scholarly journals Minor Compounds of Palm Oil: Properties and Potential Applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Gonzalez-Diaz ◽  
Jesús Alberto García-Núñez
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
The Body ◽  
Elaeis Oleifera ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Specific Hybrid ◽  
Fresh Fruit Bunches ◽  
Minor Compounds

The oil contained in ripe fruits produced by cultivars of African oil palm Elaeis guineensis Jacq., as well as that obtained from fresh fruit bunches of certain inter-specific hybrid cultivars derived from crossbreeding between Elaeis oleifera (Kunth) Cortés and E. guineensis Jacq., have shown to be lipid substrates rich in valuable phytochemicals with exceptional biological properties and functional applications for multiple human health tasks. Eight isoforms of vitamin E (four tocopherols and four tocotrienols), α- and β-carotene, squalene, and various phenolic structures, make up the largest group of minor compounds in palm oil and are essential nutrients with physiological functions that include, but are not limited to their antioxidant properties. Vitamin E regulates the redox (oxidation-reduction) balance in the body, and compounds such as squalene and carotenoids are ubiquitously distributed throughout the body, including cell membranes and lipoproteins. Several studies suggest that regular intake of foods rich in this group of phytonutrients minimizes the reactivity of oxidative chemical species at the cellular level and serves as an effective adjunct in the treatment of oxidative stress.

ANTIOXIDANTS IN ORAL DISEASES: A REVIEW

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-9
Author(s):  
N. Harika ◽  
K. Sridevi ◽  
B. Krishnaveni ◽  
N. Prasanth Kumar ◽  
G. Mounika
Keyword(s):  
Free Radicals ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Natural Substances ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Health And Well Being

Antioxidants are compounds that destroy the free radicals in the body, thereby preventing harmful oxidation-reduction reactions. Free radicals are chemical species possessing an unpaired electron that can be considered fragments of molecules and generally very reactive. They are produced continuously in cells either as accidental by-products of metabolism or deliberately during, phagocytosis. However, excess free radical production originating from endogenous or exogenous sources might play a role in many diseases. Antioxidants are man-made or natural substances that may prevent or delay some types of cell damage. Antioxidants are crucial for maintaining optimum health and well-being. Free radicals have been implicated in numerous oral diseases like leukoplakia, Periodontal diseases, and oral cancer.

scholarly journals PENETAPAN ANGKA PEROKSIDA MINYAK GORENG CURAH SAWIT PADA PENGGORENGAN BERULANG IKAN LELE

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Amelia Handayani Burhan
Keyword(s):  
Free Radicals ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
Peroxide Number ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
Before And After

Culinary pecel catfish or fried catfish are in great demand in Yogyakarta. The habit of using palm oil for cooking repeatedly has an economic value for the seller, but has a bad potential for the health of consumers. One of the causes is the increase of the oil peroxide number due to heating process. Peroxide in the long term in the body can cause destruction of vitamin E which is useful to ward off free radicals. This study aims to determine the maximum repetition of palm oil used in the process of frying catfish. A number of bulk oils are used to fry fifteen catfish with frying repetitions five times in constant fire. Oil taken on each fryer is inserted in a bottle in a cold state. The peroxide number on each oil sample was determined by iodometric method using 0.01 Nodium Thiosulfate solution and starch indicator. The results show that the peroxide number of oil palm before and after oil was used to fry the catfish on the fryer to 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively: 0.3198; 2.2707; 3,1022; 3,7738; 4,6063 and 11,0341 mekO2 / kg, wherein the 5th frying peroxide number has exceeded the SNI limit.

scholarly journals Enzymes, Reacting with Organophosphorus Compounds as Detoxifiers: Diversity and Functions

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1761
Author(s):  
Ilya Lyagin ◽  
Elena Efremenko
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chemical Transformations ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Biological Targets ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Living Organisms

Organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) are able to interact with various biological targets in living organisms, including enzymes. The binding of OPCs to enzymes does not always lead to negative consequences for the body itself, since there are a lot of natural biocatalysts that can catalyze the chemical transformations of the OPCs via hydrolysis or oxidation/reduction and thereby provide their detoxification. Some of these enzymes, their structural differences and identity, mechanisms, and specificity of catalytic action are discussed in this work, including results of computational modeling. Phylogenetic analysis of these diverse enzymes was specially realized for this review to emphasize a great area for future development(s) and applications.

scholarly journals Current Status of Putative Animal Sources of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Humans: Wildlife, Domestic Animals and Pets

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 868
Author(s):  
Max Maurin ◽  
Florence Fenollar ◽  
Oleg Mediannikov ◽  
Bernard Davoust ◽  
Christian Devaux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Current Data ◽  
The Body ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Susceptible Animal

SARS-CoV-2 is currently considered to have emerged from a bat coronavirus reservoir. However, the real natural cycle of this virus remains to be elucidated. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to novel opportunities for SARS-CoV-2 transmission between humans and susceptible animal species. In silico and in vitro evaluation of the interactions between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and eucaryotic angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor have tentatively predicted susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection of several animal species. Although useful, these data do not always correlate with in vivo data obtained in experimental models or during natural infections. Other host biological properties may intervene such as the body temperature, level of receptor expression, co-receptor, restriction factors, and genetic background. The spread of SARS-CoV-2 also depends on the extent and duration of viral shedding in the infected host as well as population density and behaviour (group living and grooming). Overall, current data indicate that the most at-risk interactions between humans and animals for COVID-19 infection are those involving certain mustelids (such as minks and ferrets), rodents (such as hamsters), lagomorphs (especially rabbits), and felines (including cats). Therefore, special attention should be paid to the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with pets.

scholarly journals Tocopherols and Tocotrienols—Bioactive Dietary Compounds; What Is Certain, What Is Doubt?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6222
Author(s):  
Kacper Szewczyk ◽  
Aleksandra Chojnacka ◽  
Magdalena Górnicka
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Tissue Concentration ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Biological Role ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

Tocopherols and tocotrienols are natural compounds of plant origin, available in the nature. They are supplied in various amounts in a diet, mainly from vegetable oils, some oilseeds, and nuts. The main forms in the diet are α- and γ-tocopherol, due to the highest content in food products. Nevertheless, α-tocopherol is the main form of vitamin E with the highest tissue concentration. The α- forms of both tocopherols and tocotrienols are considered as the most metabolically active. Currently, research results indicate also a greater antioxidant potential of tocotrienols than tocopherols. Moreover, the biological role of vitamin E metabolites have received increasing interest. The aim of this review is to update the knowledge of tocopherol and tocotrienol bioactivity, with a particular focus on their bioavailability, distribution, and metabolism determinants in humans. Almost one hundred years after the start of research on α-tocopherol, its biological properties are still under investigation. For several decades, researchers’ interest in the biological importance of other forms of vitamin E has also been growing. Some of the functions, for instance the antioxidant functions of α- and γ-tocopherols, have been confirmed in humans, while others, such as the relationship with metabolic disorders, are still under investigation. Some studies, which analyzed the biological role and mechanisms of tocopherols and tocotrienols over the past few years described new and even unexpected cellular and molecular properties that will be the subject of future research.

Mechanisms of chromium toxicity, carcinogenicity and allergenicity: Review of the literature from 1985 to 2000

2001 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 439-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
A D Dayan ◽  
A J Paine
Keyword(s):  
Point Mutations ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
The Body ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Chromium Toxicity ◽  
Chromium Ions ◽  
Allergic Sensitisation ◽  
Chromium Compounds ◽  
Molecular Damage

Laboratory and clinical reports about the pathogenesis of the carcinogenicity and allergenicity of chromium compounds published between 1985 and 2000 have been reviewed as a basis for consideration of the pathogenetic mechanisms involved. There is good evidence from the clinic and the laboratory that Cr[VI] is the ion responsible for most of the toxic actions, although much of the under lying molecular damage may be due to its intracellular reduction to the even more highly reactive and short-lived chemical species Cr[III] and Cr[V]. Exposure to Cr[VI] can result in various point mutations in DNA and to chromosomal damage, as well as to oxidative changes in proteins and to adduct formation. The relative importance of these effects of chromium ions and of the free oxidising radicals they may generate in the body in causing tumours and allergic sensitisation remain to be demonstrated. Biochemical studies of the DNA-damaging effects and of the pathogenesis of the allergic reactions to chromium ions have not kept up with advances in understanding of the molecular basis of the effects of other carcinogens and allergens.

Crude palm oil from interspecific hybrid Elaeis oleifera×Elaeis guineensis: Fatty acid regiodistribution and molecular species of glycerides

2013 ◽  
Vol 141 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Mozzon ◽  
Deborah Pacetti ◽  
Paolo Lucci ◽  
Michele Balzano ◽  
Natale Giuseppe Frega
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Molecular Species ◽  
Interspecific Hybrid ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Elaeis Oleifera

scholarly journals Tocotrienol Rich Palm Oil Extract Is More Effective Than Pure Tocotrienols at Improving Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation in the Presence of Oxidative Stress

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saher F. Ali ◽  
Owen L. Woodman
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oxidant Stress ◽  
Rat Aorta ◽  
Isolated Aorta ◽  
Oil Extract ◽  
Endothelium Dependent Relaxation

Oxidative endothelial dysfunction is a critical initiator of vascular disease. Vitamin E is an effective antioxidant but attempts to use it to treat vascular disorders have been disappointing. This study investigated whether tocotrienols, the less abundant components of vitamin E compared to tocopherols, might be more effective at preserving endothelial function. Superoxide generated by hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase or rat aorta was measured using lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence. The effect ofα-tocopherol,α-,δ-, andγ-tocotrienols and a tocotrienol rich palm oil extract (tocomin) on levels of superoxide was assessed. Endothelial function in rat aorta was assessed in the presence of the auto-oxidant pyrogallol. Whilst all of the compounds displayed antioxidant activity, the tocotrienols were more effective when superoxide was produced by hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase whereas tocomin andα-tocopherol were more effective in the isolated aorta. Tocomin andα-tocopherol restored endothelial function in the presence of oxidant stress butα-,δ-, andγ-tocotrienols were ineffective. The protective effect of tocomin was replicated when the tocotrienols were present with, but not without,α-tocopherol. Tocotrienol rich tocomin is more effective thanα-tocopherol at reducing oxidative stress and restoring endothelium-dependent relaxation in rat aortae and althoughα-,δ-, andγ-tocotrienols effectively scavenged superoxide, they did not improve endothelial function.

Expression of a novel FGF in the Xenopus embryo. A new candidate inducing factor for mesoderm formation and anteroposterior specification

Development ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 711-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.V. Isaacs ◽  
D. Tannahill ◽  
J.M. Slack
Keyword(s):  
Specific Activity ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mesoderm Induction ◽  
Gastrula Stage ◽  
Blastula Stage ◽  
Mesoderm Formation ◽  
Low Levels

We have cloned and sequenced a new member of the fibroblast growth factor family from Xenopus laevis embryo cDNA. It is most closely related to both mammalian kFGF (FGF-4) and FGF-6 but as it is not clear whether it is a true homologue of either of these genes we provisionally refer to it as XeFGF (Xenopus embryonic FGF). Two sequences were obtained, differing by 11% in derived amino acid sequence, which probably represent pseudotetraploid variants. Both the sequence and the behaviour of in vitro translated protein indicates that, unlike bFGF (FGF-2), XeFGF is a secreted molecule. Recombinant XeFGF protein has mesoderm-inducing activity with a specific activity similar to bFGF. XeFGF mRNA is expressed maternally and zygotically with a peak during the gastrula stage. Both probe protection and in situ hybridization showed that the zygotic expression is concentrated in the posterior of the body axis and later in the tailbud. Later domains of expression were found near the midbrain/hindbrain boundary and at low levels in the myotomes. Because of its biological properties and expression pattern, XeFGF is a good candidate for an inducing factor with possible roles both in mesoderm induction at the blastula stage and in the formation of the anteroposterior axis at the gastrula stage.

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