scholarly journals Characterization of the sonority associated to woodwinds instruments through spectral analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yubiry González ◽  
Ronaldo Prati
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Spectral Power Density ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Musical Acoustics ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Transverse Flute ◽  
Materials Used

The sonority is one of the definitions widely used by musicians when trying to define the color or timbral balances associated with individual or groups of instruments , such as for ensembles or orchestras. This definition obeys to subjective musical parameters associated with "color balance", "sound amplitude", among others. In the field of musical acoustics, it is well known that the sounds coming from musical instruments depend on several acoustic physical parameters such as Intensity, Frequency, and the number of harmonics, as well as other aspects including, association with its manufacturing process, such as geometry and materials used for construction. This work presents, from a spectral analysis of the timbre with the use of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Spectral Power Density (DPE) and Spectrograms, the characterization of the subjective concept of "sonority", for some instruments of the Woodwind family: Piccolo flute, transverse flute, clarinet and oboe. It is concluded that the stage of sound evolution as the attack and sustenance, allow the establishment of harmonics whose powers are fundamental to define the timbric "color" associated with each instrument, as well as the number of harmonics allowed to establish parameters of "sound identity", useful for the generation of a coefficient extracted from the obtained spectral analysis, which allows to advance in the characterization of the Sonority. The generalization of the method is suggested for all families of musical instruments.

Plasma parameters in atomic-emission spectral analysis of phosphate concentrates of the fission products

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
M. I. Khamdeev ◽  
E. A. Erin
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Reference Materials ◽  
Fission Products ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Electric Arc ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Arc Plasma ◽  
Atomic Emission Spectral Analysis ◽  
Excitation Processes

Physical parameters of electric arc plasma as well as their time dependences are calculated when analyzing phosphate precipitates of the fission products of irradiated nuclear fuel. Phosphate concentrates of the fission products are known for their complex chemical composition and high thermal and chemical stability. Hence, direct atomic emission spectral analysis of phosphate powders without transferring them into solutions is advisable. Different conditions of sample preparation and synthesis of the reference materials determine the different chemical forms of the elements to be determined. This, in turn, affects the kinetics of their evaporation in the electrode crate and excitation processes in the plasma. The known mechanisms of those processes cannot always be transferred to specific conditions of the given method of analysis thus entailing the necessity of studying the effect of the samples chemical composition on the results of determination, proper choice of spectroscopic carriers, detailed study of spectra excitation processes in spectral analysis, and analysis of the physical parameters of the electric arc plasma. We used the lines Zn I 307.206 nm and Zn I 307.589 nm to measure the effective temperature of the central hot sections of the arc in a range of4500 - 6500 K. NaCl, BaCl2 and NaCl + T1C1 were studied to reduce the effect of the sample elemental composition on excitation conditions of the spectra and their stabilization as a spectroscopic carrier. In control experiments we used carrier-free samples. The coincidence of the values of the plasma physical parameters within the measurement error not exceeding 20%, as well as the identity of the nature of the kinetic curves for samples of phosphate precipitates and synthetic reference materials prove their correctness. The result of the study substantiate correctness of the direct atomic-emission spectral procedure in analysis of phosphate concentrates of fission when using synthetic reference materials.

Emerging Techniques for the Characterization of Nano-Mechanical Properties of Integrated Circuit Components

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Randall ◽  
Rahul Premachandran Nair
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Solder Bumps ◽  
Initial Work ◽  
Circuit Components ◽  
Materials Used

Abstract With the growing complexity of integrated circuits (IC) comes the issue of quality control during the manufacturing process. In order to avoid late realization of design flaws which could be very expensive, the characterization of the mechanical properties of the IC components needs to be carried out in a more efficient and standardized manner. The effects of changes in the manufacturing process and materials used on the functioning and reliability of the final device also need to be addressed. Initial work on accurately determining several key mechanical properties of bonding pads, solder bumps and coatings using a combination of different methods and equipment has been summarized.

scholarly journals The Changes of Ergonomic Engine Vibroacoustic Response Regarding Their Development

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4215
Author(s):  
Radosław Wróbel ◽  
Lech Sitnik ◽  
Monika Andrych-Zalewska ◽  
Łukasz Łoza ◽  
Radostin Dimitrov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Power Density ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Spectral Power Density ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Head Restraint ◽  
Vibroacoustic Response

The article presents the results of research on the vibroacoustic response of internal combustion engines mounted in a vehicle. The vehicles studied belong to popular models, which became available in successive versions. Each group included vehicles of the same model of an older generation (equipped with a naturally aspirated engine) and of a newer generation, including downsized (and turbocharged) engines. Tests in each group were carried out under repeatable conditions on a chassis-load dynamometer. The vibrations were measured using single-axis accelerometers mounted on the steering wheel, engine, and driver’s head restraint mounting. The primary purpose of the study was to verify whether the new generations of vehicles equipped with additional high-speed elements (compressors) generate additional harmonics (especially those within the range potentially affecting travel comfort and human health) and whether there are significant changes in the distribution of spectral power density in the new generations. As the study showed, new generations of vehicles are characterized by a different vibroacoustic response, and the trend of change is the same in each of the families studied.

scholarly journals Analysis and characterization of materials used in heritage theatrical figurines

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuxuan Gong ◽  
Chengquan Qiao ◽  
Bochao Zhong ◽  
Jiarang Zhong ◽  
Decai Gong
Keyword(s):  
Materials Used ◽  
Characterization Of Materials

scholarly journals Acoustic Characterization of Some Steel Industry Waste Materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 5924
Author(s):  
Elisa Levi ◽  
Simona Sgarbi ◽  
Edoardo Alessio Piana
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Characteristic ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Industry Waste ◽  
Acoustic Characterization ◽  
Minimization Procedure ◽  
The Difference ◽  
By Products

From a circular economy perspective, the acoustic characterization of steelwork by-products is a topic worth investigating, especially because little or no literature can be found on this subject. The possibility to reuse and add value to a large amount of this kind of waste material can lead to significant economic and environmental benefits. Once properly analyzed and optimized, these by-products can become a valuable alternative to conventional materials for noise control applications. The main acoustic properties of these materials can be investigated by means of a four-microphone impedance tube. Through an inverse technique, it is then possible to derive some non-acoustic properties of interest, useful to physically characterize the structure of the materials. The inverse method adopted in this paper is founded on the Johnson–Champoux–Allard model and uses a standard minimization procedure based on the difference between the sound absorption coefficients obtained experimentally and predicted by the Johnson–Champoux–Allard model. The results obtained are consistent with other literature data for similar materials. The knowledge of the physical parameters retrieved applying this technique (porosity, airflow resistivity, tortuosity, viscous and thermal characteristic length) is fundamental for the acoustic optimization of the porous materials in the case of future applications.

scholarly journals Characterization of calcium oxide in root perforation sealer materials

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 539-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Estrela ◽  
Manoel Damião Sousa-Neto ◽  
Orlando Aguirre Guedes ◽  
Ana Helena Gonçalves Alencar ◽  
Marco Antonio Hungaro Duarte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Mineral Trioxide Aggregate ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Main Components ◽  
White Mineral

Root perforation represents an undesirable complication that may lead to an unfavorable prognosis. The aims of this study were to characterize and to compare the presence of calcium oxide (CaO) on the chemical composition of materials used for root perforation therapy: gray and white mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Portland cement (PC), gray MTA+5%CaO and gray MTA+10%CaO. The last two materials were analyzed to evaluate the increase of CaO in the final sample. CaO alone was used as a standard. Eighteen polyethylene tubes with an internal diameter of 3 mm and 3 mm in length were prepared, filled and then transferred to a chamber with 95% relative humidity and a temperature of 37ºC. The chemical compounds (particularly CaO) and the main components were analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX). EDX revealed the following concentrations of CaO: gray MTA: 59.28%, white MTA: 63.09%; PC: 72.51%; gray MTA+5%CaO: 63.48% and gray MTA+10%CaO: 67.55%. The tested materials presented different concentrations of CaO. Even with an increase of 5 and 10% CaO in gray MTA, the CaO levels found in the MTA samples were lower than those found in PC.

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