scholarly journals Scaling Up Sustainable Biofuels for a Low-Carbon Future

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahira Shafique ◽  
Javeria Shafique
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Solid Biofuels ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
Alternate Source ◽  
Solid Biomass

Fossil fuels oil, coal, and gas are valuable resources that are depleting day by day around the world and also imparting a negative impact on the environment. Biofuel because of its dynamic properties; its market values; and being sustainable, renewable, biodegradable, economic, non-pollutant, and abundant is an alternate source of energy. Each country can produce it independently, and because of these valuable properties biofuels have become superior over fossil fuels. This chapter gives a concise preface to biofuels and its impact on the environment. It includes definitions; classifications; impact on environment; implications; types of production techniques like chemical, biochemical, physical, and thermochemical techniques; types of resources like lignocellulosic-biomass, feedstock energy crops, algae, micro-algae, all kinds of solid wastes; and biofuels of prime importance like solid biofuels (biochar, solid biomass), gaseous biofuels (biogas, bio-syngas, and bio-hydrogen), and the most important liquid biofuels (bioethanol, biodiesel, and bio-oil). Due to increasing global warming and climate-changing conditions, in the near future biofuel being an environment-friendly resource of energy will be a substantial part of the world’s energy demand, with no or zero polluting agents.

scholarly journals Keeping warm: a review of deep geothermal potential of the UK

2018 ◽  
Vol 232 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
JG Gluyas ◽  
CA Adams ◽  
JP Busby ◽  
J Craig ◽  
C Hirst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geothermal Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Geothermal System ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Geothermal Heat ◽  
Geothermal Potential ◽  
The Uk

In 2015, the primary energy demand in the UK was 202.5 million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe = 848 EJ). Of this, about 58 mtoe (2.43 EJ) was used for space heating. Almost all of this heat was from burning fossil fuels either directly (50% of all gas used is for domestic purposes) or indirectly for power generation. Burning fossil fuels for heat released about 160 million tonnes of carbon dioxide in 2015. The UK must decarbonise heating for it to meet its commitments on emissions reduction. UK heat demand can be met from ultra-low-carbon, low enthalpy geothermal energy. Here we review the geothermal potential of the UK, comprising a combination of deep sedimentary basins, ancient warm granites and shallower flooded mines. A conservative calculation of the contained accessible heat in these resources is 200 EJ, about 100 years supply. Presently only one geothermal system is exploited in the UK. It has been supplying about 1.7MWT (heat) to Southampton by extracting water at a temperature of 76 ℃ from a depth of 1.7 km in the Wessex Basin. Like Southampton, most of the major population centres in the UK lie above or adjacent to major geothermal heat sources. The opportunity for using such heat within district heating schemes is considerable. The consequences of developing a substantial part of the UK’s geothermal resource are profound. The baseload heating that could be supplied from low enthalpy geothermal energy would cause a dramatic fall in the UK’s emissions of greenhouse gases, reduce the need for separate energy storage required by the intermittent renewables (wind and solar) and underpin a significant position of the nation’s energy security for the foreseeable future, so lessening the UK’s dependence on imported oil and gas. Investment in indigenous energy supplies would also mean retention of wealth in the UK.

scholarly journals A Methodological Framework for the Comparative Analysis of the Environmental Performance of Roadway and Railway Transport

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 721-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diamanto Mintzia ◽  
Fotini Kehagia ◽  
Anastasios Tsakalidis ◽  
Efthimios Zervas
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Sustainable Transport ◽  
Railway Transport ◽  
Railway Line ◽  
Carbon Transport

Low-carbon transport is a priority in addressing climate change. Transport is still almost totally dependent on fossil fuels (96%) and accounts for almost 60% of global oil use. Sustainable transport systems, both passenger and freight, should be economically and technically feasible, but also low-carbon and environmentally friendly. The calculation of greenhouse gas emissions in transport projects is becoming a primary target of transport companies as a part of an endeavor for low-carbon strategies to reduce the energy demand and environmental impact. This paper investigates the CO2 impact of construction and operation of the main highway and railway line infrastructure in Greece, which connects Athens and Thessaloniki, the capital and the second biggest city in Greece respectively and provides a comparative analysis in roadway and railway transport.

scholarly journals Life Cycle Assessment of New High Concentration Photovoltaic (HCPV) Modules and Multi-Junction Cells

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 2916
Author(s):  
Jérôme Payet ◽  
Titouan Greffe
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
High Concentration

Worldwide electricity consumption increases by 2.6% each year. Greenhouse gas emissions due to electricity production raise by 2.1% per year on average. The development of efficient low-carbon-footprint renewable energy systems is urgently needed. CPVMatch investigates the feasibility of mirror or lens-based High Concentration Photovoltaic (HCPV) systems. Thanks to innovative four junction solar cells, new glass coatings, Position Sensitive Detectors (PSD), and DC/DC converters, it is possible to reach concentration levels higher than 800× and a module efficiency between 36.7% and 41.6%. From a circular economy’s standpoint, the use of concentration technologies lowers the need in active material, increases recyclability, and reduces the risk of material contamination. By using the Life Cycle Assessment method, it is demonstrated that HCPV presents a carbon footprint ranking between 16.4 and 18.4 g CO2-eq/kWh. A comparison with other energy means for 16 impact categories including primary energy demand and particle emissions points out that the environmental footprint of HCPV is typically 50 to 100 times lower than fossil fuels footprint. HCPV’s footprint is also three times lower than that of crystalline photovoltaic solutions and is close to the environmental performance of wind power and hydropower.

scholarly journals Paris Climate Summit and Turkey's Renewable Energy Policies

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-71
Author(s):  
Füsun Çelebi Boz ◽  
Turgut Bayramoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Energy Policies ◽  
Negative Effects

Abstract The increase in population and urbanization which emerged together with industrialization have brought the increase in energy demand with them. Carbon emissions rise as a result of the increase in energy demand and lead to climate change. Such changes in climate have negative effects on not only the environment but human life as well. Therefore, countries should implement energy policies with low carbon density in order to reduce greenhouse gas emission. In this context, preferring renewable energy sources can prevent temperature increase by reducing the effects of fossil fuels on the environment. Turkey should attach importance to renewable energy sources and invest in these sources in accordance with the commitments accepted at the Paris Climate Summit in order to reduce carbon emission.

scholarly journals Research and Outlook on Northeast Asian Energy Interconnection

2020 ◽  
Vol 209 ◽  
pp. 04006
Author(s):  
Yi Gao ◽  
Zhe Liu ◽  
Xinzhi Xu ◽  
Yanfen Guo ◽  
Jun Li
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Methods ◽  
High Dependency

Northeast Asia is the most developed region in Asia with large energy demand, and plays an important role in the global economic development. Northeast Asia has been facing severe challenges in ensuring energy security, protecting the environment, and coping with climate change, because of their high dependency on fossil fuels and imports of oil from outside the region, and inverse distribution between energy resources and demand. In order to actively respond to climate change, promote the transition to low-carbon energy and sustainable development in the region, achieve the grand purpose of economic prosperity, social progress and ecological protection, this study is conducted with a focus on power grid interconnection in Northeast Asia. Based on the historical energy and power data in Northeast Asia, this paper studies the development trends of energy and power demand in future by combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Considering the distribution of clean energy bases, this paper proposes an energy interconnection scheme in Northeast Asia with high clear energy penetration scenario. To form the Asia-Europe energy interconnection, the construction of the Asia-Europe interconnection channels is briefly analyzed in this paper.

Circular economy and energy transition: A nexus focusing on the non-energy use of fuels

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 586-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Ming Chen ◽  
Hana Kim
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Critical Gap ◽  
Energy Use Intensity

Given emerging concerns about climate change, low-carbon energy transition is advocated and promoted. Non-energy use of fossil fuels accounted for 8.9% of the world’s total final energy consumption in 2015. Non-energy use intensity does not show an evident reduction, while energy intensity as fuel per dollar of gross domestic product has decreased thanks to energy transition efforts such as energy efficiency promotion and renewable energy expansion.  This study conducted an extensive review of the circular economy and energy transition frameworks, and found that the energy transition framework has a critical gap, so it cannot provide a foundation for investigating non-energy use. This study suggests that the energy transition discourse needs to be extended to incorporate the transition of non-energy use and the achievement of a closed loop of non-energy use, which is part of the circular economy framework. The coordinated circular economy–energy transition approach could bring in synergistic effects, such as promoting circular economy activities among industries, reducing energy demand, and attaining additional greenhouse gas mitigation potential.

scholarly journals AN ANALYSIS OF NIGERIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (NDC) IN THE TRANSITION TO A LOW CARBON ECONOMY

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-60
Author(s):  
A. I. S. Okoh
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Food Sovereignty ◽  
State University ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Net Zero ◽  
Zero Carbon ◽  
Smart Agriculture

This paper examines the complexity of achieving economic growth simultaneously with low carbon transition in Nigeria. Nigeria’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) seeks to carry out far-reaching cuts capable of reducing the scale of pollution recorded in the country. But the ratification of the agreement also works at cross-purposes with Vision 20:20 and the Economic Recovery and Growth Plan (ERGP) since these development blueprints are heavily reliant on fossil fuels. Qualitative data was used to arrive at the study’s' findings, complemented with quantitative data based on Nigeria Energy Calculator modelling tool for analyzing energy demand and supply in the country. The paper observed that a plethora of issues were impediments to the implementation of the NDC. That, fossil fuel energy generation as palliative is incapable of addressing issues of externality. Thus, Nigeria needs a new socio-economic contract termed the Food Sufficiency Economy (FSE) to usher in a net zero carbon trajectory. FSE is a convergence of food sovereignty and sufficiency economy. It is also in line with Africa’s eco-bio-communitarianism perspective, but slanted towards Climate-Smart Agriculture as the building block for a low carbon and climate resilient future. Okoh, A. I. S. | Department of Political Science, Benue State University Makurdi, Nigeria.

scholarly journals CURRENT STATUS AND OUTLOOK OF RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 196-212
Author(s):  
MF Akorede ◽  
O Ibrahim ◽  
SA Amuda ◽  
AO Otuoze ◽  
BJ Olufeagba
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Energy Crisis ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
The Government

Over 80% of the current Nigerian primary energy consumption is met by petroleum. This overdependence on fossil fuels derived from petroleum for local consumption requirements should be a serious source of concern for the country in two ways – depletion of the resources and negative impact on the environment. This paper presents a critical review of the available renewable energy resources in Nigeria, namely; biomass, hydropower, solar and wind energy. It examines the current energy situation in the country and equally discusses the various energy policy documents developed by the government. Using the scenario-based International Atomic Energy Agency models, the projected energy demand and supply structure of the country through 2030 are presented and analysed. Overall, this study shows that Nigeria will overcome her present energy crisis if she explores the abundant renewable energy resources in the country.  The data presented in this paper is a crucial eye-opener for relevant government agencies towards developing these energy resources in tackling the present energy crisis in Nigeria.  http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i1.25

scholarly journals Economic Determinants of Low-Carbon Development in the Visegrad Group Countries

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3823
Author(s):  
Maciej Dzikuć ◽  
Joanna Wyrobek ◽  
Łukasz Popławski
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
Low Carbon Development ◽  
Visegrad Group

Low-carbon development is one of the more significant problems of the Visegrad Group countries (Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary). It is related, among others, to the improvement of life quality in economic terms while taking into account activities for environmental protection. The aim of the article is to identify and explain the problems connected with low-carbon development. The purpose of the analyses is also to prove the negative impact of the emission of greenhouse gas emission (GHG) and other harmful substances into the air on the quality of human life and the natural environment. During the research, an assessment of the eco-efficiency of the used energy resources and technologies that negatively affect the environment was carried out. Moreover, the paper also presents methods to use greener energy sources and analyses the potential of implementing solutions supporting low-carbon development. The study recommends actions that may contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. These include the limitation of the use of fossil fuels for the benefit of renewable energy and the development of distributed energy.

Biodiesel production from non-edible oils: A review

2020 ◽  
pp. 149-159
Author(s):  
Jatinder Kataria ◽  
Saroj Kumar Mohapatra ◽  
Amit Pal
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
The World

The limited fossil reserves, spiraling price and environmental impact due to usage of fossil fuels leads the world wide researchers’ interest in using alternative renewable and environment safe fuels that can meet the energy demand. Biodiesel is an emerging renewable alternative fuel to conventional diesel which can be produced from both edible and non-edible oils, animal fats, algae etc. The society is in dire need of using renewable fuels as an immediate control measure to mitigate the pollution level. In this work an attempt is made to review the requisite and access the capability of the biodiesel in improving the environmental degradation.

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