scholarly journals Is It Necessary to Weight Loss in Obese Boys with Small Penile Length? A Case-Control Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadra Rezakhaniha ◽  
Bijan Rezakhaniha ◽  
Nahid Aarabi ◽  
Soheila Siroosbakht
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
The Body ◽  
Obese Group ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Penile Length ◽  
Penis Size ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Control Study

Background: Nowadays, parents are paying more attention to the penis size of their children, especially obese children. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between obesity, testosterone, and estradiol in prepubertal non-obese and obese children with micropenis. Methods: This case-control study was done on 58 non-obese and 86 obese micropenis children aged 8 - 13 years at Golestan Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from June 2018 to May 2020. The body mass index (BMI), testosterone and estradiol levels, stretched penile length (SPL), and the correlation between these were studied. Results: The mean age of children in non-obese and obese groups was 10.2 ± 1.34 and 10.5 ± 1.6 years, respectively. SPL in non-obese and obese subjects was 3.1 ± 1.3 and 2.9 ± 1.22 cm, respectively. SPL in both groups was significantly correlated with height and testosterone (height: r = 0.239, P = 0.009; testosterone: r = 0.344, P = 0.001) but not with BMI, weight, and estradiol. After the adjustment for age, BMI, weight, and estradiol, adjusted odds ratio with confidence interval 95% for penile length across to height and testosterone levels in non-obese group was 1.52 (0.91 - 1.83; P = 0.001) and 0.56 (0.36 - 0.98; P = 0.001), respectively and in the obese group was 1.42 (0.81 - 1.66; P = 0.001) and 0.75 (0.51 - 0.87; P = 0.001), respectively. Conclusions: Penile length is positively correlated with height and testosterone but not with weight and estradiol in non-obese and obese children. It is probably not essential and obligatory to recommend weight loss for this issue and weight loss should not be concerned by children and their parents.

scholarly journals Breastfeeding and decreased risk for childhood obesity

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Aspri Sulanto ◽  
Setya Wandita ◽  
Madarina Julia
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Obese Group ◽  
Reference Curve ◽  
Growth Reference ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Control Study

Background Breast milk promotes infant growth and appropriateweight gain, minimizing the risk for malnutrition, and possiblyfor obesity.Objective To determine the influence of infant breastfeedingpractices on the risk for obesity in children aged 6 to 8 years.Methods We conducted a case-control study comparingbreastfeeding practices between obese and non-obese children.Subjects were selected from two elementary schools in Yogyakarta.Case subjects had body mass index (BMI)-for-age <::: + 2 SD(WHO 2007 growth reference curve). Control subjects had BMIfor-age SD between-2and+1 SD, and were matched for age andgender to the case subjects. Subjects' mothers filled questionnaireson their breastfeeding practices.Results We recruited 68 pairs of obese and non-obese subjects,4 7 (69%) pairs of boys and 21 (31 %) pairs of girls. The meanduration of breastfeeding in the obese group was shorter thanthat of the non-obese group, 12.9 months (SD 9.78) vs. 16.1months (8.39), respectively, a mean difference of 3.24 months(95% CI 0.14 to 6.32). Partially breastfed and formula-fed childrenhad significantly higher odds for obesity compared to that ofexclusively breastfed children, OR4.70 (95% CI 3.96 to 5.43) forpartial breastfeeding and 6.20 (95% CI 4.67 to 7.73) for formulafeeding. The risk for obesity also declined with longer durationsof breastfeeding.Conclusion Exclusive infant breastfeeding and longer durationof breastfeeding lowered the risk for childhood obesity in childrenaged 6-8 years. [Paediatr lndones. 2012;52: 1-5]. 

scholarly journals Association of Socioeconomic Status, Dietary Behavior, and Obesity among Moroccan Adults of the Region of Rabat: A Case-Control Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 164-171
Author(s):  
Habiba Bajit ◽  
Hasnae Benkirane ◽  
Amina Bouziani ◽  
Fatima Zahra Mouzouni ◽  
Souad Benaich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Dietary Behavior ◽  
Case Control ◽  
The Body ◽  
Obese Group ◽  
Control Study

Background: The incidence of worldwide obesity is on the increase. Obesity is defined as an excessive accumulation of fat in the body. 39% of adults, aged 18 years and over, were overweight in 2016 and 13% were obese. Aims: To examine the association of dietary patterns, socioeconomic status, and the body mass index in Moroccan adults. Methods and Material: This is an analytical case-control study, conducted among obese (n=100) and non-obese (n=150) subjects, aged between 18 and 59 years old, when women represented 60% of participants. At recruitment, all anthropometric parameters were measured. The body composition was assessed by the use of impedance meter. Dietary habits were assessed using 24 hours’ food recall and food frequency questionnaire. The results were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) and the chi-squared (χ2-test) test and the percent distribution. Results: Our results showed that abdominal obesity and overall body fat (BF) percent were much prevalent among the obese group (BF% >30). There was a significant association between the lack of physical activity (p=0.002), educational level (p=0.001) and the risk of development of obesity. Concerning the age (p=0.06) and the gender (p>0.05) of the participants, there was no difference regarding these parameters and the risk of development of obesity (p>0.05). A strong relationship between marriage and the development of obesity was found, when 83.90% of the obese group were married, whereas 73.70% of the non-obese group were single (p<0.001). Concerning dietary assessment, our data revealed that the energy consumption of lipids slightly exceeds the recommended target. The major consumed foodstuffs by the obese group were oils and fats. Conclusions: The adult participants of the region of Rabat have an unbalanced body weight status resulting from an altered dietary behavior and from an altered socioeconomic profile that can lead to various health complications. Further studies are required on a large population aiming to develop effective strategies to fight the rapid increase of obesity. Keywords : Obesity, body mass index, dietary behavior, socioeconomic status.

scholarly journals Trends in Serum Insulin, C-Peptide and IR Levels in Non-Diabetic Young Adults – A Case Control Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Obese Group ◽  
Fasting Serum ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
C Peptide ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Control Study

Background: Insulin resistance (IR), Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Circumference (WC), Waist to Hip ratio (WHR) at risk levels have been identified as major predisposary factors for the development of Metabolic Syndrome (MS). Objectives: To compare the trends in serum insulin, C-peptide and IR levels in non-diabetic obese and non-obese young adults (20-40 years). Methods: The study was designed as a case control study and was conducted to compare serum parameters and selected anthropometric parameters in obese subjects (n=50) and non-obese subjects (n=50). After obtaining written consent, 100 non – diabetic (fasting blood sugar < 100 mg/ dL) aged between 20-40 years were recruited for the study. The study was conducted at the clinic of Family Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura after obtaining ethical clearance from ethics review committee of University of Sri Jayewardenepura. According to BMI subjects were categorized as obese (BMI ≥ 25 kgm-2) and non-obese (BMI ≤ 25 kgm-2). WC, Hip Circumferences were measured and WHR was calculated. Fasting serum glucose (Glucose oxidase kit), serum insulin and serum C-peptide (ELISA method) levels were measured and IR was calculated according to HOMA-IR equation. Results: Among the parameters assessed; anthropometric parameters WC (p= 0.000) and WHR (P= 0.03) and biochemical parameters IR (P=0.003), fasting serum insulin (P = 0.006), glucose (P = 0.022) and C peptide (P=0.012) showed a significant difference in the obese group when compared to non-obese group. Higher number of hyperinsulinaemic (40%) and IR (38%) subjects were in the obese category compared to non-obese category (Hyperinsulinaemia: 6% and IR: 8%). Conclusions: In healthy non-diabetics, the obese group had significantly higher WC, WHR, IR, serum insulin and C-peptide levels indicating the risk of developing non-communicable diseases. In addition to the known risk factor (WC, WHR, Insulin, and IR) significant elevation of c-peptide in obese individuals might have the potential of being a promising screening tool in obese subjects.

scholarly journals 745 Risk Factors of Incident Renal Stones in Indian Population: A Hospital-Based Case-Control Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Singh ◽  
S Gupta ◽  
T S Mishra ◽  
B D Banerjee ◽  
T Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Renal Stones ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Case Control ◽  
The Body ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Introduction Nephrolithiasis is pathological calcification in the excretory passages of the body and is prevalent among 7.6% of Indians. We aimed to study the various risk factors associated with renal stones from India. Method It was a hospital-based case-control study conducted over 18 months in a tertiary hospital in Delhi. Cases were defined as patients with renal stones diagnosed on the basis of history and radiological examination. Controls were similar to cases in all respects except for the diagnosis and selected from the hospital. A total of 18 risk factors, including age, gender, heavy metals, stress, metabolic factors, alcohol intake, dietary habits, co-morbidities, etc. were assessed. Logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate the strength of the risk associations. Results In the analysis of 60 cases and controls, we found 6 times, 5.5 times, and 2.4 times increased odds of renal stones in patients with increased arsenic, cadmium, and lead concentrations in blood, respectively. Similarly, there are 3 times increased odds of renal stones in patients suffering from stress. Conclusions Exposure to smoke, occupation dust, and contaminated water may lead to an increased ingestion/inhalation of heavy metals like cadmium, arsenic, and predisposing people to an increased risk of renal stones.

scholarly journals Brain Iron Overload, Insulin Resistance, and Cognitive Performance in Obese Subjects: A Preliminary MRI Case-Control Study

Diabetes Care ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 3076-3083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard Blasco ◽  
Josep Puig ◽  
Josep Daunis-i-Estadella ◽  
Xavier Molina ◽  
Gemma Xifra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Iron Overload ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Brain Iron ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Control Study

Serum hepcidin levels and iron metabolism in obese children with and without fatty liver: case–control study

2014 ◽  
Vol 173 (7) ◽  
pp. 947-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatih Demircioğlu ◽  
Gökhan Görünmez ◽  
Emine Dağıstan ◽  
Sevil Bilir Göksügür ◽  
Mervan Bekdaş ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Iron Metabolism ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Serum Hepcidin ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Leptin Receptor Gene Variant rs11804091 Is Associated with BMI and Insulin Resistance in Spanish Female Obese Children: A Case-Control Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 1690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josune Olza ◽  
Azahara Rupérez ◽  
Mercedes Gil-Campos ◽  
Rosaura Leis ◽  
Ramón Cañete ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Leptin Receptor ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Gene Variant ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Effect of Food Preference and Mothers Nutritional Knowledge on Obesity in Schoolgirls in Saudi Arabia: A Case-Control Study

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Zainab Jaffar Al-Nass ◽  
Zeidan Abdu ZeidanAli ◽  
Hayfaa Abdelmageed Ahmed Wahabi
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Healthy Food ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Nutritional Knowledge ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Control Study

Background: Childhood obesity is a major public health challenge of the 21st century. Obese children have double the risk of being obese adults than children who are of normal weight. Obese children bhave increased risks of developing hypertension, dyslipidemia, and other cardio-metabolic morbidities. Objectives: to investigate the effect of the children food knowledge and preferences on their BMI and the effects of mothers’ nutritional knowledge on their children’s BMI. Methods: A school-based case-control study design was carried out in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. Data collection was carried out from November 2017 to February 2018. A multistage stratified cluster random sampling technique was used. Four clusters (schools) were selected based on size and equal numbers of participants were included from each cluster. From each of grade 4th, 5th, and 6th, one class was selected randomly. The weight and height of each girl were recorded, BMI calculated, and the students were divided into obese/ overweight group and the normal weight group from which cases and control randomly selected thereafter. Out of total 442 students measured BMI, 348 were included in the study, 116 cases and 232 controls. Data were collected by face to face interview with the girl, and a self-administrated questionnaire was sent to the same student's mother. Determinants of girls' obesity were calculated using regression analysis. Results were presented as adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Result: After controlling for the confounding variables, more healthy food preferences in children and higher mother's knowledge were associated with 77% and 51% reduced odds of overweight-obesity (aOR = 0.23 95% CI 0.09–0.64 and aOR = 0.49 95% CI 0.33–0.71). Conclusion: Healthy food preferences among girls and adequate nutritional knowledge among their mothers were significantly associated with decreased obesity in girls. Limitations: The main limitations were its inability to assess causation and the potential for recall bias, especially in the questions related to behaviors; namely, physical activity and diet recall.

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