scholarly journals The EU Member States’ Right to Electricity Mix

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktor Szabo
Keyword(s):  
Member State ◽  
General Structure ◽  
Electricity Sector ◽  
The Other ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Electricity Grids ◽  
Electricity Mix ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

Electricity grids between EU Member States are interconnected and therefore, electricity policy in one Member State may influence the functioning of electricity systems in the other states. This article analyzes the impact of an EU Member State’s energy policy on the other Member States from the perspective of the right to determinate their electricity mix. The paper argues that the scope of a Member State’s right to electricity mix guaranteed by Article 194(2) TFEUis limited considerably. The right of a Member State to decide on the choice of its energy sources and the general structure of its energy supply in the electricity sector is bordered by the same rights of the other Member States.

scholarly journals motivation of students to the professional-pedagogical activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 449-467
Author(s):  
Viktoriia Yatsenko ◽  
Iryna Patsaliuk ◽  
Ihor Androshchuk ◽  
Yurii Dziurakh ◽  
Nataliia Diomidova
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Training ◽  
Professional Education ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
General Structure ◽  
Special Role ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Subject Specialization ◽  
The Impact

Remuneration plays a special role in the context of choosing a profession, so students, choosing the profession of a teacher, in some way pay attention to the level of payment for this profession and its growth rate. The article aims to study the impact of motivation on the prospect of students choosing a teacher's profession on the example of EU member states. Methods: theoretical and conceptual analysis, description, generalization, induction, deduction, observation, comparison, tabular and graphical representation, quantitative analysis, and grouping. Results: it is determined that in the general structure of professional education of students in higher education institutions of the European Union member states a high share is occupied by students in the field of teacher training without subject specialization in Denmark, Malta, Spain, Bulgaria, Belgium and Cyprus and students in the field of teacher training with subject specialization - in Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Belgium, Luxembourg, Malta, and Sweden.

Part II The Notion of State Aid, 5 Distortion of Competition and Effect on Trade between EU Member States

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kreuschitz Viktor ◽  
Nehl Hanns Peter
Keyword(s):  
Member State ◽  
Case Law ◽  
State Aid ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Common Trend ◽  
State Measure ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

This chapter discusses the distortion of competition and the effect on inter-Member State trade conditions. Article 107(1) TFEU provides that State aid is prohibited if two complementary conditions are fulfilled, namely if the State measure in issue distorts or threatens to distort competition and affects trade between Member States. The common trend within the EU Courts' case law is that no actual assessment of these criteria is required. In order to establish that competition is distorted and trade between Member States affected, it is not necessary to define the market or to carry out a thorough investigation as regards the impact that the contested measure might have upon the economic operators involved. All that matters is whether an advantage is granted to a market operator, at the detriment of another which will, as a matter of fact, encroach upon the good functioning of competition and trade between Member States.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Impact of Income Inequality on Population’s Migration

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 547-557
Author(s):  
Daiva Laskienė ◽  
Ineta Zykiene ◽  
Paulina Verdnikovaitė
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Member State ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Member States ◽  
Migration Rates ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Correlation And Regression Analysis ◽  
Scientific Attention ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

. Income inequality and population’s migration are economic processes ongoing in every country, but their scales are different. Although both phenomena – income inequality and population’s migration – earn sufficient scientific attention, scientific literature is still lacking comprehensive studies on interdependence between them. This research is aimed at the assessment of the impact of income inequality on population’s migration. This article highlights how significant it is to assess the impact of income inequality on population’s migration, and reviews the issues of income inequality and population’s migration previously analysed in scientific studies. The research is based on the methodology developed for the EU Member States. The paper provides original perspective as the EU Member States are divided into six groups by their income inequality and net migration rates and the impact of income inequality on population’s migration is researched in particular groups of the current EU Member States by applying the methods of correlation and regression analysis. The results of the research indicate that the impact of income inequality on population’s migration differs within and between the EU Member State groups. Research results revealed that, income inequality has a more significant impact on population’s immigration than on emigration in all EU Member State groups. Income inequality causes population’s emigration only in the states with medium income inequality rates. The paper contributes to the scientific literature of regional development as the quantitative analysis of the interconnection between income inequality and population’s migration is scarce.

scholarly journals Democratic Backsliding in the European Union

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Sitter ◽  
Elisabeth Bakke
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Member State ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
European Parliament ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Will ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Eu

Democratic backsliding in European Union (EU) member states is not only a policy challenge for the EU, but also a potential existential crisis. If the EU does too little to deal with member state regimes that go back on their commitments to democracy and the rule of law, this risks undermining the EU from within. On the other hand, if the EU takes drastic action, this might split the EU. This article explores the nature and dynamics of democratic backsliding in EU member states, and analyses the EU’s capacity, policy tools and political will to address the challenge. Empirically it draws on the cases that have promoted serious criticism from the Commission and the European Parliament: Hungary, Poland, and to a lesser extent, Romania. After reviewing the literature and defining backsliding as a gradual, deliberate, but open-ended process of de-democratization, the article analyzes the dynamics of backsliding and the EU’s difficulties in dealing with this challenge to liberal democracy and the rule of law. The Hungarian and Polish populist right’s “illiberal” projects involve centralization of power in the hands of the executive and the party, and limiting the independence of the judiciary, the media and civil society. This has brought both governments into direct confrontation with the European Commission. However, the EU’s track record in managing backsliding crises is at best mixed. This comes down to a combination of limited tools and lack of political will. Ordinary infringement procedures offer a limited toolbox, and the Commission has proven reluctant to use even these tools fully. At the same time, party groups in the European Parliament and many member state governments have been reluctant to criticize one of their own, let alone go down the path of suspending aspect of a states’ EU membership. Hence the EU’s dilemma: it is caught between undermining its own values and cohesion through inaction on one hand, and relegating one or more member states it to a second tier—or even pushing them out altogether—on the other.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF INCOME INEQUALITY ON EMIGRATION: CASE OF LITHUANIA AND OTHER NEW EU MEMBER STATES

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-281
Author(s):  
Algimantas Laurinavičius ◽  
Antanas Laurinavičius ◽  
Alfredas Laurinavičius
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
A Priori ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Correlation And Regression Analysis ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Eu Member States

Purpose – The objective of the article is to analyse how income inequality affects population decisions on emigration. Research methodology – Correlation and regression analysis are used to determine the relationship between the analysed social phenomena. Firstly, the correlation between income inequality (its change) and emigration rates is calculated. Secondly, the static and dynamic aspect is evaluated, as well as the influence of data delay (lag) on decision-making. Finally, a regression equation is constructed, showing how one variable affects the other. Findings – The analysis identifies the conditions and severity of population income inequality that may influence their emigration decisions. On the one hand, the impact is more substantial in the crisis and post-crisis period, and, on the other, in the new EU member states. Research limitations – Sensibility of emigration to different conditions like accessibility (i.e. the opportunity to emigrate freely, such as being a member of the Schengen area) and the income gap between countries of origin and destination is a major limitation of the article which should be examined more closely in later works. Practical implications – The analysis of emigration problem and the identification of its possible links with income inequality would allow economists to assess a priori potential of various measures suggested in practice and, consequently, would allow for the more targeted formulation of the State economic policy. Originality/Value – The novelty of the article is defined by insufficient scientific research of relationships between income inequality and emigration as socio-economic phenomena within the new EU member states. A scientific analysis of the problem of emigration and the identification of its possible links with income inequality would contribute to a more detailed study of the scientific aspects of emigration and income inequality.

THE ADJUDICATION OF HOMICIDE IN COLONIAL GHANA: THE IMPACT OF THE KNOWLES MURDER CASE

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROGER GOCKING
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Gold Coast ◽  
The Other ◽  
Government Official ◽  
Jury Trial ◽  
Legal Counsel ◽  
Capital Crimes ◽  
The Right ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTIn keeping with the law in place in the Colony of Ashanti in 1928, Dr Benjamin Knowles was tried and convicted for the murder of his wife without the benefit of a jury trial or the assistance of legal counsel. His trial and sentencing to death created outrage in both colonial Ghana and the metropole, and placed a spotlight on the adjudication of capital crimes in the colony. Inevitably, there were calls for reform of a system that could condemn an English government official to death without the benefit of the right to trial by a jury of his peers and counsel of his choice. Shortly after the Knowles trial, the colonial government did open up Ashanti to lawyers, and introduced other changes in the administration of criminal justice, but continued to refuse the introduction of jury trial. Nevertheless, the lasting impact of the Knowles trial was to make criminal adjudication in Ashanti, if anything, more lenient than the other area of colonial Ghana, the Gold Coast Colony.

Developments and perspectives of health literacy in Europe

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine Sørensen ◽  
Helmut Brand
Keyword(s):  
Health Literacy ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The World ◽  
European Health ◽  
A Priority ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Abstract A decade ago the European health literacy field was in its infancy. A comparable study among EU Member States was made to explore if health literacy was as much as a concern in Europe as elsewhere in the world. This article analyses the impact of the European Health Literacy project (2009–2012). Based on the outcomes new avenues for health literacy in Europe are proposed. In spite of progress there is still a strong call for actions to make health literacy a priority in the EU.

scholarly journals European myriad of approaches to parasitic commercial practices

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radka MacGregor Pelikánová
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Unfair Competition ◽  
Member States ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Unfair Commercial Practices Directive ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Research background: The Post-Lisbon EU aims at smart, sustainable, and inclusive growth on the single internal market, as indicated by the Europe 2020. The interplay of the competition and consumer protection on such a market is subject to harmonization. The Unfair Commercial Practices Directive has been made in order to achieve a full harmonization in this respect in 2007. However, EU member states share different social, political, legal and economic traditions and their approaches to unfair competition, in particular if committed via parasitic commercial practices, are dramatically diverse. In such a context, is it feasible, effective and efficient to install a full harmonization?Purpose of the article: The primary purpose of this article is to describe and assess ap-proaches to unfair competition, in particular if committed via parasitic commercial practices, by the EU law and EU member states law. The secondary purpose is to study and evaluate possibilities for the feasible, effective and efficient harmonization, or their lack. Methods: The cross-disciplinary and multi-jurisdictional nature of this article, and its dual purposes, implies the use of Meta-Analysis, of the critical comparison of laws and the impact of their application, to the holistic perception of historical and national contexts, and to case studies. The primary and secondary sources are explored and the yield knowledge and data are confronted with the status quo. The dominating qualitative research and data are complemented by the quantitative research and data.Findings & Value added: The EU opted for an ambitious challenge to install via the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive a full harmonization of the regime against unfair commercial practices, including parasitic ones. The exploration pursuant to the duo of purposes suggests that the challenge is perhaps too ambitious and that the EU underestimated the dramatic diversity of approaches to unfair commercial practices, especially parasitic ones.

scholarly journals Analysis of Mass Medias Effect on Formation Youths Mindset in the Media Landscape

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 763-773
Author(s):  
Svetlana Koryagina ◽  
Irina Kravchenko
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Government Control ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Youth Media ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

The article describes the impact of the Mass Media on the formation of the worldview of the young. This impact may be positive or negative. On the one hand, the media educate young people and enhance their participation in public life. On the other hand, they may mislead or promote false values, and manipulate the young generation’s consciousness. What helps people not to get involved into the tried-and-true crowd manipulation scheme in the media landscape is critical thinking, whose lack results in inability to choose the right guidelines in the flow of false information provided by various Media. The authors emphasize the role of the state, which, regarding the needs of the society, should enculturate the young generation, as well as exercise tight control over communication in the global web and publications in the Internet Media and social networks. One of the directions of the state’s policy is expanding the geography of information and communication technologies, and the other is ensuring information security of the young in general and adolescents in particular. To provide this, the state develops organizational and legal mechanisms aimed at protecting children from harmful information in the web, and requirements for the content, its expert evidence and government control. The article demonstrates the results of a study carried out by the authors to assess the current youth Media and their influence on criminality. The key criterion for selecting participants of the focus group was young age, since the young are the most active and the least protected players in the media landscape. The sampling was made by random choice in order to ensure equal opportunities for participation in the study.

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