scholarly journals Etiology of Bovine Mastitis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shoaib ◽  
Amjad Islam Aqib ◽  
Muhammad Aamir Naseer ◽  
Zeeshan Ahmad Bhutta ◽  
Wanxia PU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Dairy Animals ◽  
Environmental Pathogens ◽  
Mastitis Pathogens

Mastitis in dairy animals is the primary concern of dairy farmers, which is the most common disease that causes huge economic losses in the dairy industry. The economic losses due to mastitis are from a reduction in milk yield, condemnation of milk with antibiotic residues, veterinary treatment costs, and death. In addition, some mastitis pathogens also cause serious human diseases associated with the contamination of milk or milk products with bacteria or their toxins. Bovine mastitis is mainly caused by a wide range of environmental and contagious bacterial mastitis pathogens. Contagious pathogens are those whose main reservoir is the infected udder. Contagious pathogens mainly spread among animals during milking process whereas environmental pathogens spread from environment to udder at any time. The source of the environmental pathogens is the surrounding environment of an animal. The major contagious pathogens include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Mycoplasma spp. and the minor contagious pathogens include Corynebacterium bovis and others. Major environmental pathogens include coliform bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp. and Citrobacter spp.), environmental streptococci (Strep. dysgalactiae, Strep. uberis). This chapter covers detailed review of published data on contagious and environmental pathogens responsible for bovine mastitis.

scholarly journals Molecular identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from bovine mastitis and detection of β-lactam resistance

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (09) ◽  
pp. 1022-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariela Elizabeth Srednik ◽  
Mario Andres Grieben ◽  
Adriana Bentancor ◽  
Elida Raquel Gentilini
Keyword(s):  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Gap Gene ◽  
Mastitis Pathogens

Introduction: Bovine mastitis is a frequent cause of economic loss in dairy herds. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are increasing in importance as causeof bovine intramammary infection (IMI) throughout the world in recent years. CoNShave been isolated from milk samples collected from cows with clinical andsubclinical mastitis in several countries. Identification of mastitis pathogensis important when selection appropriate antimicrobial therapy.Methodology: A total of 93 strains of Staphylococcusspp isolated from bovine clinical andsubclinical mastitis in Argentina during 2010-2013 were identified by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)-PCR using the gap gene. The isolates were tested by PCR for the presence of blaZ gene and mecA gene and were tested by disk diffusion for the susceptibilityto penicillin and cefoxitin. Results: The most common CoNS species was S.chromogenes 46.2% (43/93), followed by S. devriesei 11.8% (11/93) and S. haemolyticus 9.7% (9/93). The blaZ gene was detected in 19 (20.4%) but only 16 (17.2%) isolates were resistant to penicillin; the mecA was detected in6 (6.5%) isolates but only 4 (4.3) were resistant to cefoxitin. The 6 mecA-positive isolates showed oxaxillinMICs ≥ 0.5 μg/ml. Discussion: CoNSare important minor mastitis pathogens and can be the cause of substantial economic losses. Despite the low resistance to PEN in Argentina, the presenceof MR isolates found in this study emphasize the importance of identificationof CoNS when an IMI is present because of the potentially risk of lateraltransfer of resistance genes between staphylococcal species.

scholarly journals Economic Losses due to Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Animals: A Study in Bidar District of Karnataka

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prakashkumar Rathod ◽  
Shivamurty V. ◽  
Anant Rao Desai
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Watershed Development ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Dairy Animals ◽  
Development Department

A total of 421 pooled milk samples from zebu/ desi cows, crossbred cows and buffaloes were screened to study the incidence rate and economic losses due to subclinical mastitis (SCM) in 10 villages of two blocks under the World Bank funded, Karnataka watershed Development Department sponsored - Sujala III project during last two years. Nine out of 421 samples (2.13%) were found positive for SCM by CMT. The economic losses due to subclinical form of mastitis were estimated in the range of INR 21,677/- to INR 88,340/- pre animal for a lactation period. The study found that incidence of SCM was also related to managemental practices followed by dairy farmers.

scholarly journals Bovine mastitis: risk factors, therapeutic strategies, and alternative treatments — A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 1699-1713
Author(s):  
Wei Nee Cheng ◽  
Sung Gu Han
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Streptococcus Uberis ◽  
Quality Of Milk ◽  
Etiological Agents ◽  
Therapeutic Alternatives

Bovine mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland, is the most common disease of dairy cattle causing economic losses due to reduced yield and poor quality of milk. The etiological agents include a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and can be either contagious (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Mycoplasma spp.) or environmental (e.g., Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Streptococcus uberis). Improving sanitation such as enhanced milking hygiene, implementation of post-milking teat disinfection, maintenance of milking machines are general measures to prevent new cases of mastitis, but treatment of active mastitis infection is dependant mainly on antibiotics. However, the extensive use of antibiotics increased concerns about emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and that led the dairy industries to reduce the use of antibiotics. Therefore, alternative therapies for prevention and treatment of bovine mastitis, particularly natural products from plants and animals, have been sought. This review provides an overview of bovine mastitis in the aspects of risk factors, control and treatments, and emerging therapeutic alternatives in the control of bovine mastitis.

scholarly journals Bacterial Load of the Teat Apex Skin and Associated Factors at Herd Level

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1647
Author(s):  
Maria-Franziska Hohmann ◽  
Nicole Wente ◽  
Yanchao Zhang ◽  
Volker Krömker
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Air Samples ◽  
Herd Level ◽  
Laboratory Procedures ◽  
Environmental Pathogens ◽  
One Year ◽  
Mastitis Pathogens

In order to reduce antimicrobial treatment and prevent environmental mastitis, the aim of the present study was to investigate associations between herd level factors and microbial load on teat ends with environmental mastitis pathogens. Quarterly farm visits of 31 dairy farms over a one-year period were used for statistical analysis. During each farm visit, teat-skin swabs, bedding and air samples were taken and management practices and herd parameters were documented. Total mesophilic bacteria, esculin-positive streptococci and coliform bacteria were examined in the laboratory procedures from teat skin and environmental samples. Esculin-positive streptococci and coliform bacteria on teat ends increased with high temperature–humidity indices (THI) in the barn during the spring and summer. Significantly more coliform bacteria on teat ends were found in herds with an increased percentage of normal or slightly rough teat ends. Cleaning cubicles more frequently, pre-cleaning teats before milking as well as post-dipping them after milking had a decreasing effect of teat-skin load with total mesophilic and coliform bacteria at the herd level. To conclude, teat-skin bacterial load with environmental pathogens is subject to fluctuations and can be influenced by aspects of farm hygiene.

scholarly journals Microbiota of Cow’s Milk with Udder Pathologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1974
Author(s):  
Mariya V. Gryaznova ◽  
Mikhail Y. Syromyatnikov ◽  
Yulia D. Dvoretskaya ◽  
Sergey A. Solodskikh ◽  
Nikolay T. Klimov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Cow's Milk

Mastitis is the most common disease for cattle, causing great economic losses for the global dairy industry. Recent studies indicate the multi-agent and microbiome diversity of this disease. To understand the nature of mastitis and investigate the role of the microbiome in the development of pathologies in the udder of bovines, we performed NGS sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene of cow’s milk with pathologies of the udder. The obtained data show a significant increase in the Cutibacterium, Blautia, Clostridium sensu stricto 2, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Microbacterium genera for groups of cows with udder pathologies. Increasing relative abundance of the Staphylococcus and Streptococcus genera was associated with subclinical mastitis. Our data show that a relative increase in abundance of the Staphylococcus and Microbacterium genera may be an early sign of infection. We have shown, for the first time, an increase in the Colidextribacter, Paeniclostridium and Turicibacter genera in groups of cows with mastitis. These results expand our understanding of the role of the microbiome in the development of bovine mastitis.

Preparation of Cowslips from Rubber Wastes to Protect the Hoof of Animals - An Innovative Approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Dhoolappa ◽  
R V Prasad ◽  
K T Lakshmishree ◽  
S Sundareshanp ◽  
B U Umesh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Size Range ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Range Data ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Welfare Issue ◽  
Dairy Animals ◽  
Dairy Animal ◽  
Average Body

In dairy animals, lameness due to hoof and leg ailments is one of the major managemental problems which often results due to improper shoeing. It causes economic losses to the farmer and is also an important animal welfare issue. The main objective of the study was to design and develop affordable and durable Cowslips (rubberized shoes) for dairy animals to protect the hoof from injuries. The size range of the hooves was determined by measuring different hoof parameters on 46 dairy cows maintained at the institutional dairy farm. Based on the size-range data obtained, we designed and developed Cowslip of different sizes (small, medium and large) by using used rubber tyre wastes with the aim of withstanding an average body weight of the dairy animal (400-550 kg). Rubberized Cowslips prepared in the present study were evaluated for their retention periods and compared with the imported Cowslip devices. Rubberised Cowslip was found to be equally comparable with the commercial Cowslip in its efficiency and high affordability. These Cowslips will be helpful for the dairy farmers as a preventive device in the effective management of lame animals under field conditions. The data generated on morphometry of hoof would serve as a baseline data for designing indigenous Cowslips. Thus, effectively utilizing rubber obtained from scrap automobile tyre is not only beneficial in terms of cost reduction but has also the less ecological impact in keeping the environment clean and to achieve the better balance of natural resources.

scholarly journals Epigenetic states of genes controlling immune responsiveness in bovine chronic mastitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewelina Semik-Gurgul ◽  
Tomasz Ząbek ◽  
Ewelina Kawecka-Grochocka ◽  
Magdalena Zalewska ◽  
Ewa Kościuczuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Methylation Level ◽  
Methylation Status ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Secretory Tissue ◽  
And Control

Abstract Mastitis is a common disease in dairy cows, causing substantial economic losses. The leading cause of elevated milk somatic cell count (SCC), which is the best indicator for detecting mastitis, is the invasion of pathogens. A major pathogen responsible for bovine mastitis is Staphylococcus aureus, a member of the coagulase-positive staphylococci. Some strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci can also be a cause of clinical or subclinical mastitis. Our study used bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) to detect the methylation status of nine candidate genes (CCL2, HCK, F11R, CD8A, PDIA3, LGMN, HSPA1A, IL18 and NFKBIA). We investigated the mechanisms associated with overexpression of these genes, in the mammary gland secretory tissue of cows diagnosed with mastitis and infected with coagulase-positive or coagulase-negative staphylococci. The results showed no changes at the DNA methylation level between the mastitis (CoPS and CoNS) and control groups (H), except for in the HCK region, where the observed differences between the CoPS and H groups were statistically significant. The low methylation level of the CpG sequence seems not to correspond to the previously observed increased activity of these genes, suggesting that mechanisms other than DNA methylation may control mRNA expression at the analyzed loci.

Adoption and Commercialization of Green Corn, Green Corn –Based Silage, Haylage and Ummb Production for Dairy Cattle in Cagayan Valley, Philippines

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 82-92
Author(s):  
Eva U. Cammayo ◽  
Nilo E. Padilla
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Feed Resources ◽  
Dry Spell ◽  
Dairy Animals

This research aimed to improve dairy production and increase the income of dairy farmers using locally available feed resources. Small-scale milk producers rely heavily on available feed resources in the locality which are either indigenous in the area or introduced species for feed and nutrition of their dairy cattle and buffalos. Their milk output depends mainly on seasonal fluctuations in the quality and quantity of natural forage. Crop residues such as corn stover and rice straw which are high in fiber but low in nutrients serve as a feed supplement and filler to the daily diets of dairy cattle and buffalos. Cagayan Valley is an ear of top corn and rice-producing region. The potential of crop residues as feed supplements or raw materials of dairy cattle/buffalo feed mix is great. But dairy farmers still face the scarcity problem of quality feed resources for dairy animals especially during the dry season. The supply of forage is very low during the dry spell. Inadequate feed mix and low nutritive value of feed mix result in low or no milk production. Producing green corn and ensiling it to produce green corn silage preserves and prolong the storage life of forages. In this way, a stable supply of feed mix for dairy animals is assured year-round. Type of Paper: Empirical. Keywords: adoption and commercialization, dairy industry, financial viability, green-corn silage production, indigenous grasses, smallholder farmers.

scholarly journals Influence of nutrient availability on in vitro growth of major bovine mastitis pathogens

2021 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-88
Author(s):  
Remo Stürmlin ◽  
Josef J. Gross ◽  
Olga Wellnitz ◽  
Lea A. Wagner ◽  
Camille Monney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
B Vitamins ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Streptococcus Uberis ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Mastitis Pathogens

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of milk composition changes on the in vitro growth of bovine mastitis pathogens. Nutritional requirements of three major bovine mastitis pathogens Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Streptococcus uberis (S. uberis) were investigated in vitro. We used ultra-high temperature (UHT) treated milk with different contents of fat, protein, and carbohydrates to test the influence of the availability of various milk constituents on pathogen growth characteristics. Additionally, the bacterial growth was investigated under experimentally modified nutrient availability by dilution and subsequent supplementation with individual nutrients (carbohydrates, different nitrogen sources, minerals, and different types of B vitamins) either to milk or to a conventional medium (thioglycolate broth, TB). Varying contents of fat, protein or lactose did not affect bacterial growth with the exception of growth of S. uberis being promoted in protein-enriched milk. The addition of nutrients to diluted whole milk and TB partly revealed different effects, indicating that there are media-specific growth limiting factors after dilution. Supplementation of minerals to diluted milk did not affect growth rates of all studied bacteria. Bacterial growth in diluted whole milk was decreased by the addition of high concentrations of amino acids in S. aureus, and by urea and additional B vitamins in E. coli and S. aureus. The growth rate of S. uberis was increased by the addition of B vitamins to diluted whole milk. The present results demonstrate that growth-limiting nutrients differ among pathogen types. Because reduced bacterial growth was only shown in diluted milk or TB, it is unlikely that alterations in nutrient availability occurring as a consequence of physiological changes of milk composition in the cow's udder would directly affect the susceptibility or course of bovine mastitis.

scholarly journals FARMERS’ KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES OF MASTITIS IN DAIRY COWS AT SELECTED AREAS OF BANGLADESH

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
M. A. Rahman ◽  
Y. A. Sarker ◽  
M. M. Parvej ◽  
A. Parvin ◽  
M. A. Rimon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Village Doctor ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Antiseptic Solution ◽  
Dry Cow Therapy ◽  
Source Of Infection

The research work was designed to assess farmers’ knowledge, attitude and practices about bovine mastitis. The data were collected by using structured questionnaire through face to face interview techniques among the 65 dairy farmers of Dhaka, Mymensingh, and Gazipur.  Disproportionate stratified random sampling was used to select the farmers based on study areas. Most of the studied farms are small (75.4%) in the studied area, only a few (10.8%) farms were large in Dhaka. In Gazipur and Mymensingh almost (86.2%) firms were small and rest of (13.8%) was medium. According to farmer’s knowledge, major cause of mastitis was microorganisms (46.15%), but 20% farmer reported that it is due to injury and 27.69% farmer don’t know the causes of the mastitis. Most of the farmers (87.7%) think that the source of infection is unhygienic floor, but others have no clear conception about it. Before milking only 23.10% farmers’ wash the whole udder where 58.5% used single towel. About 76.9% farmers have no knowledge of screening mastitis and only 9.2% of total farmers performed regular mastitis checking. Among the farmers, 55.4% are used antiseptic solution during washing the floor and others wash their floor only by water. Highest number of farmer use Tube well water (44.6%) for daily management of their farms. Most of the farmer takes suggestions from village doctor or pharmaceutical representative (64.62%) for maintaining the diseases condition. This study recommends that identification of factors associated with sub-clinical mastitis will help to take necessary steps to reduce the prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis. The most effective way to control sub-clinical mastitis is to take preventive measures such as regular cleaning of the floor, keeping the udder clean, milkman's cleanliness, and dry cow therapy especially in high yielding dairy cows.

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