Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Børge Bakken
Keyword(s):  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Relative Income ◽  
Income Differences ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
The Chinese Dream ◽  
Party Ideology ◽  
Strong Inequality

Børge Bakken explains that the Party ideology of the “Chinese Dream” is not the alleged dream of the people as presented by the propaganda, but rather the dream of the emperor. The “Dream” is instead building on a strategy of “betting on the strong”. Inequality in China as measured by the Gini coefficient of relative income differences has reached world top levels, making China one of the most unequal societies in the world today. It is virtually impossible for poor migrants to achieve any kind of prosperity under circumstances disfavouring them. In coping with this problem, the poor and the destitute employ illegal strategies and employ certain “weapons of the weak” in order to cope with the strain created by the unequal framework they are operating within.

scholarly journals Noticing the Elephant in the Middle of the Room: Manifestation of Socio-Economic Inequalities in the World and Turkey

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
Lütfi Sunar ◽  
Merve Akkuş Güvendi
Keyword(s):  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Poor People ◽  
General View ◽  
Income Status ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Economic Inequalities

Today the spotlights are over the problem of socio-economic inequalities. More people are having close attention to this phenomenon in the world and in Turkey. Because the economic transformation experienced in the last forty years triggers socio-economic inequalities to a great extent and creates different manifestations of the subject. Thus, the problem of socio-economic inequalities is subject to new research from different dimensions. Evaluation that monitoring inequalities through numerical indicators that give a general view, such as the gini coefficient, are not fully explanatory about the case. Because the gini coefficient provides a one-dimensional explanation and mostly obscures the different dimensions of the inequality. For this reason, calculations that make it possible to follow the contraction and expansion in different income groups within the country have started to be developed. This difference in assessment stems from the need to provide a framework for both the income status of different social groups and the changing social balances. This paper focuses the changes and variations in different income groups such as top 1 percent, middle income group and poor people. This paper offers a new framework for the assessment of socio-economic inequality by the analysis of the differentiation and change in these groups.

scholarly journals Microcredit and Poverty Reduction:Comparison of Macedonia and Turkey

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
İlhan Ege
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Financial Structure ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Is Success ◽  
Extensive Literature Review ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
Income Instability

In the recent years income instability and poverty is imortnat problem in the world. Aproximately more than one out of five people in the World live in poverty. Microcredit is an effective tool to support the poor help themselves out of the poverty. The aims of this study are explaining poverty in Macedonia and Turkey and comparing Macedonia to Turkish microcredit systems. This study is completed through an extensive literature review of academic articles, and methodologies employed by Macedonia and Turkey microcredit models. The performance of system are studied and compared with the various parameters. The various parameters deals with poverty such as financial structure, gini coefficient and efficiency. Poverty is important problem for undeveloped countries. Microcredit has played an important role in the reduction of poverty. Finally, as the paper shows and the available data appears to confirm success to fighting poverty with microcredit experience of Macadonia and Turkey. And this paper is answered to question: Which is success to fight the poverty, Macedonia or Turkey?

scholarly journals UNIVERSITAS AL-AZHAR SEJAK ABAD KE-20

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Muhammad Idris
Keyword(s):  
World Community ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The People ◽  
The World

Al-Azhar in its development, not only as a place to study religion or shelter for the poor, even al-Azhar is also a unifying place for the people in the struggle to free Egypt from colonialism. The specialty of al-Azhar is not only skilled in producing quality scholars, but it also builds world civilization in two ways, namely the personality possessed by al-Azhar itself, and through its graduates who bring change to the world community. Al-Azhar not only becomes history, but witnesses and carves history in the wonders of the world of education and civilization. And the existence of al-Azhar is clear evidence that Islam is a religion that cares about education, health, arts, and other general sciences.

scholarly journals The Robin Hood Index Adjusted for Negatives and Equivalised Incomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 1047-1058
Author(s):  
Marion van den Brakel ◽  
Reinder Lok
Keyword(s):  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Income Transfer ◽  
Income Share ◽  
Robin Hood ◽  
Inequality Measures ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Original Index

Abstract Indisputable figures on income and wealth inequality are indispensable for politics, society and science. Although the Gini coefficient is the most common measure of inequality, the straightforward concept of the Robin Hood index (namely, the income share that has to be transferred from the rich to the poor to make everyone equally well off) makes it a more attractive measure for the general public. In a distribution with many negative values – particularly wealth distributions – the Robin Hood index can take on values larger than 1, indicating an intuitively impossible income transfer of more than 100%. This article proposes a method to normalise the Robin Hood index. In contrast to the original index, the normalised Robin Hood index always takes on values between 0 and 1 and ends up as the original index in a distribution without negatives. As inequality measures are commonly applied to equivalised income, we also introduce a method for adequately transferring equivalised incomes from the rich to the poor within the framework of the (normalised) Robin Hood index. An empirical application shows the effect of normalisation for the Robin Hood index, and compares it to the normalisation of the Gini coefficient from previous research.

scholarly journals KETERTIBAN YANG ADIL VERSUS KETIDAKADILAN: BEBAN SOSIAL-EKONOMI YANG HISTORIS DARI HUKUM

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Budiono Kusumohamidjojo
Keyword(s):  
Justice System ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Order Equality

<p><em>This paper is based on a two decade observation on the dilemma of order and justice, leading to an attempt to analyze the social-economic factors underlying the historical roots of injustice. On its course it attempted to take lessons from historically proven axioms provided by certain heavy weight thinkers. While trying to make the best out of those axioms, the analysis could not ignore the hard facts of the daily life of the billions of people suffering from unending injustice in most parts of the world, in the rich and let alone in the poor parts of it. Neither could it escape from criticizing the ubiquitous mess in the justice system, almost universally. Although the overall problem of injustice does not seem to provide much hope for a better life of the people at large, the conclusion of this paper tried to distant away from a pessimistic stance and instead proposed an agenda for those who may concern to be carried out. This paper contains forethoughts of a book in the making regarding basically the same problem.  </em></p><p><em> </em></p><p align="right"><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>:</em></p><em>history, authority, rationality, law, order, equality, justice</em>

scholarly journals The world's view of the Corona pandemic and the way to deal with it: نظرة العالم إلى جائحة كورونا وأسلوب التّعامل معها

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amara Saad Chandoul, Widad Ali Zughir
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The People ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Insight Into

In this paper, the researcher stresses that the crisis of Corona, which the world has gone through and is still primarily a crisis of awareness in providing priorities. This predicts the emergence of serious economic and social problems that may afflict existing societies and systems, or arrange them in a worse way, as the foundations of justice in the world are broken. The researcher notes that the world around the pandemic is divided into three parts : The first part, whoever claims to be a true pandemic is a caution, and they are in two directions : The first one is for whoever thinks that the pandemic is natural and requires cooperation in finding a solution and complying with the provisions of the World Health Organization. The second concern whoever goes on to say that the pandemic is an effective act, and he has all the information about it and has to disclose and stop spreading it to protect humanity. The second part cover people who deny the seriousness of the pandemic and that it is just a conspiracy in preparation for the adoption of a new political system that rules the world, increases the servitude of the people and oppresses the poor, and they are in two directions: The first one, concern people who deny the existence of such a virus in the first place. The second, includes who acknowledges his existence and excludes his danger. The third part, is the part of persons holding that the existence of a pandemic or does not matter as much as it matters how to deal with it and with similar counterparts that are not literally dangerous to it, and the originality of their duty is to seek the assistance of the qualified and specialized, to provide the most important on the important and to present alternatives that prove sustainability as possible and possible. This is because the boasting of building hospitals in a short period was not accompanied by building laboratories to eradicate such a scourge and others that we live in and may be experienced by humanity in the future. The research concluded that it is necessary to not look into the existence or absence of the pandemic, but rather to look at how to deal with it and overcome it and its counterparts, without stopping people's lives or political exploitation of the crisis. It deals also to be careful in order that fear does not dominate us at the point of illusion, and to look with insight into what can carry conspiracy. The researcher adopted the inductive approach, by tracking people's opinions about COVID-19. The research also dealt with the descriptive approach, in presenting these opinions, in analyzing and clarifying their evidence, clarifying what is in, and discussing it.

Planning to Meet "Basic Needs" Some Methodological Problems

1977 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 262-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ole David Koht Norbye
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The People ◽  
Personal Consumption ◽  
The Development Strategy ◽  
The World ◽  
Methodological Problems

For its World Employment Conference in June 1976 the ILO prepared a report [2] in which it put forward the idea that the development strategy for the future should aim at meeting certain "basic needs" for the poorest 20 per¬cent of the people in the different countries of the world. One point ILO put across was that it would take considerably less time to reach a given set of basic needs targets if income within the different countries could be redistributed for the benefit of the poorest 20 percent. The ILO demonstrated the magnitude of the problem by the help of illustrations drawn from a working paper prepared for the ILO [1]. The minimum basic needs which are listed by the ILO include personal consumption items like food, clothing and housing, and services which in many countries are provided by public authorities like water, health, sanitation and education. In addition the ILO report also stresses qualitative elements of development, and calls for greater participation of the poor in decision¬making in matters concerning their own future.

scholarly journals Global Inequality in National Food Supplies and Diet-related Health Outcomes, 1970–2010 (P04-094-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnie Bell ◽  
Keith Lividini ◽  
William Masters
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Global Inequality ◽  
Animal Source Foods ◽  
Animal Source ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Food

Abstract Objectives The global food system has changed rapidly over recent decades, with large shifts in agricultural supply conditions, international trade, food manufacturing and nutrient availability. These shifts have contributed to both positive and negative impacts on health and wellbeing with some countries catching up while others have fallen further below international norms. We aim to quantify long-run changes in the food supply and diet-related health disparities across countries, to illustrate how inequality has changed from the 1970 s to the 2010 s. Methods Data were drawn from publicly available sources, using food supply from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and diet-related health outcomes from the NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) and the Joint Monitoring Programming, a collaboration of the World Bank, the World Health Organization, and UNICEF. We used techniques from economics (Lorenz curves, Gini coefficients, and Pen's Parade) to generate novel visualizations and metrics for global inequality and disparities in national food supply and diet-related health outcomes across countries. Results We computed global inequality in food supplies as available dietary energy from all fruits and vegetables, all animal source foods, and all foods other than starchy staples, and inequality in diet-related outcomes such as overweight and obesity, underweight, stunting, raised blood pressure, and diabetes. Results showed greater equality in food supplies and diet-related health outcomes converging at higher prevalence levels, while stunting and underweight became more unequal and more highly concentrated in a few high-burden countries. For example, the Gini coefficient for energy from fruit and vegetables (0.36 to 0.27), energy from animal source foods (0.51 to 0.33), and overweight and obesity (0.39 to 0.27) decreased indicating greater equality, while the Gini coefficient for underweight increased (0.40 to 0.47) demonstrating greater disparity. Conclusions Convergence in availability of harmful dietary components and negative health outcomes occurred faster than convergence in beneficial nutrients and positive outcomes. This research can help to inform the design of policies and programs aimed at achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals and other targets for global food systems. Funding Sources Wellcome Trust.

scholarly journals The Poor and the Pandemic: COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arati Raut ◽  
Ruchira Ankar ◽  
Sheetal Sakharkar
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Political Status ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

COVID-19 was proven to be a pandemic in early 2020 by the World Health Organisation (WHO). At present, 213 countries have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. In the history of global pandemics, COVID-19 has had a major impact on society as it has killed humans, spread human suffering and uprooted the lives of the people. Across the globe, there are 18,705,096 confirmed cases, 11,922,692 recovered cases, 704,385 deaths, and 6,078,019 active cases as of, 5 August 2020. It has affected the world’s economic, social and political status. Poor people belonging to the lower strata of society face more difficulties during pandemics. They are unable to secure their daily bread as well as other basic needs. The impact of COVID-19 on the poor and the role of society have been addressed.

Impacts of Absolute and Relative Income on Self-Rated Health in Urban and Rural China

2020 ◽  
pp. 002073142092268
Author(s):  
Jiaoli Cai ◽  
Audrey Laporte ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Yulin Zhao ◽  
Di Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Relative Income ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
The Gini Coefficient

This study aims to assess the impacts of absolute and relative income on self-rated health (SRH) of residents in rural and urban China. Data were derived from the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Three distinct measures of relative income were considered (Gini coefficient, Yitzhaki index, and Deaton index) and computed for 3 geographic units (nation, province, and community). Nonlinear dynamic models for panel data were employed to test the absolute and relative income hypotheses. Absolute income was significantly associated with SRH among urban and rural populations. Relative income, as measured by the Gini coefficient, the Yitzhaki index, and the Deaton index, had statistically significant and negative impacts on SRH among the rural population, regardless of the reference group. For the urban population, the Gini coefficient was associated with SRH regardless of the reference group. In contrast, only the Yitzhaki index and the Deaton index at the provincial level were associated with SRH among the urban population. Our findings may provide a reference for policymakers to implement health policies designed to improve population health.

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