Residing in “South-Eastern Asia” of the Antebellum United States

2019 ◽  
pp. 62-90
Author(s):  
Kendall Johnson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Commercial Activity ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
China Trade ◽  
Opium War ◽  
The Us ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Treaty Ports

In the decades before and after the First Opium War (1839-1842), the US missionary Reverend David Abeel laid out a sense of “South-Eastern Asian” for US readers of Journal of a Residence in China, and the Neighboring Countries, from 1829 to 1833 (1834). His phrase focuses multi-lingual print evangelicalism on an archipelago stretching across networks of opium traffic connecting India to China. His accounts also imply the layers of faiths and languages that shaped senses of geography before the existence of the United States and the convergence of mottled European imperialisms in the China trade. At the end of the war, Abeel moved to the coastal city of Amoy where he rationalized opium commerce as an evil outweighed by the potential benefits of opening treaty ports. The prominent administrator of Fujian and scholar Xú Jìyú (徐繼畬‎; 1795–1873) disagreed and adapted Abeel’s geographical tools to present a warning about the attempts to evangelize “South-East Asia.” His Yíng huàn zhì lüè (瀛擐志略‎; General Survey of the Maritime Circuit, a Universal Geography, 1849) portrays Catholic and Protestant commercial activity as a threat to indigenous jurisdiction the world over.

Changes in Perceptions of Filipino Immigrants about Themselves and of Americans Before and After Coming to the United States

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gremil Alessandro Naz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Symbolic Interaction ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Appraisal Theory ◽  
American Values ◽  
The Us ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Symbolic Interaction Theory ◽  
Filipino Immigrants

<p>This paper examines the changes in Filipino immigrants’ perceptions about themselves and of Americans before and after coming to the United States. Filipinos have a general perception of themselves as an ethnic group. They also have perceptions about Americans whose media products regularly reach the Philippines. Eleven Filipinos who have permanently migrated to the US were interviewed about their perceptions of Filipinos and Americans. Before coming to the US, they saw themselves as hardworking, family-oriented, poor, shy, corrupt, proud, adaptable, fatalistic, humble, adventurous, persevering, gossipmonger, and happy. They described Americans as rich, arrogant, educated, workaholic, proud, powerful, spoiled, helpful, boastful, materialistic, individualistic, talented, domineering, friendly, accommodating, helpful, clean, and kind. Most of the respondents changed their perceptions of Filipinos and of Americans after coming to the US. They now view Filipinos as having acquired American values or “Americanized.” On the other hand, they stopped perceiving Americans as a homogenous group possessing the same values after they got into direct contact with them. The findings validate social perception and appraisal theory, and symbolic interaction theory.</p>

scholarly journals The Dimensions of the US-China Trade War

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Mohamad Zreik
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bilateral Agreements ◽  
China Trade ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Trade War

AbstractThe Chinese Ministry of Commerce issued a statement Friday morning, July 6, 2018, confirming the outbreak of a trade war between the United States and China. The statement came after the United States imposed tariffs on many Chinese goods, in violation of international and bilateral agreements, and the destruction of the concept of free trade which the United States calls for following it. It is a war of opposite directions, especially the contradiction between the new Trump policy and the Chinese approach. The proof is what US Defense Secretary James Matisse announced in Singapore in early June 2018 of “the full strategy of the new United States, in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific,” where China was the “sole enemy of the United States” in China’s geostrategic region. Intentions have become publicized, and trade war between the two economic giants is turning into a reality. This paper will give an overview of the US-China scenario of trade war, then a focused analysis on the Trump’s administration economic decision regarding China, and the consequences of this decision.

The United States

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Sharman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Patriot Act ◽  
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ◽  
The Us ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Successful Prevention

This chapter begins by tracing the origins of the anti-kleptocracy cause in the United States, starting with the harsh Cold War environment and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977. It explores the status quo ante of dictators being able to launder their funds in the US financial system with impunity immediately before and after the turn of the century. At this time, there was no law prohibiting American banks and other institutions receiving the proceeds of foreign corruption. The USA Patriot Act closed this legal loophole, yet practice lagged, and laws at first failed to have much of an impact. More recent cases indicate at least partial effectiveness, however, with instances of successful prevention and some looted wealth confiscated and returned.

US-Cuban Musical Relations before and after the Revolution

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-29
Author(s):  
Timothy P. Storhoff
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cuban Revolution ◽  
The Us ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Trade Embargo ◽  
The Revolution

Chapter One provides the history and context for the rest of the book. The United States and Cuba had a vibrant musical relationship before the Cuban Revolution. When the United States instituted a trade embargo and travel ban on Cuba, musicians continued to seek opportunities for cultural exchange and pushed the boundaries of what travel policies permitted. The chapter outlines how the US-Cuban relationship has changed under various US Presidents, and how musical exchanges have been both stifled and briefly sanctioned under different administrations.

scholarly journals 779. Impact of updated IDSA practice guidelines on the treatment of Clostridium difficile infections in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S346-S346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelius J Clancy ◽  
Minh-Hong Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Practice Guidelines ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prescription Data ◽  
Recommended Treatment ◽  
The Us ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Dosing Regimens ◽  
National Pact

Abstract Background IDSA published updated practice guidelines for C. difficile infections (CDI) in February 2018. Since publication of previous CDI guidelines in2010, randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have demonstrated benefit of oral (po) vancomycin or fidaxomicin over metronidazole in at least some types of CDI. Updated guidelines endorsed vancomycin or fidaxomicin as recommended treatment for initial and recurrent nonfulminant CDI episodes, and vancomycin as treatment for fulminant CDI. We studied the use of po vancomycin, fidaxomicin and metronidazole in the United States before and after publication of updated guidelines. Methods We obtained US antibiotic prescription data (IQVIA, Durham, NC) since 2013, and used standard dosing regimens for treatment of initial CDI to estimate numbers of infections treated with different agents. Po vancomycin and fidaxomicin are used exclusively against known or suspected CDI. Metronidazole is used to treat CDI and other infections. IQVIA data do not capture indications for prescriptions. Results Treatment courses of po vancomycin and fidaxomicin increased by 45% (n = 126,729 increase) and 44% (n = 11,243 increase), respectively, over the 12 months after publication of the updated CDI guidelines compared with 12 months before publication (Figure, second arrow; Table). Increased use of both agents was evident in the first month after guidelines were published. Over the same 12 month periods, treatment courses of po metronidazole decreased by 3% (190,430 decrease). In comparison, treatment courses of po vancomycin increased by 24% (n = 47,219 increase) over the 12 months after publication of the multi-national PACT study in August 2014 (Figure, first arrow), which demonstrated superiority of vancomycin over metronidazole. Since 2013, there were no significant increases in the use of fidaxomicin until publication of the updated guidelines. Conclusion Updated IDSA guidelines have had a major impact on treatment of CDI in the US. RCT data used for guideline updates have been available since 2007–14 and 2011–12 for po vancomycin and fidaxomicin, respectively. IDSA should provide more timely updates to practice guidelines as new data emerge. Annual or bi-annual updates posted in electronic or other nontraditional formats may be more efficient than publishing long-form articles. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Domestic Sources of the US Trade War with China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (04) ◽  
pp. 5-18
Author(s):  
Troy STANGARONE
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
The United States ◽  
Full Resolution ◽  
China Trade ◽  
Economic Practices ◽  
The Us ◽  
Trade War ◽  
Near Term

The origins of the US–China trade war predate the Trump administration’s aggressive stance and have their roots in the economic impact of China’s entry into the WTO and China’s economic practices. The recently concluded phase one deal provides each side a chance to cool the tensions, but the politics in the United States likely preclude a full resolution in the near term. Another consequence of the trade war is the acceleration of production shifts out of China to Southeast Asia, but these opportunities are accompanied by greater US scrutiny of trade with the region.

scholarly journals The United States-China Trade War: Empirical Assessment

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
Victor Adjarho Ovuakporaye
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Economy ◽  
Trade Relation ◽  
Empirical Assessment ◽  
China Trade ◽  
The Us ◽  
Trade War ◽  
The Impact

This paper aims to explore the US-China trade war by looking at various issues surrounding the US-China trade relation. The US-China trade war had been imminent since January 2018, meritoriously commenced on 6 July 2018, which is still ongoing. The US imposed sanctions on various Chinese goods, which was counter by the Chinese side also. Both side have felt the effect of the trade war though China felt the impact more than United States. Though, both nations have recently held positive trade talks which leads to the first phase of negotiation the trade war is still ongoing. If the partnership between the United states and China collapses, this will also end up harming the global economy severely since they are crucial cornerstones of the international economy.

scholarly journals US–China Trade War: Chinese Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Manjula Jain ◽  
Saloni Saraswat ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
The United States ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
China Trade ◽  
The Us ◽  
Investment Opportunities ◽  
Trade Relationship ◽  
Trade War

The US–China trade relationship has expanded immensely after China’s reformation of its economy and liberalization in 1979. A very huge amount of trade takes place between the United States and China in terms of monetary value and quantity. China benefits the United States in several forms other than just trade, such as US firms seeking investment opportunities in China for their assembly units. Subsequently, China holds a huge amount of US treasury securities, and purchases US debt securities, which helps them to keep their interest rates low. However, even after the development of such a trade relationship, the United States has certain concerns relating to China’s intentions. From the United States’ point of view, China is not involved in a fair practice of trade. China has imposed state-directed policies that bend the flow of trade and investment opportunities. Furthermore, the United States has allegations against China pertaining to the issue of intellectual property rights along with mixed records on implementation of WTO obligations, establishment of procedures for impacting the value of its currency and restrictions on FDI. The United States claims that such policies from China’s side make a great impact on the US economy and thus is the concern of the Congress. The current president, Mr. Donald J. Trump, has pledged to promote the free and fair trade policy. So his administration has taken some severe steps to reduce the US bilateral trade deficit. The president first announced the imposition of tariffs on steel and aluminum at 25% and 15%, respectively. To this action of the United States, China retaliated by raising the tariffs on various goods that are imported from the United States. Furthermore, the United States claimed that it would take actions against Chinese intellectual property rights policies that could be a hindrance to the US stakeholders. Later, the United States released a two-stage plan to impose tariffs on Chinese imports that would directly affect Chinese industrial policies for which again there was retaliation by China by releasing their own two-stage plan for American imports that would adversely affect American industries. This paper is an attempt to analyze the effect of the trade war between the United States and China and briefly discusses about the impact of this war on China and the probable measures implemented by the country.

scholarly journals Macroeconomic Effects of Trade Tariffs: A Case Study of the U.S.-China Trade War Effects on the Economy of the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 305-326
Author(s):  
Sandra Žemaitytė ◽  
Laimutė Urbšienė
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Total Trade ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
China Trade ◽  
United States Economy ◽  
The Us ◽  
Macroeconomic Effects ◽  
Trade War

This paper explores the macroeconomic effects of trade tariffs in the context of the recent trade conflict between the United States and China. The focus is laid on two trade war scenarios, and one of them takes into account the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global trade flows. After deploying the partial equilibrium SMART model, the authors conclude that solely due to the trade war with China, in 2020, the US total trade balance will improve by 41,020 million USD (0.21% of real GDP), while 43,777 million USD (0.22% of real GDP) of the US imports will have to be sourced from other countries. The US trade intensity with China and welfare will decline. However, our study has found that the potential economic consequences of COVID-19 will reduce the relative effects of the trade war. The study has revealed that the United States economy will benefit from the trade war, which can be explained by a relatively weak China’s retaliatory response. Nevertheless, the US agriculture and automotive sectors will suffer most.

Did the U.S. Bilateral Goods Deficit With China Increase or Decrease During the US-China Trade Conflict?

FEDS Notes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2945) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hunter L. Clark ◽  
◽  
Anna Wong ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trade Data ◽  
China Trade ◽  
The Us ◽  
The U.S

The United States' bilateral goods trade deficit with China appeared to have narrowed substantially since the escalation of the U.S.-China trade conflict in 2018, or so U.S. trade data suggest. By contrast, the Chinese data tell a much different story: the deficit, as implied by China's bilateral surplus, nearly reached historical highs by the end of 2020.

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