scholarly journals Oil Losses Problem in Oil and Gas Industries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulius Deddy Hermawan ◽  
Dedy Kristanto ◽  
Hariyadi
Keyword(s):  
Storage Tank ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Fair Share ◽  
Offshore Area ◽  
Measured Volume

Oil losses is a problem that often arises in oil and gas industries either in onshore or offshore area. There is a loss discrepancy between total quantities from shippers and measurement in the storage tanks; the total sending volume is lower than the measured volume in the mixing tank in a gathering station; this is known as oil losses. When this occurs, an agreement to determine a fair share of the losses must be made. There are two categories of oil losses, they are individual and group losses. Individual loss occurs when oil from one shipper has not been mixed yet with other oils. This includes emulsion and evaporative losses. Group loss occurs during mixing oils in the same storage tank or pipeline. Furthermore, by knowing the causes of oil losses, a way to minimize oil losses can be determined.

Oil and Gas Storage Tank Risk Analysis

2014 ◽  
pp. 303-321
Author(s):  
Katarina Simon
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Storage Tank ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Gas Storage ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Gaseous State ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Salt Caverns

Storage tanks are widely used in the oil refinery and petrochemical industry in storing a multitude of different products ranging from gases, liquids, solids, and mixtures. Design and safety concerns have become a priority due to tank failures causing environment pollution as well as fires and explosions, which can result in injuries and fatalities. The chapter illustrates different types of crude oil and oil product storage tanks as well as the risks regarding the storage itself. Considering that the natural gas, in its gaseous state, is stored in underground storages like oil and gas depleted reservoirs, aquifers or salt caverns, and there are numerous publications and books covering the subject in detail, this chapter only illustrates the storage of liquefied natural gas and the risks posed by its storage.

Oil and Gas Storage Tank Risk Analysis

2015 ◽  
pp. 128-142
Author(s):  
Katarina Simon
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Storage Tank ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Gas Storage ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Gaseous State ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Salt Caverns

Storage tanks are widely used in the oil refinery and petrochemical industry in storing a multitude of different products ranging from gases, liquids, solids, and mixtures. Design and safety concerns have become a priority due to tank failures causing environment pollution as well as fires and explosions, which can result in injuries and fatalities. The chapter illustrates different types of crude oil and oil product storage tanks as well as the risks regarding the storage itself. Considering that the natural gas, in its gaseous state, is stored in underground storages like oil and gas depleted reservoirs, aquifers or salt caverns, and there are numerous publications and books covering the subject in detail, this chapter only illustrates the storage of liquefied natural gas and the risks posed by its storage.

scholarly journals The effect of household storage tanks/vessels and user practices on the quality of water: a systematic review of literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Musa Manga ◽  
Timothy G. Ngobi ◽  
Lawrence Okeny ◽  
Pamela Acheng ◽  
Hidaya Namakula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Storage Tank ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Water Storage Tank ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Vessel Material

Abstract Background Household water storage remains a necessity in many communities worldwide, especially in the developing countries. Water storage often using tanks/vessels is envisaged to be a source of water contamination, along with related user practices. Several studies have investigated this phenomenon, albeit in isolation. This study aimed at developing a systematic review, focusing on the impacts of water storage tank/vessel features and user practices on water quality. Methods Database searches for relevant peer-reviewed papers and grey literature were done. A systematic criterion was set for the selection of publications and after scrutinizing 1106 records, 24 were selected. These were further subjected to a quality appraisal, and data was extracted from them to complete the review. Results and discussion Microbiological and physicochemical parameters were the basis for measuring water quality in storage tanks or vessels. Water storage tank/vessel material and retention time had the highest effect on stored water quality along with age, colour, design, and location. Water storage tank/vessel cleaning and hygiene practices like tank/vessel covering were the user practices most investigated by researchers in the literature reviewed and they were seen to have an impact on stored water quality. Conclusions There is evidence in the literature that storage tanks/vessels, and user practices affect water quality. Little is known about the optimal tank/vessel cleaning frequency to ensure safe drinking water quality. More research is required to conclusively determine the best matrix of tank/vessel features and user practices to ensure good water quality.

scholarly journals Optimal Sizing of Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Tanks for Sustainable Domestic Water Use in the West Bank, Palestine

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 573
Author(s):  
Sameer Shadeed ◽  
Sandy Alawna
Keyword(s):  
Storage Tank ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
West Bank ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Optimal Size ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
The West ◽  
Average Family ◽  
Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting

In highly water-poor areas, rooftop rainwater harvesting (RRWH) can be used for a self-sustaining and self-reliant domestic water supply. The designing of an optimal RRWH storage tank is a key parameter to implement a reliable RRWH system. In this study, the optimal size of RRWH storage tanks in the different West Bank governorates was estimated based on monthly (all governorates) and daily (i.e., Nablus) inflow (RRWH) and outflow (domestic water demand, DWD) data. In the estimation of RRWH, five rooftop areas varying between 100 m2 and 300 m2 were selected. Moreover, the reliability of the adopting RRWH system in the different West Bank governorates was tested. Two-time series scenarios were assumed: Scenario 1, S1 (12 months, annual) and scenario 2, S2 (8 months, rainy). As a result, reliable curves for preliminary estimation of optimal RRWH storage tanks for the different West Bank governorates were obtained. Results show that the required storage tank for S1 (annual) is more than that of the S2 (rainy) one. The required storage tank to fulfill DWD is based on the average rooftop area of 150 m2, the average family members of 4.8, and the average DWD of 90 L per capita per day (L/c/d) varies between (75 m3 to 136 m3) and (24 m3 to 84 m3) for S2 for the different West Bank governorates. Further, it is found that the optimal RRWH tank size for the 150 m2 rooftop ranges between 20 m3 (in Jericho) to 75 m3 (in Salfit and Nablus) and between 20 m3 (in Jericho) to 51 m3 (in Jerusalem) for S1 and S2 scenarios, respectively. Finally, results show that the implementation of an RRWH system for a rooftop area of 150 m2 and family members of 4.8 is reliable for all of the West Bank governorates except Jericho. Whereas, the reliability doesn’t exceed 19% for the two scenarios. However, the reduction of DWDv is highly affecting the reliability of adopting RRWH systems in Jericho (the least rainfall governorate). For instance, a family DWDv of 3.2 m3/month (25% of the average family DWDv in the West Bank) will increase the reliability at a rooftop area of 150 m2 to 51% and 76% for S1 and S2, respectively.

Floating Roof Influence on Seismic Response of Large Vertical Storage Tank

2013 ◽  
Vol 671-674 ◽  
pp. 1399-1402
Author(s):  
Ying Sun ◽  
Jian Gang Sun ◽  
Li Fu Cui
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Response ◽  
Storage Tank ◽  
Numerical Solutions ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Seismic Intensity ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Base Shear ◽  
The Impact

To study the impact of floating roof on seismic response of vertical storage tank structure system subjected to seismic excitation, select 150000m3 storage tanks as research object, and the finite element analysis model of storage tanks with and without floating roof were established respectively. The seismic response of these two types of structure in different site conditions and seismic intensity were calculated and the numerical solutions were compared. The results show that floating roof has little impact on base shear and base moment in different site conditions and seismic intensity. Floating roof can effectively reduce the sloshing wave height. The influence of floating roof on dynamic fluid pressure decreases with the increase of seismic intensity, which is less affected by ground conditions.

Tanks Assurance and Endorsement Extension Strategy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahar Abdul-Karim Khattab ◽  
Marwa Sami Alsheebani
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Protection ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Corrosion Monitoring ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Major Overhaul ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Tank Bottom

Abstract The objective of this paper is to study various methods that can be implemented on existing or new tanks to achieve an extended endorsement period (e.g. 20 years plus) for Crude Oil Floating Roof Storage Tanks. This extended period is necessary in order to overcome anticipated future challenges in tank availability due to (i) increased production and loading, (ii) stretched major overhaul (MOH) duration due to unforeseen delays in MOH works, (iii) corrosion in bottom plates, etc. An extensive research based on international API Standard 653 "Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction" was conducted to achieve this extended period. Initially, some COS tanks aspects were assessed based on API SPEC 653 (2014, Addendum 2, May 2020) to achieve this new Tanks Endorsement Vision, such as: (a) studying the currently applied Corrosion Protection Barriers to the COS tanks and their effectiveness to the endorsement period, (b) the adequacy of commonly applied Corrosion Protection Barriers with respect to the endorsement period, and (c) exploring possible enhancements on COS Tanks Corrosion Protection Barriers, and Monitoring systems to extend tanks endorsement period. Based on API SPEC 653 (2014, Addendum 2, May 2020), currently applied tank safeguards were found inadequate to achieve the 20 years plus tank endorsement period requirement. In order to extend tanks endorsement period, additional safeguards shall be implemented, with special attention to tank bottom plates (soil side), since corrosion problems are mostly exhibited in tank bottom plates from the soil/oil side. Multiple solutions for corrosion safeguards were explored and recommended as part of this study such as the installation of a CP system under COS tanks, as well as installation of a corrosion monitoring system, and performing routine in-service inspections for COS tanks (internal and external) as per API SPEC 653 (2014, Addendum 2, May 2020), etc. Overall, this paper provides an insight on the calculation method of tanks endorsement period, and possible tank corrosion safeguards and controls that can be implemented to extend the COS tanks endorsement period to at least 20 years. Results and recommendations studied in this paper will benefit the Oil and Gas Industry and help in overcoming future challenges.

scholarly journals Lowering uncertainty in crude oil measurement by selecting optimized envelope color of a pipeline

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmood Farzaneh-Gord ◽  
Alireza Rasekh ◽  
Morteza Saadat ◽  
Amin Nabati
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Volume Measurement ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Exterior Surface ◽  
Oil Storage ◽  
Gravity Effects ◽  
Oil Export ◽  
Measured Volume

Lowering uncertainty in crude oil volume measurement has been widely considered as one of main purposes in an oil export terminal. It is found that crude oil temperature at metering station has big effects on measured volume and may cause big uncertainty at the metering point. As crude oil flows through an aboveground pipeline, pick up the solar radiation and heat up. This causes the oil temperature at the metering point to rise and higher uncertainty to be created. The amount of temperature rise is depended on exterior surface paint color. In the Kharg Island, there is about 3 km distance between the oil storage tanks and the metering point. The oil flows through the pipeline due to gravity effects as storage tanks are located 60m higher than the metering point. In this study, an analytical model has been conducted for predicting oil temperature at the pipeline exit (the metering point) based on climate and geographical conditions of the Kharg Island. The temperature at the metering point has been calculated and the effects of envelope color have been investigated. Further, the uncertainty in the measurement system due to temperature rise has been studied.

Design of Cryogenic Storage Tanks for Industrial Applications

1962 ◽  
pp. 172-183
Author(s):  
Herbert Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Storage Tank ◽  
Support Systems ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Industrial Installation ◽  
Cryogenic Storage ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
Limited Experience ◽  
Military Applications ◽  
Tank Design

This is a discussion of the facets of cryogenic storage tank design directed toward those who have only limited experience in the field. Design considerations as to cost, suitability of materials for the temperatures and pressures involved, configuration of inner vessels and jackets, support systems, and types of insulation, evacuated and nonevacuated, for both shop-built and fielderected vessels are discussed in brief. The potential requirements for cryogenic storage for industrial applications are listed. Military applications for both ground and air-borne use are excluded as these involve unusual design conditions foreign to the usual industrial installation.

Study on Metallography Test of the Steel SPV490 for Atmospheric Storage Tank After Fire

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhou Fang ◽  
Weiwei Hu ◽  
Deyu Liu ◽  
Guanghai Li ◽  
Zhe Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Storage Tank ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Air Cooling ◽  
Microscopic Structure ◽  
Water Cooling ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Fire Temperature ◽  
Optical Microstructure

The fire process was simulated by the heat treatment to the Steel SPV490 of atmospheric storage tank, thereby obtaining the metal specimens in different fire temperature, holding time, and cooling modes. And as the temperature increases, the microscopic structure of Steel SPV490 changes under different working conditions, which could be shown in optical microstructure pictures after doing the interception, inlay, polishing, finishing to the specimens. The result shows that, the mechanical properties of the Steel SPV490 for storage tank changes as the temperature rising from the microscopic view. Nodulizing of the cementite in pearlite occurs, and the strength decreases when the high strength steel SPV490 of large atmospheric storage tanks under air cooling condition below 700 °C, however, it equivalents to the normalizing process, as the sorbite occurs in the steel, and the strength increases a bit when the temperature is above 900 °C. The water-cooling of steel SPV490 above 900 °C equivalents to the process of quenching. The occurrence of martensitic substantially increases the strength and the brittleness, and the elongation decreases rapidly.

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