scholarly journals Analýza zátěžových testů u skialpinistů

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
Matouš Jindra ◽  
Ladislav Vomáčko ◽  
Dita Formánková ◽  
Klára Coufalová
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Stress ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Bicycle Ergometer ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Previous Experience ◽  
Stress Tests ◽  
Professional Information

We analyze 3 types of maximum stress tests on the basis of the lack of professional information about competitive ski mountaineering. Th e obtained data was compared with the maximum stress test on the treadmill; bicycle ergometer and treadmill using a roller ski modifi ed for ski mountaineering. Th e values which were measured shows great technical demands on the test using roller skis. Based on this information, we recommend long-term training on the treadmill using roller skis, before the maximum load test. Th e results show the smallest deviation of the maximum values among respondents who had previous experience with modifi ed roller skis for ski mountaineering.

Stress test modelling to assess catchment drought resistance and recovery

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Stoelzle ◽  
Jost Hellwig ◽  
Kerstin Stahl ◽  
Markus Weiler ◽  
Erik Tijdeman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Waves ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Drought Event ◽  
Model Structure ◽  
Stress Tests ◽  
Groundwater Storage ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Hydrogeological Characteristics

<p>Dry spells and heat waves control the frequency and duration of streamflow drought events. Groundwater storage and release in catchments can modulate their timing and severities in terms of deficit volume and persistence. To better understand the role of recharge and groundwater storage for catchment sensitivity to droughts we investigate the effect of recharge scenarios on streamflow drought characteristics and baseflow for 50 mesoscale catchments with different hydrogeological characteristics in southwestern Germany. In model experiments, we simulate daily recharge on a 1 km resolution with the water balance model TRAIN reflecting the most dominant soil-vegetation processes. Then we calibrate long-term reference simulations, fitting the outflow of different conceptual groundwater box models with varying model structure to hydrograph-separated baseflow. After calibration, we define probabilistic stress tests as scenarios of reduced pre-drought recharge. The tolerance of catchments to different drought intensities is analyzed based on the concepts of resistance, resilience, and recovery to drought situations. Results suggest that catchments with higher resistance and resilience are less sensitive to recharge stress, but recovery is often much slower. However, by comparing the events of e.g. 2003 and 2018 specifically, we show that the sensitivity is also a function of the intensity and duration of the stress test simulation, the drought event characteristics, and the storage memory of catchments. Additionally, the performance ranking of all groundwater models in each catchment allows to link the variability in model structure to catchment properties (e.g. geology). The analysis shows that catchments with short-term or long-term storage memory react differently under different stress tests. Stress test simulations may help to answer planning-relevant questions such as which preconditions make a drought intensification or prolongation more likely and how long does it take for the system to recover to the reference condition. Catchment-specific stress tests with historical worst-case pre-conditions before extreme drought events may thus be a way forward to constrain relevant timescales of drought management and drought early warning.</p>

scholarly journals Features of Metabolic Support of Physical Performance in Highly Trained Cross-Country Skiers of Different Qualifications during Physical Activity at Maximum Load

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Olga I. Parshukova ◽  
Nina G. Varlamova ◽  
Natalya N. Potolitsyna ◽  
Aleksandra Y. Lyudinina ◽  
Evgeny R. Bojko
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Bicycle Ergometer ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Serum Lactate ◽  
Load Test ◽  
National Team ◽  
Group I ◽  
Cross Country

The purpose of our study was to identify the features of metabolic regulation in highly trained cross-country skiers of different qualifications at different stages of the maximum load test. We examined 124 highly trained cross-country skiers (male, ages 17–24). The group consisted of two subgroups based on their competition performance: 61 nonelite athletes (Group I) and 63 elite athletes (group II), who were current members of the national team of the Komi Republic and Russia. The bicycle ergometer test was performed by using the OxyconPro system (Erich Jaeger, Hoechberg, Germany). All the examined athletes performed the exercise test on a cycle ergometer “until exhaustion”. The results of our research indicate that the studied groups of athletes with high, but different levels of sports qualifications are a convenient model for studying the molecular mechanisms of adaptation to physical loads of maximum intensity. Athletes of higher qualifications reveal additional adaptive mechanisms of metabolic regulation, which is manifested in the independence of serum lactate indicators under conditions of submaximal and maximum power from maximal oxygen uptake, and they have an NO-dependent mechanism for regulating lactate levels during aerobic exercise, including work at the anaerobic threshold.

Characterization of CMOS Structures (0.6 µm process) Submitted to HBM and COM ESD Stress Tests

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Meneghesso ◽  
E. Zanoni ◽  
P. Colombo ◽  
M. Brambilla ◽  
R. Annunziata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electrostatic Discharge ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Complete Characterization ◽  
Stress Tests ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Emission Microscopy ◽  
Fast Rise ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract In this work, we present new results concerning electrostatic discharge (ESD) robustness of 0.6 μm CMOS structures. Devices have been tested according to both HBM and socketed CDM (sCDM) ESD test procedures. Test structures have been submitted to a complete characterization consisting in: 1) measurement of the tum-on time of the protection structures submitted to pulses with very fast rise times; 2) ESD stress test with the HBM and sCDM models; 3) failure analysis based on emission microscopy (EMMI) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

scholarly journals P1398 Echocardiographic continuous monitoring of exercise stress test using probe fixation device

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
K Wdowiak-Okrojek ◽  
P Wejner-Mik ◽  
Z Bednarkiewicz ◽  
P Lipiec ◽  
J D Kasprzak
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Exercise Stress Test ◽  
Bicycle Ergometer ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Fixation Device ◽  
The Mean ◽  
First Time

Abstract Background Stress echocardiography (SE) plays an important role among methods of noninvasive diagnosis of ischemic disease. Despite the advantages of physical exercise as the most physiologic stressor, it is difficult (bicycle ergometer) or impossible (treadmill) to obtain and maintain the acoustic window during the exercise. Recently, an innovative probe fixation device was introduced and a research plan was developed to assess the feasibility of external probe fixation during exercise echocardiography on a supine bicycle and upright treadmill exercise for the first time. Methods 37 subjects (36 men, mean age 39 ± 16 years, 21 healthy volunteers, 16 patients with suspected coronary artery disease) were included in this study. This preliminary testing stage included mostly men due to more problematic probe fixation in women. All subjects underwent a submaximal exercise stress test on a treadmill (17/37) or bicycle ergometer (11/37). Both sector and matrix probes were used. We assessed semi-quantitatively the quality of acquired apical views at each stage – the four-point grading system was used (0-no view, 1-suboptimal quality, 2-optimal quality, 3-very good quality), 2-3 sufficient for diagnosis. Results The mean time required for careful positioning of the probe and image optimization was 12 ± 3 min and shortened from 13,7 to 11,1 minutes (mean) in first vs second half of the cohort documenting learning curve. At baseline, 9 patients had at least one apical view of quality precluding reliable analysis. Those patients were excluded from further assessment. During stress, 17 patients maintained the optimal or very good quality of all apical views, whereas in 11 patients the quality significantly decreased during the stress test and required probe repositioning. The mean image quality score at baseline was 2,61 ± 0,48 and 2,25 ± 0,6 after exercise. Expectedly, good image quality was easier to obtain and maintain in the supine position (score 2,74 ± 0,44) points as compared with upright position (score 2,25 ± 0,57). Conclusion This preliminary, unique experience with external probe fixation device indicates that continuous acquisition and monitoring of echocardiographic images is feasible during physical exercise, and for the first time ever - also on the treadmill. This feasibility data stem from almost exclusively male patients and the estimated rate of sufficient image quality throughout the entire test is currently around 60%. We are hoping, that gaining more experience with the product could increase the success rate on exercise tests. Abstract P1398 Figure. Treadmill and ergometer stress test

Long-term performance of prestressed concrete continuous box girders in the natural environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 856-864
Author(s):  
Guohui Cao ◽  
Wang Zhang ◽  
Jiaxing Hu ◽  
Xirong Peng
Keyword(s):  
Prestressed Concrete ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Material Strength ◽  
Practical Calculation ◽  
Box Girders ◽  
Load Types ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Support Reactions

A long-term load test performed for 470 days on two two-span prestressed concrete (PC) continuous box girders is reported in this paper. Load types were selected as the test variates, and structural responses such as support reactions, deflections, and concrete strains were monitored. Simultaneously, affiliated experiments such as material strength, creep, and shrinkage tests were conducted to investigate the time-dependent performances of the materials. Data obtained from these tests showed that deflections, strains, and support reactions develop rapidly in the beginning and stabilize afterward; the reactions of mid- and end-supports decline and rise over time, respectively. Time-dependent patterns of deflections and support reactions were analyzed on the basis of an effective modulus method, and a practical calculation method for long-term deflections considering reaction redistributions was proposed. The effects of the service environment on the performance of PC girders were evaluated through an incremental analysis method.

Distance Running Improves Fitness in Asthmatic Children Without Pulmonary Complications or Changes in Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-152
Author(s):  
Bruce G. Nickerson ◽  
Daisy B. Bautista ◽  
Marla A. Namey ◽  
Warren Richards ◽  
Thomas G. Keens
Keyword(s):  
Stress Test ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Bicycle Ergometer ◽  
Pulmonary Complications ◽  
Inspiratory Pressure ◽  
Distance Running ◽  
Asthmatic Children ◽  
Need For Treatment ◽  
Exercise Induced

The effect of a distance running program was studied in 15 children with severe chronic asthma. Following a 6-week control period, the subjects ran four days a week for 6 weeks. The distance was increased gradually to 3.2km. Clinical status and need for treatment did not change. Episodes of exercise-induced bronchospasm were readily reversed. Fitness improved as measured by the distance run in 12 minutes (P <.005). Resting pulmonary function did not change. Exercise-induced bronchospasm following a bicycle ergometer stress test under comparable conditions did not change. Ventilatory muscle strength, measured as the maximal inspiratory pressure, and endurance, measured as the sustainable inspiratory pressure, were at a high level initially and did not change. It is concluded that distance running is safe and can increase the fitness of asthmatic children who are receiving adequate therapy.

scholarly journals FCCSP IMC growth under reliability stress follows automotive criteria

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-83
Author(s):  
Wei Wei Liu ◽  
Berdy Weng ◽  
Scott Chen
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Flip Chip ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Temperature Cycling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
High Temperature Storage ◽  
Temperature Cycling Test ◽  
Temperature Storage

Purpose The Kirkendall void had been a well-known issue for long-term reliability of semiconductor interconnects; while even the KVs exist at the interfaces of Cu and Sn, it may still be able to pass the condition of unbias long-term reliability testing, especially for 2,000 cycles of temperature cycling test and 2,000 h of high temperature storage. A large number of KVs were observed after 200 cycles of temperature cycling test at the intermetallic Cu3Sn layer which locate between the intermetallic Cu6Sn5 and Cu layers. These kinds of voids will grow proportional with the aging time at the initial stage. This paper aims to compare various IMC thickness as a function of stress test, the Cu3Sn and Cu6Sn5 do affected seriously by heat, but Ni3Sn4 is not affected by heat or moisture. Design/methodology/approach The package is the design in the flip chip-chip scale package with bumping process and assembly. The package was put in reliability stress test that followed AEC-Q100 automotive criteria and recorded the IMC growing morphology. Findings The Cu6Sn5 intermetallic compound is the most sensitive to continuous heat which grows from 3 to 10 µm at high temperature storage 2,000 h testing, and the second is Cu3Sn IMC. Cu6Sn5 IMC will convert to Cu3Sn IMC at initial stage, and then Kirkendall void will be found at the interface of Cu and Cu3Sn IMC, which has quality concerning issue if the void’s density grows up. The first phase to form and grow into observable thickness for Ni and lead-free interface is Ni3Sn4 IMC, and the thickness has little relationship to the environmental stress, as no IMC thickness variation between TCT, uHAST and HTSL stress test. The more the Sn exists, the thicker Ni3Sn4 IMC will be derived from this experimental finding compare the Cu/Ni/SnAg cell and Ni/SnAg cell. Research limitations/implications The research found that FCCSP can pass automotive criteria that follow AEC-Q100, which give the confidence for upgrading the package type with higher efficiency and complexities of the pin design. Practical implications This result will impact to the future automotive package, how to choose the best package methodology and what is the way to do the package. The authors can understand the tolerance for the kind of flip chip package, and the bump structure is then applied for high-end technology. Originality/value The overall three kinds of bump structures, Cu/Ni/SnAg, Cu/SnAg and Ni/SnAg, were taken into consideration, and the IMC growing morphology had been recorded. Also, the IMC had changed during the environmental stress, and KV formation was reserved.

Geotechnical Investigation, Field Load Test and Analysis of Full-Scale Bored Pile

2015 ◽  
Vol 813-814 ◽  
pp. 1126-1130
Author(s):  
G. Kesavan ◽  
S.S. Chandrasekaran
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Bored Pile ◽  
Economical Design ◽  
Pile Load Test ◽  
A Site

The maximum load carrying capacity of bored piles is a complex problem because it is a function of a number of factors, these factors include methods of soil exploration, ground water condition, types of grading of concrete, quantity and quality of concrete. The knowledge of Geotechnical test is important for the most economical design of the piles. This paper describes some important aspects of field investigation, design and construction of in-situ bored pile foundation, field pile load test of experience gained from the construction of the pile at a site in Aathoor in Tamil Nadu, India. The site was fully sandy soil from existing ground level. The design of bored pile under axial compression was done using Empirical formula, pile load test and by using PLAXIS 2D software. Results were compared with vertical load and settlement in this site.

Effects of confinement (110 and 240 days) on neuroendocrine stress response and changes of immune cells in men

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 1619-1627 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Choukèr ◽  
L. Smith ◽  
F. Christ ◽  
I. Larina ◽  
I. Nichiporuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Test ◽  
Suppressor Cells ◽  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Enhanced Expression ◽  
Hypersensitivity Skin ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
A Current ◽  
T Suppressor Cells

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of long-term confinement on stress-permissive neuroendocrine and immune responses in humans. Two groups of four male subjects were confined 240 days ( group 240) or 110 days ( group 110) in two space modules of 100 or 200 m3, respectively. During confinement, none of the volunteers developed psychic stress as could be examined and verified by a current stress test. However, in g roup 240 but not in group 110, the diurnal rhythm of cortisol secretion was slightly depressed and the urine excretion of norepinephrine significantly increased. The innate part of the immune system became activated as seen by a rise in the number of circulating granulocytes and the enhanced expression of β2-integrins. In contrast, the ratio of T-helper to T-suppressor cells decreased. All these effects, observed during confinement, were even more pronounced in both groups when values of endocrinological and immunological parameters were compared between before and 1 wk after the end of the confinement period. Hence, return to normal life exerts pronounced effects to a much higher degree, irrespective of how long or under which conditions individuals were confined. Because the delayed-type hypersensitivity skin reaction against recall antigens remained unaffected, it is to be presumed that confinement appears to induce distinct sympathoadrenergic activation and immunological changes but no clinically relevant immunosuppression.

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