scholarly journals Health Impacts of Air Pollution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ikram Bin A Wahab
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Urban Air Pollution ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Intimate Contact ◽  
Target Organs

Urban air pollution has become a salient environmental issue in many Asian countries due to their rapid industrial development, urbanization, and motorization. Human-induced air pollution has been and continues to be considered a major environmental and public health issue. Its severity lies in the fact that high levels of pollutants are produced in environments where damage to human to concentration, duration of exposure health and welfare is more likely. This potential is what makes anthropogenic air pollution an important concern. Extreme air pollution episodes were reported for the Meuse Valley, Belgium, in 1930; Donora, PA, and the Monongehela River Valley in 1948; and London in 1952. These episodes are significant in that they provided solid scientific documentation that exposure to elevated ambient pollutant levels can cause acute illness and even death. The most devastating events contributed to important efforts to control ambient air pollution. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) assessment concluded that outdoor air pollution is carcinogenic to humans, with the particulate matter component of air pollution mostly associated with increasing cancer incidence especially lung cancer. Pollutant effects typically occur in some target organs. These can be straightforward; i.e. pollutants come into close contact with the affected organ.. Such is the case for eye and respiratory irritation. Effects may be indirect. For example, Pollutants can enter the bloodstream from the lungs or gastrointestinal system through the respiratory route. Effects may then be distant from the immediate organ of contact. A target organ can have no immediate and intimate contact with atmospheric contaminants.. The primary organs or target organs are the eyes and the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

scholarly journals Development of Land Use Regression Model for Seasonal Variation of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) in Lahore, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4933
Author(s):  
Saimar Pervez ◽  
Ryuta Maruyama ◽  
Ayesha Riaz ◽  
Satoshi Nakai
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Land Use Classification ◽  
Land Use Regression ◽  
Air Exposure

Ambient air pollution and its exposure has been a worldwide issue and can increase the possibility of health risks especially in urban areas of developing countries having the mixture of different air pollution sources. With the increase in population, industrial development and economic prosperity, air pollution is one of the biggest concerns in Pakistan after the occurrence of recent smog episodes. The purpose of this study was to develop a land use regression (LUR) model to provide a better understanding of air exposure and to depict the spatial patterns of air pollutants within the city. Land use regression model was developed for Lahore city, Pakistan using the average seasonal concentration of NO2 and considering 22 potential predictor variables including road network, land use classification and local specific variable. Adjusted explained variance of the LUR models was highest for post-monsoon (77%), followed by monsoon (71%) and was lowest for pre-monsoon (70%). This is the first study conducted in Pakistan to explore the applicability of LUR model and hence will offer the application in other cities. The results of this study would also provide help in promoting epidemiological research in future.

scholarly journals Social Inequalities in Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution: A Systematic Review in the WHO European Region

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (17) ◽  
pp. 3127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Fairburn ◽  
Steffen Andreas Schüle ◽  
Stefanie Dreger ◽  
Lisa Karla Hilz ◽  
Gabriele Bolte
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
World Health ◽  
European Region ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Majority Population

Ambient air pollution is a long-standing and significant public health issue. The aim of this review is to systematically examine the peer-reviewed evidence on social inequalities and ambient air pollution in the World Health Organization European Region. Articles published between 2010 and 2017 were analyzed in the review. In total 31 articles were included in the review. There is good evidence from ecological studies that higher deprivation indices and low economic position are usually linked with higher levels of pollutants such as particulate matter (particulate matter under 2.5 and 10 microns in diameter, PM2.5, PM10) and oxides of nitrogen (e.g., NO2, and NOx). There is also evidence that ethnic minorities experience a mixed exposure in comparison to the majority population being sometimes higher and sometimes lower depending on the ethnic minority under consideration. The studies using data at the individual level in this review are mainly focused on pregnant women or new mothers, in these studies deprivation and ethnicity are more likely to be linked to higher exposures of poor air quality. Therefore, there is evidence in this review that the burden of higher pollutants falls disproportionally on different social groups.

Urban Air Pollution Nanoparticles from Los Angeles: Recently Decreased Neurotoxicity

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Hongqiao Zhang ◽  
Carla D’Agostino ◽  
Henry Jay Forman ◽  
Mafalda Cacciottolo ◽  
Max Thorwald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Urban Air Pollution ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
In Vitro Assays

Background: Air pollution is widely associated with accelerated cognitive decline at later ages and risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Correspondingly, rodent models demonstrate the neurotoxicity of ambient air pollution and its components. Our studies with nano-sized particulate matter (nPM) from urban Los Angeles collected since 2009 have shown pro-amyloidogenic and pro-inflammatory responses. However, recent batches of nPM have diminished induction of the glutamate receptor GluA1 subunit, Iba1, TNFα, Aβ 42 peptide, and white matter damage. The same methods, materials, and mouse genotypes were used throughout. Objective: Expand the nPM batch comparisons and evaluate archived brain samples to identify the earliest change in nPM potency. Methods: Batches of nPM were analyzed by in vitro cell assays for NF-κB and Nrf2 induction for comparison with in vivo responses of mouse brain regions from mice exposed to these batches, analyzed by PCR and western blot. Results: Five older nPM batches (2009–2017) and four recent nPM batches (2018, 2019) for NF-κB and Nrf2 induction showed declines in nPM potency after 2017 that paralleled declines of in vivo activity from independent exposures in different years. Conclusion: Transcription-based in vitro assays of nPM corresponded to the loss of in vivo potency for inflammatory and oxidative responses. These recent decreases of nPM neurotoxicity give a rationale for evaluating possible benefits to the risk of dementia and stroke in Los Angeles populations.

scholarly journals Evaluating uncertainty in sensor networks for urban air pollution insights

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Peters ◽  
Olalekan A. M. Popoola ◽  
Roderic L. Jones ◽  
Nicholas A. Martin ◽  
Jim Mills ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Air Pollution ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Reference Network ◽  
Measurement Technology ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Sensor Performance ◽  
Local Air Pollution ◽  
Extensive Reference

Abstract. Ambient air pollution poses a major global public health risk. Lower-cost air quality sensors (LCS) are increasingly being explored as a tool to understand local air pollution problems and develop effective solutions. A barrier to LCS adoption is potentially larger measurement uncertainty compared to reference measurement technology. The technical performance of various LCS has been tested in laboratory and field environments, and a growing literature on uses of LCS primarily focuses on proof-of-concept deployments. However, few studies have demonstrated the implications of LCS measurement uncertainties on a sensor network’s ability to assess spatiotemporal patterns of local air pollution. Here, we present results from a 2-year deployment of 100 stationary electrochemical nitrogen dioxide (NO2) LCS across Greater London as part of the Breathe London pilot project (BL). We evaluated sensor performance using collocations with reference instruments, estimating ~35 % average uncertainty (root-mean-square error) of the calibrated LCS, and identified infrequent, multi-week periods of poorer performance and high bias during summer months. We analyzed BL data to generate insights about London’s air pollution, including long-term concentration trends, diurnal and day-of-week patterns, and profiles of elevated concentrations during regional pollution episodes. These findings were validated against measurements from an extensive reference network, demonstrating the BL network’s ability to generate robust information about London’s air pollution. In cases where the BL network did not effectively capture features that the reference network measured, ongoing collocations of representative sensors often provided evidence of irregularities in sensor performance, demonstrating how, in the absence of an extensive reference network, project-long collocations could enable characterization and mitigation of network-wide sensor uncertainties. The conclusions are restricted to the specific sensors used for this study, but the results give direction to LCS users by demonstrating the kinds of air pollution insights possible from LCS networks and provide a blueprint for future LCS projects to manage and evaluate uncertainties when collecting, analyzing and interpreting data.

scholarly journals Growth Responses of Wheat (Triticum aestivumL. var. HD 2329) Exposed to Ambient Air Pollution under Varying Fertility Regimes

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 799-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anoop Singh ◽  
S. B. Agrawal ◽  
Dheeraj Rathore
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Urban Air Pollution ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Growth Responses

The problem of urban air pollution has attracted special attention in India due to a tremendous increase in the urban population; motor vehicles vis a vis the extent of energy utilization. Field studies were conducted on wheat crops (Triticum aestivum L. var. HD 2329) by keeping the pot-grown plants in similar edaphic conditions at nine different sites in Allahabad City to quantify the effects of ambient air pollution levels on selected growth and yield parameters. Air quality monitoring was done at all the sites for gaseous pollutants viz. SO2, NO2, and O3. Various growth parameters (plant height, biomass, leaf area, NPP, etc.) showed adverse effects at sites receiving higher pollution load. Reduction in test weight and harvest index was found to be directly correlated with the levels of pollutant concentrations. The study clearly showed the negative impact of air pollution on periurban agriculture.

STATISTICAL METHODS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF AIR POLLUTION OF JHANSI CITY, UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. CHAUHAN ◽  
BHANUMATI SINGH ◽  
SHREE GANESH ◽  
JAMSHED ZAIDI
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The Status

Studies on air pollution in large cities of India showed that ambient air pollution concentrations are at such levels where serious health effects are possible. This paper presents overview on the status of air quality index (AQI) of Jhansi city by using multivariate statistical techniques. This base line data can help governmental and non-governmental organizations for the management of air pollution.

Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution on Brain Cortical Thinning Among Elderly Individuals Without Neurological Diseases

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaelim Cho ◽  
Young Noh ◽  
Sun Young Kim ◽  
Jungwoo Sohn ◽  
Juhwan Noh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Elderly Individuals ◽  
Cortical Thinning
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