Characterization and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli and Its Serotypes Isolated From Poultry Feed in Relation to Seasons in Karachi, Pakistan

Background: The increasing prevalence of Escherichia coli as a foodborne pathogen in poultry poses a high risk to food safety. The resistant strains of E. coli may contribute resistant genes to human endogenous flora, causing fatal diseases. Moreover, these pathogens are serious threats to poultry farming. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate the effects of seasonal variations on the bacterial load of E. coli and to evaluate its antibiogram profile. Methods: All feed samples were evaluated for the identification of E. coli and its serotypes, using conventional culture methods and biochemical characterization. Positive samples were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. The bacterial load of E. coli was estimated by measuring the total viable count, and the antibiogram data were calculated using two methods, that is, disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) measurement. Results: Of 204 feed samples investigated, 38 isolates were positive for E. coli. All positive samples were also confirmed via universal and species-specific PCR assays, and 8/38 were documented as E. coli 0157:H7 strains. The bacterial load of E. coli was also determined by measuring the total viable count, and the results revealed the highest ratio (6.44×108 CFU/g) from June to August and the lowest ratio (2.06×108 CFU/g) from December to February. The multidrug resistance of E. coli O157:H7 was validated by antimicrobial susceptibility tests since all isolates showed high resistance to chloramphenicol, penicillin derivatives, fluoroquinolones, and oxytetracycline, respectively, and were only susceptible to aminoglycosides. Conclusions: Considering the high bacterial load of E. coli from June to August, the poultry industry needs to establish appropriate and effective hygienic and storage policies, especially during these alarming months. Moreover, surfacing and propagation of resistant strains of these pathogens may obscure future assessments for treatment purposes.

Download Full-text

Study on Isolation and Identification of Salmonella and Escherichia coli from Different Poultry Feeds of Savar Region of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Journal of Scientific Research ◽

10.3329/jsr.v3i2.7128 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 403-411 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. Chowdhury ◽

A. Iqbal ◽

M. G. Uddin ◽

M. Uddin

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Viable Count ◽

Nutrient Agar ◽

Effective Control ◽

Microbiological Analysis ◽

Total Viable Count ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Poultry Feeds ◽

E Coli ◽

Feed Samples

The study was conducted aiming at the isolation and identification of Salmonella and Escherichia coli (E. coli) from different brands of poultry feeds sold in Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Seven different poultry feeds were subjected to microbiological analysis. All these samples were analyzed by culturing in different media such as nutrient broth (NB), nutrient Agar (NA), SS Agar (Salmonella-Shigella Agar), BGA (brilliant-green Agar), Mac Conkey, DHL and EMB (eosin methylene blue) media. Total bacterial colonies of all the samples were counted separately on the nutrient Agar media. Hence, bacteria were counted as 9.5×105 in the feed sample C (Layer) which was found to be the highest in number among the poultry feeds. Total viable count (TVC) of Salmonella and E. coli in the feed samples were as 0 to 6.75×104 and 0 to 3.05×104 respectively. Both organisms were found in 71.43% and 57.14% of the analyzed feed samples, respectively. The highest number of Salmonella was found in sample C (Layer) feeds and that of E. coli was found in sample B (Grower) feeds. The widespread occurrence of Salmonella and E. coli in poultry feeds reinforces the need for effective control measures, hygiene in processing and handling of feeds. Keywords: Salmonella; Escherichia coli; Poultry feeds; Total viable count; Contamination; Hygiene. © 2011 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. doi:10.3329/jsr.v3i2.7128 J. Sci. Res. 3 (2), 403-411 (2011)

Download Full-text

Occurrence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella species in Some Livestock (Poultry) Feeds in Mando, Kaduna, Nigeria

Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology ◽

10.22207/jpam.15.2.60 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

S.S.D. Mohammed ◽

S. Al-hassan ◽

J.R. Wartu ◽

A.A. Abdul Rahman

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Bacterial Load ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Viable Count ◽

Microbiological Analysis ◽

Poultry Feeds ◽

E Coli ◽

Hygiene Practices ◽

Livestock Feeds ◽

Feed Samples

The study aimed at assessing the proximate composition, isolation, characterization of some Enterobacteriaceae from two (2) brands of poultry feeds marketed in Mando, Kaduna, Nigeria. A total of sixteen (16) samples of two (2) different poultry feeds (starter and finisher) from four (4) poultry farms in mando were collected and subjected to proximate and microbiological analysis. The proximate analysis was carried out using standard techniques and procedures. All the feed samples were cultured on separate media which include Eosin methylene blue (EMB), nutrient Agar (NA) and Salmonella-Shigella Agar (SSA) media using standard procedures. The antibiogram of the selected antibiotics was evaluated against the test isolates. The result of proximate analysis of the starter and finisher feeds indicated that the Dry matter of starter feed had the highest percentage composition of 95.02% and crude fiber of the finisher feed had the lowest composition of 3.78%. The highest number of bacterial load was recorded to be 10.0×104 CFU/g for the feed sample A (starter feed) and 12.0x104CFU/g was recorded for the feed sample B (finisher feed) which had the highest number of bacterial load recorded among the two (2) different poultry feeds analyzed. The bacteria isolates were identified as Salmonella species and Escherichia coli. Total viable count (TVC) of Salmonella species and E. coli in the feed samples (starter and finisher) ranges from 3.0×104CFU/g to 12.0×104CFU/g. Both organisms (Salmonella species, E. coli) were found as 37.5% and 25% of the analyzed feeds (Broiler starter and broiler finisher) samples, respectively. There was no level of significant (p>0.05) difference between the level of contamination of Salmonella species and E. coli in the two different feeds analyzed, as p=0.06 and p=0.13 for Salmonella species, and E. coli respectively. Sample A and B (Starter and Finisher) feeds had the highest number of Salmonella species occurrence with six ( 6) positive samples while E. coli was recorded in four (4) samples of A and B (Starter and Finisher) feeds. The result of the antibiogram indicated that ciprofloxacin (30 µg), Gentamycin (30µg), Perfloxacin (30µg) and Tarvid (30µg) was effective against Salmonella species and Escherichia coli. The significant of spread of the species of the Enterobacteriaceae in livestock feeds requires the need for effective quality assurance and control, good hygiene practices in production and proper handling of the poultry feeds.

Download Full-text

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Salmonella Species and Escherichia coli Isolates from Poultry Feeds in Ruiru Sub - County, Kenya

10.21203/rs.3.rs-94393/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Dorica Gakii Ngai ◽

Anthony Kebira Nyamache ◽

Omwoyo Ombori

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Bacterial Contamination ◽

Bacterial Load ◽

Poultry Feed ◽

Poultry Feeds ◽

E Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽

Resistant Strains

Abstract Objectives: Contaminated poultry feeds can be a major source of E. coli and Salmonella infections in poultry. This study aimed at determining the microbial quality, prevalence and antimicrobial resistance and associated resistance genes to Salmonella and E. coli isolates from poultry feeds.Results: A total of 150 samples of different poultry feed types were randomly collected from selected sites within Ruiru Sub-County. A microbial load was determined, Salmonella and Escherichia coli were isolated and antimicrobial susceptibility test accomplished. Antimicrobial resistance genes; TEM, SHV, strB and Dfr were established. Out of analyzed samples, 58% contained Escherichia coli and 28% Salmonella. Bacterial load ranged between 3.1 x105 cfug to 3.0 x106 cfu/g. The highest resistance was found with ampicillin (41%) for Salmonella and (62%) for E. coli isolates. All the Ampicilin resistant isolates carried TEM and SHV genes. In addition, strB and Dfr drug resistance genes associated with streptomycin and Cotri-moxazole were analysed. All isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin. The study reveals high bacterial contamination, presence of beta-lactamase, aminoglycoside and sulphonamide resistance genes across isolates from poultry feeds. Therefore, contaminated poultry feeds with bacteria are likely to lead to increase and spread of antimicrobial resistant strains across the community.

Download Full-text

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella species and Escherichia coli isolates from poultry feeds in Ruiru Sub-County, Kenya

BMC Research Notes ◽

10.1186/s13104-021-05456-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dorica Gakii Ngai ◽

Anthony Kebira Nyamache ◽

Omwoyo Ombori

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Bacterial Load ◽

Microbial Load ◽

Poultry Feed ◽

Poultry Feeds ◽

E Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽

Resistant Strains

Abstract Objectives Contaminated poultry feeds can be a major source of E. coli and Salmonella infections in poultry. This study aimed at determining microbial load, prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella sp. and E. coli and associated resistance genes among isolates from poultry feeds. Results A total of 150 samples of different poultry feed types were randomly collected from selected sites within Ruiru Sub-County. The microbial load was determined, Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli were isolated and antimicrobial susceptibility test carried out. Antimicrobial resistance genes were also screened among the resistant isolates. Out of analyzed samples, 58% and 28% contained Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. respectively. Bacterial load ranged between 3.1 × 105 and 3.0 × 106 cfu/g. Highest resistance was against ampicillin (41%) for Salmonella sp. and (62%) for E. coli isolates. Ampicillin resistant isolates carried TEM and SHV genes. In addition, strB and Dfr resistance genes associated with streptomycin and cotri-moxazole were detected. All the isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin. The study reveals high bacterial contamination, presence of beta-lactamase, aminoglycoside and sulphonamide resistance genes across isolates from poultry feeds. Therefore, contaminated poultry feeds with bacteria are likely to lead to increase in antimicrobial resistant strains across the community.

Download Full-text

Isolation and Identification of Salmonella and Escherichia coli from Raw Goat Meat in Uyo Metropolis, Akwaibom State

Asian Food Science Journal ◽

10.9734/afsj/2020/v14i430138 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 50-60

Author(s):

Hephzibah Oluwatoyin Ajulo ◽

Matthew Olugbenga Ajulo ◽

N. S. E. Udo Ekereumoh

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Bacterial Load ◽

Bacterial Count ◽

Viable Count ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Goat Meat ◽

E Coli ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Meat Samples

Introduction: In Nigeria, abattoirs have become a source of infection and pollution, attracting domestic animals, wild carnivores and rodents due to lack of adequate slaughtering and disposal facilities. Improper processing of meat consumed by the majority of people in Nigeria is a serious public health issue. Aims: This study was aimed at isolating, characterizing, and identifying Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli from raw goat meat in Uyo metropolis. Study Design: Fresh goat meat samples were collected from different locations within Uyo metropolis namely; such as goat meat collected at Itam junction market (GTI), Anua junction market (GTA), Ikot Okubo junction market (GTO), Itak Uyo market (GTU), Etuk market (GTE), Ndueh Otong market (GTN) and Mbiere Ebeh market (GTM). Results: The analysis of fresh raw goat meat in Uyo metropolis showed that the total viable count of bacterial load detected on the fresh raw goat meat samples ranged from 9.1X102cfu/g to 1.07X104cfu/g. The highest bacterial count for E. coli was obtained from raw goat meat obtained from GTA1 (3.4X103 cfu/g) followed by GTM2 (3.2X103 cfu/g). The highest bacterial count for Salmonella was obtained from raw goat meat obtained from GTO1 (1.07X104) followed by GTM 2 (1.02X104). The result showed that in addition to E. coli (100%) that was found in all goat meat samples, the most common isolated microorganisms from the fresh raw goat meat samples was Salmonella choleraesuis (38.8%) followed by Salmonella salaemae (34.4%) and Salmonella kauffmanni (9.5%) respectively. Conclusion: This study has indicated high microbial contamination of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. in the raw goat meats sold at the selected junctions of Uyo metropolis which suggested a high level of contamination of raw goat meats use for consumed in homes within Uyo metropolis.

Download Full-text

Antimicrobial resistance, diarrheagenic and avian pathogenic virulence genes in Escherichia coli from poultry feed and the ingredients

Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/1678-4162-10355 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 71 (6) ◽

pp. 1968-1976 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J.M. Rossato ◽

B.G. Brito ◽

R.K.T. Kobayashi ◽

V.L. Koga ◽

J.J.P. Sarmiento ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Susceptibility Gene ◽

Poultry Feed ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Multi Drug Resistance ◽

E Coli ◽

Phylogenetic Classification ◽

Mar Index

ABSTRACT Diarrheagenic (DEC) and avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) are associated with intestinal and extra-intestinal infections (ExPEC), respectively. We aimed to analyze the antimicrobial susceptibility, gene encoding virulence factors associated to DEC and APEC, and phylogenetic classification in E. coli isolated from 320 samples of feed and ingredients. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed using the disk diffusion method and Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) Index and Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR) were calculated. Phylogenetic classification was performed on samples harboring DEC and/or APEC virulence-associated genes. A total of 110 E. coli strains were isolated in 15% (49/320) of the evaluated inputs (n=13 vegetable meal; n=33 animal meal, n=3 feed). In general, the isolates showed the highest rates of antimicrobial resistance to sulfonamide and cefazolin and 18% (20/110) were multi-drug resistant. MAR index of feed samples was the highest (0.467). Six and five strains had APEC and DEC virulence-associated genes, respectively, and belonging to phylogenetic groups A and B1. These findings point to the need for strict microbiological control during the production process of these foods.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of microbial quality and pathogenic potentiality of enterobacteria in poultry feeds

Journal of Bio-Science ◽

10.3329/jbs.v28i0.44711 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 59-68

Author(s):

S Islam ◽

N Tanjila ◽

MF Begum

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Coliform Bacteria ◽

Poultry Feed ◽

Plate Count ◽

Test Results ◽

Poultry Feeds ◽

E Coli ◽

Aerobic Plate Count ◽

Feed Samples

The present investigation has been carried out to assess the microbial safety and pathogenic potentialities of enterobacteria in poultry feeds. From the results it was observed that total aerobic plate count of poultry feeds samples were recorded as 2.8 × 105 to 5.8 × 109 cfu/g and 100% samples contained ≥106 cfu/g while the highest mean of cfu was counted as log10 8.797/gm. Large number of coliforms were recorded in different poultry feed samples and the ranges of cfu were counted as 1.2 × 104 to 5.2 × 107/g while average 75% samples were contaminated with coliform bacteria with ≥104 cfu/g and the highest mean of cfu was counted as log10 6.103/g. The ranges of cfu of Escherichia coli were 1.03 × 102 to 1.09 × 105/g and 70% samples contained ≥102 cfu/g while the highest mean of cfu was counted as log10 4.493/gm. But the ranges of cfu of total Salmonella sp. were recorded as 1.02 × 101 to 5.25 × 104/g and 50% samples contained ≥102 cfu/g and the highest mean of cfu was counted as log10 3.665/g. Total 29 enterobacterial isolates were isolated from the feed by using selected media. On the basis of morphological characteristics and biochemical test results the isolates were identified as Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Klebsiella sp., Citrobacter sp., Proteus sp., Enterobacter sp. and Escherichia coli. These isolates were tested on blood agar medium and only seven isolates showed positive β-hemolytic activity.In virulence efficacy test, only hemolytic positive isolates were ingested to chicken and observed that E. coli (SGE-1), Klebsiella sp. (SSE-6) and Salmonella sp. (JSS-9) isolates were highly toxic because the experimental chickens were died after 3 days of ingestion of the bacteria, two isolates showed loose motion symptom after 15 days while other isolates showed little sickness. All the selected isolates showed positive hem-agglutination reactivity in poultry RBC. The results indicate that the poultry feeds were highly contaminated with pathogenic enterobacteria which are risk to public health. J. bio-sci. 28: 59-68, 2020

Download Full-text

Circulation of oxytetracycline- and ciprofloxacin-resistant commensal Escherichia coli strains in broiler chickens and farm environments, Bangladesh

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2020.2395-2400 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 2395-2400

Author(s):

Avijit Das ◽

Pangkaj Kumar Dhar ◽

Avijit Dutta ◽

Mohammad Shah Jalal ◽

Priya Ghosh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Food Chain ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Human Infection ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Feed Water ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Chain Reactions ◽

E Coli ◽

Resistant Strains

Background and Aim: The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in commensal organism, such as Escherichia coli of food animals, is an alarming issue for global health. It increases the possibility of transmitting AMR determinant(s) to human bacterial pathogens by transferable genetic materials, particularly by plasmids. Hence, it is important to know which resistant genes are being carried by commensal organisms in food chain in a country and their level of temporal loads. As a result, pre-emptive measures can be advocated with an aim to reduce their risks in their primary source of circulation which consequently would benefit the public health. Materials and Methods: Commensal E. coli strains from broiler chickens on randomly selected 30 farms and the farm environments were examined for the frequencies of isolation of resistant strains to oxytetracycline and ciprofloxacin. Five birds were randomly selected from each farm to collect cloacal swab samples (total of 150 samples). Furthermore, a total of 150 environmental samples comprising one each from feed, water, soil, litter, and litter damping site of each farm were screened for the isolation of commensal E. coli strains. Strains thus obtained were initially tested for their resistance to oxytetracycline and ciprofloxacin by Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Oxytetracycline-resistant strains were further screened for the presence of resistance determining genes, namely, tetA, tetB, and tetC by uniplex polymerase chain reactions. Risks associated with the isolation frequency of oxytetracycline- and ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli were also assessed by univariable logistic regression analysis. Results: The results revealed that all E. coli isolates, regardless of the source of origin, were resistant to oxytetracycline, while 78.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 69.1-85.5%) showed resistance to ciprofloxacin. All the randomly selected (20) oxytetracycline-resistant strains harbored the tetA gene, whereas tetB and tetC were reported in three and two isolates, respectively. After univariable analysis, only one variable, that is, strain 1 of broiler chickens compared to two other strains was found to be positively associated with the isolation of ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli (odds ratio 12.75 [95% CI 1.0- 157.1], p=0.047). Conclusion: Resistance emerged against oxytetracycline and ciprofloxacin in commensal E. coli strains circulating in live poultry and farm environments in Bangladesh seems to be very high. Thus, human infection with drug-resistant E. coli strains through food chain will critically compromise the therapeutic measures currently available.

Download Full-text

Occurrence and Antibiogram of Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin- and Cephamycin-Resistant Escherichia coli in Asymptomatic University Students

International Journal of Enteric Pathogens ◽

10.15171/ijep.2019.09 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 31-36

Author(s):

Madubuike Umunna Anyanwu ◽

Chiamaka Felicitas Okpalanwa ◽

Raymond Nduka Ugwuanyi

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibacterial Agents ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Antibacterial Resistance ◽

Phenotypic Resistance ◽

E Coli ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

The University

Background: Apparently healthy individuals could serve as reservoirs and disseminators of extendedspectrum cephalosporin (ESC)- and cephamycin (cefoxitin, FOX)-resistant, and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing (ESBL-P) Escherichia coli which jeopardizes antibacterial therapy thereby posing a threat to the health of infected individuals/carriers. Objectives: This study aimed to screen healthy asymptomatic students in the University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN) as potential reservoirs of ESC- and FOX-resistant and ESBL-P E. coli and to determine the antibacterial resistance profile. Materials and Methods: Anal swabs were collected from 190 randomly selected healthy asymptomatic students of both genders in UNN between March and July 2018. ESC-resistant E. coli was isolated using MacConkey agar with 2 µg/mL ceftazidime. ESBL production was assessed by combination disc method while cephamycin resistance was determined using cefoxitin disc screening. Phenotypic resistance of the isolates was determined using disc diffusion method. Results: Out of 190 samples, 20 (10.2%) demonstrated growth. Of these, 6 (30%) were FOX resistant (putative AmpC-producers) but none produced ESBL. The resistance of the isolates was 100% to ampicillin (AMP), 95% to ceftazidime (CAZ), tetracycline (TET) and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT), 30% to FOX and chloramphenicol (CHL), 85% to ciprofloxacin (CIP), enrofloxacin (ENR) and streptomycin (STR), and 65% to kanamycin (KAN). All the isolates were susceptible to meropenem (MEM). Among the 20 isolates, 1 (5%) was resistant to 2 classes of antibacterial agents while 19 (95%), including all the FOX-resistant strains, were resistant to ≥ 3 classes of antibacterial agents. The isolates exhibited 11 multiple antibacterial resistance patterns with AMP, CAZ, FOX, TET, CIP, ENR, STR, KAN, SXT being predominant. Conclusion: Healthy asymptomatic students in UNN are potential reservoirs and disseminators of ESC- and cephamycin (FOX)-resistant E. coli.

Download Full-text

Phenotypic Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Escherichia coli from Raw Meats, Ready-to-Eat Meats, and Their Related Samples in One Health Context

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9020326 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 326

Author(s):

Frederick Adzitey ◽

Nurul Huda ◽

Amir Husni Mohd Shariff

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

E Coli ◽

The Usa ◽

Raw Meats

Meat is an important food source that can provide a significant amount of protein for human development. The occurrence of bacteria that are resistant to antimicrobials in meat poses a public health risk. This study evaluated the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli (Escherichia coli) isolated from raw meats, ready-to-eat (RTE) meats and their related samples in Ghana. E. coli was isolated using the USA-FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual and phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by the disk diffusion method. Of the 200 examined meats and their related samples, 38% were positive for E. coli. Notably, E. coli was highest in raw beef (80%) and lowest in RTE pork (0%). The 45 E. coli isolates were resistant ≥ 50% to amoxicillin, trimethoprim and tetracycline. They were susceptible to azithromycin (87.1%), chloramphenicol (81.3%), imipenem (74.8%), gentamicin (72.0%) and ciprofloxacin (69.5%). A relatively high intermediate resistance of 33.0% was observed for ceftriaxone. E. coli from raw meats, RTE meats, hands of meat sellers and working tools showed some differences and similarities in their phenotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns. Half (51.1%) of the E. coli isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. The E. coli isolates showed twenty-two different resistant patterns, with a multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.0 to 0.7. The resistant pattern amoxicillin (A, n = 6 isolates) and amoxicillin-trimethoprim (A-TM, n = 6 isolates) were the most common. This study documents that raw meats, RTE meats and their related samples in Ghana are potential sources of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli and pose a risk for the transfer of resistant bacteria to the food chain, environment and humans.

Download Full-text