the longwave, model results are a direct effect of +0.02 Wm−2 and an indirect effect of −0.03 Wm−2.

scholarly journals Quantifying the role of fire in the Earth system – Part 2: Impact on the net carbon balance of global terrestrial ecosystems for the 20th century

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 17309-17350 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Li ◽  
B. Bond-Lamberty ◽  
S. Levis
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Fire is the primary terrestrial ecosystem disturbance agent on a global scale. It affects the net carbon balance of global terrestrial ecosystems by emitting carbon directly and immediately to the atmosphere from biomass burning (i.e., the fire direct effect), and by changing net ecosystem productivity and land-use carbon loss in post-fire regions due to biomass burning and fire-induced vegetation mortality (i.e., the fire indirect effect). Here, we provide the first quantitative assessment of the impact of fire on the net carbon balance of global terrestrial ecosystems during the 20th century, and investigate the roles of fire direct and indirect effects. This was done by quantifying the difference between the 20th century fire-on and fire-off simulations with the NCAR Community Land Model CLM4.5 as model platform. Results show that fire decreases the net carbon gain of global terrestrial ecosystems by 1.0 Pg C yr–1 averaged across the 20th century, as a result of the fire direct effect (1.9 Pg C yr–1) partly offset by the indirect effect (−0.9 Pg C yr–1). Fire generally decreases the average carbon gains of terrestrial ecosystems in post-fire regions, which is significant over tropical savannas and some North American and East Asian forests. The general decrease of carbon gains in post-fire regions is because the fire direct and indirect effects have similar spatial patterns but with opposite function and the former (which decreases the carbon gain of land) is generally stronger. Moreover, the effect of fire on net carbon balance significantly declines prior to ~1970 with a trend of 8 Tg C yr–1 due to increasing fire indirect effect, and increases afterward with a trend of 18 Tg C yr–1 due to increasing fire direct effect.

Moral Disengagement About Cyberbullying and Parental Monitoring: Effects on Traditional Bullying and Victimization via Cyberbullying Involvement

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana J. Meter ◽  
Sheri Bauman
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Parental Monitoring ◽  
Moral Disengagement ◽  
Traditional Bullying ◽  
Traditional Victimization ◽  
And Gender

The indirect effects of moral disengagement about cyberbullying and parental monitoring on traditional victimization and bullying via cyberbullying involvement were examined in a diverse sample of 800 youth in Grades 3 to 8. After controlling for grade and gender, moral disengagement about cyberbullying and parental monitoring had an indirect effect on traditional victimization and bullying through cyberbullying involvement. Moral disengagement about cyberbullying and parental monitoring had a direct effect on traditional bullying. Results suggest that moral disengagement about cyberbullying and parental monitoring affect cyberbullying involvement and additionally impact experiences beyond the cyber context.

The Norwegian Historic Population Register and Migration

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-263
Author(s):  
Lars Holden ◽  
Svetlana Boudko
Keyword(s):  
International Migration ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
Return Migration ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Population Register ◽  
Place Of Birth ◽  
Migration Research ◽  
National Population Register ◽  
Automatic Methods ◽  
And Migration

This article describes the development of the Norwegian Historical Population Register, which is the first open national register. In the period 1735–1964, 9.7 million people lived in Norway, and for them 37.5 million events (such as birth, death, or migration) have been recorded in sources. We link together as many events as possible for the same persons and families, but only include links that have a high probability of being correct. The linking is performed by automatic methods and crowdsourcing. A national population register is important for migration research. It allows us to reconstruct (stepwise) internal migration in Norway, frequently followed by international migration from Norway, as well as return migration to Norway. Many non-Norwegian sources also specify place of birth by country, and this makes it possible to identify individuals in Norwegian sources.

scholarly journals Using occupancy models to assess the direct and indirect impacts of agricultural expansion on species’ populations

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (13) ◽  
pp. 3669-3688
Author(s):  
Asunción Semper-Pascual ◽  
Julieta Decarre ◽  
Matthias Baumann ◽  
Micaela Camino ◽  
Yamil Di Blanco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Agricultural Expansion ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Occupancy Models ◽  
Occupancy Modelling

Abstract Land-use change is a global threat to biodiversity, but how land-use change affects species beyond the direct effect of habitat loss remains poorly understood. We developed an approach to isolate and map the direct and indirect effects of agricultural expansion on species of conservation concern, using the threatened giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) in the Gran Chaco as an example. We reconstructed anteater occupancy change between 1985 and 2015 by fitting single-season occupancy models with contemporary camera-trap data and backcasting the models to 1985 and 2000 land-cover/use maps. Based on this, we compared the area of forest loss (direct effect of agricultural expansion) with the area where forests remained but occupancy still declined (indirect effect of agricultural expansion). Anteater occupancy decreased substantially since 1985, particularly after 2000 when agriculture expanded rapidly. Between 1985 and 2015, ~ 64,000 km2 of forest disappeared, yet occupancy declined across a larger area (~ 102,000 km2), extending far into seemingly untransformed habitat. This suggests that widespread sink habitat has emerged due to agricultural land-use change, and that species may lose their habitat through direct and indirect effects of agricultural expansion, highlighting the urgent need for broad-scale conservation planning in the Chaco. Appropriate management responses could proactively protect more habitat where populations are stable, and restore habitat or address causes of mortality in areas where declines occur. Our work also highlights how occupancy modelling combined with remote sensing can help to detect the direct and indirect effects of agricultural expansion, providing guidance for spatially targeting conservation strategies to halt extinctions.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF SOCIAL SUPPORT ON PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 449-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tülin Gençöz ◽  
Yeşim Özlale ◽  
Randy Lennon
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
University Students ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Undergraduate University Students

The aim of this study was to investigate the direct and indirect effects of social support on psychological well-being. Social support was evaluated under two different categories which were named as Aid-Related and Appreciation-Related Socia+l Support. The first category was more related to potential for receiving help from others when needed, and being cared for by others, while the latter category was more related to being recognized by others as an efficient source of help and reassurance of worth. Undergraduate university students (N =342) served as subjects, and results revealed that aid-related social support and psychological well-being (i.e., alleviated depression symptoms) association was partially mediated by experiencing fewer life stresses. On the other hand, appreciation-related social support had a direct effect on psychological well-being. Implications of these results are discussed.

Introduction to Simple Mediation Analysis in SPSS

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nitika Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Mediation Analysis ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Mediation Model ◽  
Ols Regression ◽  
Mediator Variable

Data is analyzed using Mediation model which focuses on the estimation of the indirect effect of X on Y through an intermedi - ary mediator variable M causally located between X and Y (i.e., a model of the form X ? M ? Y ) 1 , where X is the input variable, Y is output and M is the Mediating Variable. When researchers want to examine that how X variable exert it effects on Y variable which is commonly intervened by one or two variables denoted by M and this variable has a causal relationship between X &amp; Y as per Figure 1 and termed as Simple Mediation Model. In this casual system there is at least one casual antecedent X variable is projected as influencing an outcome Y through a single inter - vening variable M . Such model establishes two pathways which influences Y by direct effect and indirect effect. In direct effect, pathways lead from X to Y without passing M. In indirect effects, a pathway of X to Y is lead through M. There are two conse - quent variables forming two equations and these equations can be estimated by conducting OLS regression analyses using SPSS or by using PROCESS.sps in SPSS by Andrew F. Hayes. To add PROCESS by Andrew F. Hayes in SPSS.

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