Masculinity and Femininity: Comparing and Contrasting Two Modern Buddhist Movements in Taiwan, Foguang Shan and Ci Ji

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-50
Author(s):  
Yu-Shuang Yao ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Chinese Mainland ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Chinese Buddhism ◽  
The West ◽  
Very Old ◽  
Modern Chinese ◽  
The Chinese Mainland ◽  
Engaged Buddhism ◽  
Humanistic Buddhism

This article examines how modern Chinese Buddhism has been influenced by its interactions with the modern world. For our purposes, ‘modern Chinese Buddhism’ refers to a form of what has become known in the West as ‘Engaged Buddhism,’ but in Chinese is known by titles that can be translated as ‘Humanistic Buddhism’ or ‘Buddhism for Human Life.’ This tradition was initiated on the Chinese mainland between the two World Wars by the monk Tai Xu (1890–1947). Its main branches have flourished in Taiwan, whence two of them have spread worldwide. The most successful, at least in numerical terms, has been Fo Guang Shan (the Buddha’s Light Mountain) and Ci Ji (the Buddhist Compassion and Relief Society), the former founded by a personal disciple of Tai Xu, Xing Yun, the latter founded by Zheng Yan. Both of them are now very old but remain powerful charismatic leaders.

Christianity as Model and Analogue in the Formation of the ‘Humanistic’ Buddhism of Tài X? and Hs?ng Yún

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Shuang Yao ◽  
Richard Gombrich
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Chinese Mainland ◽  
Chinese Buddhism ◽  
Roman Catholicism ◽  
The West ◽  
Very Old ◽  
Modern Chinese ◽  
The Chinese Mainland ◽  
Protestant Christianity ◽  
Humanistic Buddhism

This article examines how modern Chinese Buddhism has been influenced by Christianity. For our purposes ‘modern Chinese Buddhism’ refers to a form of what has become known in the West as ‘Engaged Buddhism’, but in Chinese is known by titles which can be translated ‘Humanistic Buddhism’ or ‘Buddhism for Human Life’. This tradition was initiated on the Chinese mainland between the two World Wars by the monk Tài X?, and Part one of the article is devoted to him. Since the communist conquest of China, its main branches have flourished in Taiwan, whence two of them have spread worldwide. The most successful, at least in numerical terms, has been Fo Guang Shan (‘Buddha’s Light Mountain’), founded by a personal disciple of Tài X?, Hsing Yun, now very old, and it is on this movement that we concentrate in Parts two and three. We differentiate between conscious imitation and analogous development due to similar social circumstances, and show how Protestant Christianity and Roman Catholicism have had different effects. In Part four, we examine Fo Guang Shan as a missionary religion.

Taixu

Buddhism ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles B. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Pure Land ◽  
Buddhist Tradition ◽  
Thich Nhat Hanh ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Times ◽  
Material Studies ◽  
Humanistic Buddhism

During the revolutionary period in which China moved from imperial rule to republicanism, many new political leaders deprecated all religion as superstition and urged the government to confiscate religious property for new secular use. While many traditionalist religious leaders simply sought to counter such moves, some, such as Taixu (b. 1890–d. 1947), were more progressive. Agreeing that Buddhism in China had fallen behind the times, Taixu worked and wrote to help Buddhists create new organizations and bring their teachings and practices more into line with the needs of the modern world. Perhaps more than anything else, he is known as the founder of a form of Buddhism called “Buddhism for Human Life” (rensheng fojiao) and “Buddhism for the Human Realm” (renjian fojiao), terms often rendered into English both as “Engaged Buddhism” and “Humanistic Buddhism.” Only recently have scholars begun to acknowledge that Taixu kept much of the Buddhist tradition intact even as he tried to reorient it toward engagement with contemporary social and political problems. However, his successors (Such as Sheng Yen and Thich Nhat Hanh) have moved even further away from premodern concepts and “escapist” goals in order to focus Buddhist attention on this-worldly issues such as environmental degradation, women’s issues, and human rights. Because of the increased recent attention to the more traditional elements of Taixu’s Buddhist belief and practice, those who use the items in the following bibliography for research should pay attention to the date of the material. Studies published prior to 1990 will invariably present Taixu strictly as a modernizer and declare wrongly that he opposed such things as ritualism and Pure Land devotions, and place him in opposition to another Buddhist faction labeled “traditionalist” or “conservative.” More recent studies will note his own devotion to Maitreya and aspiration for rebirth in that future buddha’s abode, his rich ritual life, and his friendly relations with many of those deemed “conservative.” To date, not many studies on Taixu have appeared, and so the following bibliography is not extensive.

Political Reformism in China Before the Sino-Japanese War

1968 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd E. Eastman
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Mainland ◽  
The Self ◽  
The West ◽  
The Chinese Mainland ◽  
At Will

Historians on the Chinese mainland maintain that the self-strengthening movement became “bankrupt” after the Sino-French War of 1884–1885. Their phraseology is typically value-laden, and contains the usual quotient of exaggeration. Yet these Communist scholars do point to a development in the late Ch'ing period that is usually overlooked by students in the West. During the Sino-French War, French forces had sailed almost at will along the entire coast of the empire, had temporarily occupied a part of Taiwan, and finally had snuffed out the dynasty's last pretensions to sovereignty in Vietnam. In the wake of this conflict, growing threats of Russian and Japanese aggression further raised doubts that the self-strengthening policy was effective as a means of securing the defense of the empire.

Small-scale vegetation mapping of large territories: perspectives of using modern remote sensing and GIS technologies, the Indian experiences

1996 ◽  
pp. 51-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. V. M. Unni
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Satellite Remote Sensing ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Vegetation Map ◽  
Gis Technologies ◽  
Forest Cover Mapping

The recognition of versatile importance of vegetation for the human life resulted in the emergence of vegetation science and many its applications in the modern world. Hence a vegetation map should be versatile enough to provide the basis for these applications. Thus, a vegetation map should contain not only information on vegetation types and their derivatives but also the geospheric and climatic background. While the geospheric information could be obtained, mapped and generalized directly using satellite remote sensing, a computerized Geographic Information System can integrate it with meaningful vegetation information classes for large areas. Such aft approach was developed with respect to mapping forest vegetation in India at. 1 : 100 000 (1983) and is in progress now (forest cover mapping at 1 : 250 000). Several review works reporting the experimental and operational use of satellite remote sensing data in India were published in the last years (Unni, 1991, 1992, 1994).

The problems of quality management system readiness to integrate modern digital technologies

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
E.A. Kovrigin ◽  
◽  
V.A. Vasilyev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Management ◽  
Quality Management System ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Readiness Assessment ◽  
Quality Management Model ◽  
Modelling Techniques ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Generalize Information

Given the trends in the modern world, as well as the rapid growth of digitalization, it is safe to say that it will inevitably affect almost all areas of human life and activities. Dmitriev’s English dictionary defines the word readiness: «It is a state where everything is done to start doing something.» Accordingly, an assessment of the company’s readiness to integrate modern digital technologies will identify opportunities, risks and threats, strengths and weaknesses of the enterprise, as well as to formulate a list of initial measures that need to be implemented. Thus, there is an urgent need to find an answer to the following questions: «How (by, what criteria and indicators) to measure readiness?», «What are the approaches to readiness assessment?» The purpose of this article is to develop a model and algorithm to assess the company’s readiness to integrate modern digital technologies. Modelling techniques were used to achieve this goal, as well as to analyze and generalize information. As a result of the research, a model for assessing the company’s readiness to integrate modern digital technologies has been developed and tested, based on the quality management model presented in the ISO 9000 series standards. A particular example shows how to use it and what it ultimately allows you to see and evaluate.

TO SIGNIFICANCE OF ENGLISH IN THE MODERN WORLD*

2019 ◽  
pp. 310-312
Author(s):  
S.L. Mertsalova
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Modern World

The article considers the role of English language in the modern world. The spheres of human life in which English plays an important role are presented. A number of professions for which English is an integral part have been considered.

scholarly journals A Potential Risk Index Dataset for Landfalling Tropical Cyclones over the Chinese Mainland (PRITC dataset V1.0)

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 1791-1802
Author(s):  
Peiyan Chen ◽  
Hui Yu ◽  
Kevin K. W. Cheung ◽  
Jiajie Xin ◽  
Yi Lu
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Chinese Mainland ◽  
Current Version ◽  
Term Trend ◽  
The Chinese Mainland ◽  
Landfalling Tropical Cyclones ◽  
Long Term Trend

AbstractA dataset entitled “A potential risk index dataset for landfalling tropical cyclones over the Chinese mainland” (PRITC dataset V1.0) is described in this paper, as are some basic statistical analyses. Estimating the severity of the impacts of tropical cyclones (TCs) that make landfall on the Chinese mainland based on observations from 1401 meteorological stations was proposed in a previous study, including an index combining TC-induced precipitation and wind (IPWT) and further information, such as the corresponding category level (CAT_IPWT), an index of TC-induced wind (IWT), and an index of TC-induced precipitation (IPT). The current version of the dataset includes TCs that made landfall from 1949–2018; the dataset will be extended each year. Long-term trend analyses demonstrate that the severity of the TC impacts on the Chinese mainland have increased, as embodied by the annual mean IPWT values, and increases in TCinduced precipitation are the main contributor to this increase. TC Winnie (1997) and TC Bilis (2006) were the two TCs with the highest IPWT and IPT values, respectively. The PRITC V1.0 dataset was developed based on the China Meteorological Administration’s tropical cyclone database and can serve as a bridge between TC hazards and their social and economic impacts.

scholarly journals Nightlight as a Proxy of Economic Indicators: Fine-Grained GDP Inference Around Mainland China via Attention-Augmented CNN from Daytime Satellite Imagery

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2067
Author(s):  
Haoyu Liu ◽  
Xianwen He ◽  
Yanbing Bai ◽  
Xing Liu ◽  
Yilin Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Chinese Mainland ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Official Method ◽  
County Level ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Sensing Data ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The Chinese Mainland

The official method of collecting county-level GDP values in the Chinese Mainland relies mainly on administrative reporting data and suffers from high costs of time, money, and human labor. To date, a series of studies have been conducted to generate fine-grained maps of socioeconomic indicators from the easily accessed remote sensing data and achieved satisfactory results. This paper proposes a transfer learning framework that regards nightlight intensities as a proxy of economic activity degrees to estimate county-level GDP around the Chinese Mainland. In the framework, paired daytime satellite images and nightlight intensity levels were applied to train a VGG-16 architecture, and the output features at a specific layer, after dimensional reduction and statistics calculation, were fed into a simple regressor to estimate county-level GDP. We trained the model with data of 2017 and utilized it to predict county-level GDP of 2018, achieving an R-squared of 0.71. Furthermore, the results of gradient visualization confirmed the validity of the proposed framework qualitatively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that county-level GDP values around the Chinese Mainland have been estimated from both daytime and nighttime remote sensing data relying on attention-augmented CNN. We believe that our work will shed light on both the evolution of fine-grained socioeconomic surveys and the application of remote sensing data in economic research.

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