scholarly journals Consecrated Ground: Spatial Exclusion and the Black Urban Body

Scripta ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (39) ◽  
pp. 162
Author(s):  
Domenico A. Beneventi
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
New World ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Black Body ◽  
Black Communities ◽  
South American ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Spatial Exclusion

<p>There has been a long history of discrimination, exclusion, and racial segregation of Canada’s black communities. The establishment and growth of the slave trade, enabled by European maritime technology, made it economically feasible and efficient to establish a trade network of slaves between Africa and the New World. Labour supply in the Americas was affected not only by the lack of Native Americans’ immunity to European diseases, but by European workers’ inability to contend with the extreme heat and tropical diseases in the South American colonies. James Walker argues that contrary to the prevalent understanding that the slave trade was justified by a racialized discourse which constructed the black body inferior to that of whites, “it was the superiority of African labourers in the New World tropics that sealed their fate as slaves” (140).</p>

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Chlamydia psittaci Genomes Reveals the Recent Emergence of a Pathogenic Lineage with a Broad Host Range

mBio ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy D. Read ◽  
Sandeep J. Joseph ◽  
Xavier Didelot ◽  
Brooke Liang ◽  
Lisa Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
New World ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Chlamydia Psittaci ◽  
South American ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
History Of

ABSTRACT Chlamydia psittaci is an obligate intracellular bacterium. Interest in Chlamydia stems from its high degree of virulence as an intestinal and pulmonary pathogen across a broad range of animals, including humans. C. psittaci human pulmonary infections, referred to as psittacosis, can be life-threatening, which is why the organism was developed as a bioweapon in the 20th century and is listed as a CDC biothreat agent. One remarkable recent result from comparative genomics is the finding of frequent homologous recombination across the genome of the sexually transmitted and trachoma pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis. We sought to determine if similar evolutionary dynamics occurred in C. psittaci. We analyzed 20 C. psittaci genomes from diverse strains representing the nine known serotypes of the organism as well as infections in a range of birds and mammals, including humans. Genome annotation revealed a core genome in all strains of 911 genes. Our analyses showed that C. psittaci has a history of frequently switching hosts and undergoing recombination more often than C. trachomatis. Evolutionary history reconstructions showed genome-wide homologous recombination and evidence of whole-plasmid exchange. Tracking the origins of recombinant segments revealed that some strains have imported DNA from as-yet-unsampled or -unsequenced C. psittaci lineages or other Chlamydiaceae species. Three ancestral populations of C. psittaci were predicted, explaining the current population structure. Molecular clock analysis found that certain strains are part of a clonal epidemic expansion likely introduced into North America by South American bird traders, suggesting that psittacosis is a recently emerged disease originating in New World parrots. IMPORTANCE Chlamydia psittaci is classified as a CDC biothreat agent based on its association with life-threatening lung disease, termed psittacosis, in humans. Because of the recent remarkable findings of frequent recombination across the genome of the human sexually transmitted and ocular trachoma pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis, we sought to determine if similar evolutionary dynamics occur in C. psittaci. Twenty C. psittaci genomes were analyzed from diverse strains that may play a pathogenic role in human disease. Evolution of the strains revealed genome-wide recombination occurring at a higher rate than for C. trachomatis. Certain strains were discovered to be part of a recent epidemic clonal expansion originating in South America. These strains may have been introduced into the United States from South American bird traders, suggesting that psittacosis is a recently emerged disease originating in New World parrots. Our analyses indicate that C. psittaci strains have a history of frequently switching hosts and undergoing recombination.

The limits of power: the political ecology of the Spanish Empire in the Greater Southwest

Antiquity ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 66 (250) ◽  
pp. 153-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Sheridan
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Political Ecology ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
New World ◽  
Spanish Empire ◽  
The Political ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
Spanish Conquest ◽  
History Of

The Spanish conquest of the Americas was one of the most dramatic cultural and biological transformations in the history of the world. Small groups of conquistadores toppled enormous empires. Millions of Native Americans died from epidemic disease. Old World animals and plants revolutionized Native American societies, while New World crops fundamentally altered the diet and land-tenure of peasants across Europe. In the words of historian Alfred Crosby (1972: 3),The two worlds, which God had cast asunder, were reunited, and the two worlds, which were so very different, began on that day [I1 October 14921 to become alike.

The genus Capsicum (Solanaceae) in Africa

Bothalia ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 14 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 845-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Eshbaugh
Keyword(s):  
Wild Species ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
New World ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Old World ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Local Phenomenon ◽  
History Of ◽  
Genus Capsicum ◽  
Large Acreage

The genus Capsicum (Solanaceae) includes approximately 20 wild species and 4-5 domesticated taxa commonly referred to as ‘chilies’ or ‘peppers’. The pre-Colombian distribution of the genus was New World. The evolutionary history of the genus is now envisaged as including three distinct lines leading to the domesticated taxa. The route of Capsicum to the Old World is thought to have followed three different courses. First, explorers introduced it to Europe with secondary introduction into Africa via further exploratory expeditions; second, botanical gardens played a major role in introduction; and third, introduction followed the slave trade routes. Today, pepper production in Africa is of two types, vegetable and spice. Statistical profiles on production are difficult to interpret, but the data available indicate that Nigeria, Egypt, Tunisia and Ghana are the leading producers. Production is mainly a local phenomenon and large acreage is seldom devoted to the growing of peppers. The primary peppers in Africa are C.  annuum and C.  frutescens.

The “Orient” in the “New World”: The Carreira da Índia and the Flows between Asia and Portuguese America

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 32-50
Author(s):  
Jorge Lúzio
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New World ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
Portuguese Empire ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cultural Connections ◽  
Asian People ◽  
Brazilian Ports

The history of Brazil in its colonial period is characterized by the movement of Asian people, goods, and merchandise radiating from Brazilian ports that received ships via the Carreira da Índia, the main sea route integrating the Portuguese Empire both commercially and politically. Asian memory and imagination were present in the urban centres of the Portuguese American colonies in the form of cultural material before the actual presence of Asians, which began to occur through cycles of immigration into Brazilian lands during the nineteenth century. This article traces the circulation of ivory carvings from Asia into Portuguese America as a way of illustrating the presence of Asian material cultures in the New World, as well as the relevance of the Carreira da Índia to these cultural connections.

The Atlantic Slave Trade: A tentative economic model

1974 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry A. Gemery ◽  
Jan S. Hogendorn
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Labour Shortage ◽  
Supply Pattern ◽  
Derived Demand ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Over Time

Two necessary conditions for the existence of New World slavery and the slave trade are an acute labour shortage and an elastic supply of coerced labour. Though the former condition has been the mainstay of hypotheses on slavery where high land/labour ratios were viewed as causal determinants, less attention has been given to the role of labour supply responses. This paper joins these conditions in a model which postulates that labour demand stemming from open resource pressures induced a politico–economic supply response in West Africa. The model shows a derived demand for labour evolving over time into a specific demand for slaves as entrepreneurs sought the lowest cost method of expanding the production of agricultural staples. Free and indentured labour were both characterized by inelastic supply, but the supply of slaves was elastic due to factors discussed within a vent for surplus framework. African governments and private traders responded to the new effective demand from the Americas with improved organization which widened the pre-existing market for slaves. The desire for imported goods, with firearms especially significant, plus various technical changes in transport, money, and credit all combined to ensure the further development of the slave trade and the continued maintenance of a longrun elastic supply pattern

What's New in the New World??

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
Edward Buscombe
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
New World ◽  
History Of

Abstract An essay on an extended DVD of Terrence Malick's The New World, focusing on representation of relations between Native Americans and settlers from England, and the film's place in the history of the Pocahontas story.

A People’s History of American Prohibition

2021 ◽  
pp. 450-486
Author(s):  
Mark Lawrence Schrad
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
American South ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black Communities ◽  
Upton Sinclair ◽  
History Of ◽  
The American South ◽  
Elected Representatives

Chapter 16 examines the predations of the parasitic Gilded Age “liquor trusts”--akin to the big railroad, steel, and financial trusts--including the United States Brewers’ Association and the Liquor Dealers’ Association, which corrupted law enforcement and government representatives. Unlike these trusts, the Anti-Saloon League (ASL) could not buy off politicians, but relied on agitation and publicity—ensuring that constituents were fully informed as to their elected representatives’ voting records on temperance. Progressive prohibitionists made common cause with good-governance “muckrakers” like Pussyfoot Johnson and Upton Sinclair. The chapter turns to the wave of state-level prohibitions, beginning with the Oklahoma’s prohibition statehood in 1907, drawing on the long-standing prohibitionism of Native Americans. From there, the “dry wave” swept the American South, where the liquor traffic was more diffused and less organized, and temperance sentiment was strong among both white and black communities.

Bryan Edwards, F.R.S., 1743-1800

2000 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-222
Author(s):  
Olwyn M. Blouet
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
New World ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
West Indian ◽  
The West ◽  
History Of ◽  
World Environment ◽  
Member Of Parliament

Bryan Edwards was a Jamaican planter and politician who published a well–respected History of the West Indies in 1793. He articulated the planter view concerning the value of the West Indian colonies to Great Britain, and opposed the abolition of the slave trade. Edwards disputed European scientific speculation that the ‘New World’ environment retarded nature, although his scientific interests have largely gone unnoticed. Elected a Fellow of The Royal Society in 1794, he became a Member of Parliament in 1796, and wrote a History of Haiti in the following year. As Secretary of the African Association, Edwards edited the African travel journals of Mungo Park.

The Fifth International Symposium of the History of Arab Science

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-584
Author(s):  
George Saliba
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
International Symposium ◽  
New World ◽  
Arab World ◽  
The United States ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Obvious Reason ◽  
History Of ◽  
Muslim Spain

In the context of the five-hundred-year anniversary celebrations of the"discovery of the New World" now going on in the United States andSpain, the Syrian Institute for the History of Science (Aleppo University,Aleppo, Syria), organized the Fifth International Symposium of the Historyof Arab Science in conjunction with the lnstituto de Cooperaci6n conel Mundo Arabe (Institute of Cooperation with the Arab World, the ForeignMinistry of Spain). The theme of the conference, which dealt withthe contribution of al Andalus (i.e., Muslim Spain) to the history ofscience and teclmology, was the obvious reason for this international cooperationbetween the agencies of Syria and Spain.The contribution of al Andalus in the realms of science and technologyto both Muslim and European countries is undeniably importantin its own right and should be investigated by similar symposia, not onlyin Spain or Muslim countries. It was, however, ironic that the fivehundred-year anniversary celebrations of the "discovery of the NewWorld" coincided with the expulsion of Muslims from Spain after the reconquista,not to mention the fact that the "New World" had already beendiscovered thousands of years before Columbus by the native Americans ...

scholarly journals Plasmodium malariae: Parasite and Disease

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Collins ◽  
Geoffrey M. Jeffery
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Parasite ◽  
New World ◽  
Plasmodium Malariae ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
South American ◽  
Malaria Therapy ◽  
Parasite Detection ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Plasmodium Brasilianum

SUMMARY A review of the life history of Plasmodium malariae, the quartan malaria parasite of humans, is presented. Much of the information is based on data obtained from induced infections in humans who were given malaria therapy for the treatment of neurosyphilis between 1940 and 1963. Prepatent periods (i.e., the time until the first day of parasite detection) fever episodes, and maximum parasitemias as a result of infection with P. malariae were obtained and are presented. Experimental and known vectors of the parasite are also discussed. Splenectomized chimpanzees and New World monkeys are readily infected and serve as sources of parasites and antigens for diagnostic and molecular studies. South American monkeys are naturally infected with a parasite known as Plasmodium brasilianum. This parasite appears to be P. malariae that has adapted from humans to grow in monkeys, probably within the last 500 years. Infection with P. malariae is associated with the production of immune complexes in the kidneys and the associated nephrotic syndrome. The essential lesions are a thickening of the glomerular basement membrane and endocapillary cell proliferation. Studies of monkeys infected with P. malariae indicate the same pathology as that demonstrated in humans.

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