Placenta-Derived Exosomes and Their Role in the Immune Protection of the Fetus

Among the animals of different species chickens react in greater numbers and more noticeable to a va-riety of growth biostimulators. There are great improvements on their general state, growth spurts and development of internal organs is quicker when they are injected with small portions. Such stimulation has a great influence not only on growth and development of chickens in their first period of life but also on health and productivity later on. The most active peak of reaction is when chicken is two months old. Their internal organs, especially the digestive system, develop earlier, their genitals appear earlier and they begin egg-laying much earlier too, when chickens are being fed those biostimulants. Slaughter meat yield becomes more and quality of meat improves with the influence of stimulators. A major disease pre-vention and healing effect can be reached, since most of the biostimulants raise immune system and re-sistance of the organism. It can be the only thing to justify their usage on animals. Tests show that the most typical growth spurt of birds is from fifteen to twenty percent in normal conditions. Growth spurts are also accompanied with the rise of resistance to different infections and activation of different physio-logical processes. Growth spurts can be twice or more than written here, but those spurts are usually short-timed and often accompanied with the dysfunction of different organs

Antibody response of carp, Cyprinus carpio to the cestode, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182099004242 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 118 (6) ◽

pp. 635-639 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

P. NIE ◽

D. HOOLE

Keyword(s):

Antibody Response ◽

Cyprinus Carpio ◽

Serum Antibody ◽

Infected Fish ◽

Immune Protection ◽

Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽

Bothriocephalus Acheilognathi ◽

Protection Against Infection ◽

Antibody Levels ◽

Antibody Secreting Cells

The humoral antibody response and the number of pronephric antibody-secreting cells were examined in naturally Bothriocephalus acheilognathi-infected carp. Cyprinus carpio, and in those injected intraperitoneally with an extract of the cestode. In the extract-injected fish, specific antibody was detected 3 weeks after a second injection given 2 weeks after the primary injection, and antibody levels persisted for more than 200 days. A third injection also enhanced the antibody level in the extract-injected carp. The numbers of antibody-secreting cells were significantly higher in carp injected 3 times with the extract than in the control. In naturally-infected fish, the serum antibody levels and the number of pronephric antibody-secreting cells were higher in infected fish than in uninfected individuals although this difference was not statistically significant. The relevance of these results to immune protection against infection is discussed.

Intratracheal inoculation of AHc vaccine induces protection against aerosolized botulinum neurotoxin A challenge in mice

npj Vaccines ◽

10.1038/s41541-021-00349-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Changjiao Gan ◽

Wenbo Luo ◽

Yunzhou Yu ◽

Zhouguang Jiao ◽

Sha Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bronchoalveolar Lavage ◽

Clostridium Botulinum ◽

Freeze Drying ◽

Botulinum Neurotoxin ◽

Secretory Iga ◽

Immune Protection ◽

Dry Powder ◽

Botulinum Neurotoxin A ◽

Spray Freeze Drying

AbstractBotulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), produced by Clostridium botulinum, is generally known to be the most poisonous of all biological toxins. In this study, we evaluate the protection conferred by intratracheal (i.t.) inoculation immunization with recombinant Hc subunit (AHc) vaccines against aerosolized BoNT/A intoxication. Three AHc vaccine formulations, i.e., conventional liquid, dry powder produced by spray freeze drying, and AHc dry powder reconstituted in water are prepared, and mice are immunized via i.t. inoculation or subcutaneous (s.c.) injection. Compared with s.c.-AHc-immunized mice, i.t.-AHc-immunized mice exhibit a slightly stronger protection against a challenge with 30,000× LD50 aerosolized BoNT/A. Of note, only i.t.-AHc induces a significantly higher level of toxin-neutralizing mucosal secretory IgA (SIgA) production in the bronchoalveolar lavage of mice. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the immune protection conferred by the three formulations of AHc is comparable, while i.t. immunization of AHc is superior to s.c. immunization against aerosolized BoNT/A intoxication.

Development of a Viral-Like Particle Candidate Vaccine Against Novel Variant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9020142 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 142

Author(s):

Yulong Wang ◽

Nan Jiang ◽

Linjin Fan ◽

Li Gao ◽

Kai Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Infectious Bursal Disease Virus ◽

Protective Efficacy ◽

Expression System ◽

Size Exclusion ◽

Candidate Vaccine ◽

Infectious Bursal Disease ◽

Immune Protection ◽

Bursal Disease ◽

Novel Variant

Infectious bursal disease (IBD), an immunosuppressive disease of young chickens, is caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Novel variant IBDV (nVarIBDV), a virus that can evade immune protection against very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV), is becoming a threat to the poultry industry. Therefore, nVarIBDV-specific vaccine is much needed for nVarIBDV control. In this study, the VP2 protein of SHG19 (a representative strain of nVarIBDV) was successfully expressed using an Escherichia coli expression system and further purified via ammonium sulfate precipitation and size-exclusion chromatography. The purified protein SHG19-VP2-466 could self-assemble into 25-nm virus-like particle (VLP). Subsequently, the immunogenicity and protective effect of the SHG19-VLP vaccine were evaluated using animal experiments, which indicated that the SHG19-VLP vaccine elicited neutralization antibodies and provided 100% protection against the nVarIBDV. Furthermore, the protective efficacy of the SHG19-VLP vaccine against the vvIBDV was evaluated. Although the SHG19-VLP vaccine induced a comparatively lower vvIBDV-specific neutralization antibody titer, it provided good protection against the lethal vvIBDV. In summary, the SHG19-VLP candidate vaccine could provide complete immune protection against the homologous nVarIBDV as well as the heterologous vvIBDV. This study is of significance to the comprehensive prevention and control of the recent atypical IBD epidemic.

An Antigenic Thrift-Based Approach to Influenza Vaccine Design

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9060657 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 657

Author(s):

Jai S. Bolton ◽

Hannah Klim ◽

Judith Wellens ◽

Matthew Edmans ◽

Uri Obolski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Vaccine ◽

Influenza Season ◽

Vaccine Design ◽

Antigenic Drift ◽

Influenza Vaccines ◽

Immune Protection ◽

Immune Selection ◽

Drift Theory ◽

Gradual Accumulation ◽

Additional Constraints

The antigenic drift theory states that influenza evolves via the gradual accumulation of mutations, decreasing a host’s immune protection against previous strains. Influenza vaccines are designed accordingly, under the premise of antigenic drift. However, a paradox exists at the centre of influenza research. If influenza evolved primarily through mutation in multiple epitopes, multiple influenza strains should co-circulate. Such a multitude of strains would render influenza vaccines quickly inefficacious. Instead, a single or limited number of strains dominate circulation each influenza season. Unless additional constraints are placed on the evolution of influenza, antigenic drift does not adequately explain these observations. Here, we explore the constraints placed on antigenic drift and a competing theory of influenza evolution – antigenic thrift. In contrast to antigenic drift, antigenic thrift states that immune selection targets epitopes of limited variability, which constrain the variability of the virus. We explain the implications of antigenic drift and antigenic thrift and explore their current and potential uses in the context of influenza vaccine design.

Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in health care workers from Northern Italy based on antibody status: immune protection from secondary infection- A retrospective observational case-control study.

International Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1016/j.ijid.2021.07.003 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Francesca Rovida ◽

Irene Cassaniti ◽

Elena Percivalle ◽

Antonella Sarasini ◽

Stefania Paolucci ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Health Care Workers ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Secondary Infection ◽

Case Control ◽

Northern Italy ◽

Immune Protection ◽

Care Workers ◽

Control Study

Serum Neutralizing Activity against B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13071347 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 1347

Author(s):

Claudia Maria Trombetta ◽

Serena Marchi ◽

Simonetta Viviani ◽

Alessandro Manenti ◽

Linda Benincasa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural Infection ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Original Strain ◽

Immune Protection ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Symptomatic Infection ◽

Neutralizing Activity ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Antibody Titers ◽

Pandemic Wave

The recent spreading of new SARS-CoV-2 variants, carrying several mutations in the spike protein, could impact immune protection elicited by natural infection or conferred by vaccination. In this study, we evaluated the neutralizing activity against the viral variants that emerged in the United Kingdom (B.1.1.7), Brazil (P.1), and South Africa (B.1.351) in human serum samples from hospitalized patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 during the first pandemic wave in Italy in 2020. Of the patients studied, 59.5% showed a decrease (≥2 fold) in neutralizing antibody titer against B.1.1.7, 83.3% against P.1, and 90.5% against B.1.351 with respect to the original strain. The reduction in antibody titers against all analyzed variants, and in particular P.1 and B.1.351, suggests that previous symptomatic infection might be not fully protective against exposure to SARS-CoV-2 variants carrying a set of relevant spike mutations.

Salmonella Pullorum spiC mutant is a desirable LASV candidate with proper virulence, high immune protection and easy-to-use oral administration

Vaccine ◽

10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.059 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 39 (9) ◽

pp. 1383-1391

Author(s):

Yaonan Wang ◽

Cuiying Huang ◽

Juan Tang ◽

Guifeng Liu ◽

Maozhi Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Administration ◽

Immune Protection ◽

Salmonella Pullorum

Effect of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection on immune enzyme activity and ultrastructure in the haemolymph tissue of Cherax quadricarinatus (Decapoda, Astacidea)

Crustaceana ◽

10.1163/15685403-00003550 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 89 (6-7) ◽

pp. 669-684

Author(s):

J. J. Ning ◽

M. M. Zhang ◽

Q. Q. Tong ◽

X. Cao ◽

D. L. Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activities ◽

White Spot Syndrome Virus ◽

White Spot ◽

Immune Protection ◽

Cell Nuclei ◽

Cherax Quadricarinatus ◽

Deformation And Fracture ◽

Before And After ◽

Protection Rate ◽

White Spot Syndrome

To explore the pathogenic mechanism of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus), we analysed activities of the three immune-related enzymes PO, SOD and LSZ in haemolymph tissue ofC. quadricarinatusbefore and after infection, and simultaneously studied the ultrastructural pathology. The results show that WSSV infection affects activities of the three enzymes. After 6-24 h of WSSV infection, the activities of PO, SOD and LSZ increased, but decreased significantly during longer infection times. The enzyme activities in WSSV-infected crayfish were significantly lower than those in controls at 72 h, except for LSZ (). Interestingly, the activities of PO, SOD and LSZ in the group treated with immune-polysaccharides before challenge with WSSV were higher than in the directly infected group, and the immune protection rate reached 51.9%, suggesting that the polysaccharides could improve enzyme activities and enhance antiviral defences of the organism. Ultrastructural pathological changes showed damaged haemolymph tissue, deformed golgiosomes, fuzzy damage in the mitochondrial structures, and nuclear membrane deformation and fracture. High levels of heterochromatin appeared in the nucleus; organoid and chromatin dissolved in dying blood cells, cytoplasm appeared oedematous and cells dissolved. WSSV particles were visible in blood cell nuclei of infected crayfish.