CATALYTIC SYSTEMS OF BASIC PETROCHEMICAL PROCESSES

Доля каталитических процессов в нефтехимической промышленности ежегодно возрастает. Более 70% разнообразных химических процессов протекают в присутствии катализаторов, в мировой технологии их доля составляет около 90%. Это связано с расширением функциональных возможностей современных катализаторов. Начиная от повышения эффективности и экологичности производства, расширения номенклатуры товарной продукции, получения продуктов с заданными свойствами, до упрощения технологий в некоторых случаях. Кроме этого использование катализаторов существенно определяет уровень энергетических, капитальных и материальных затрат, новизну технологий и их конкурентоспособность. В связи с этим совершенствование индустрии катализаторов и технологий с их использованием относятся к перспективным задачам развития химического и нефтехимического комплексов мировых промышленных лидеров. В числе приоритетных направлений катализа рассматриваются нанокатализ, катализ в сверхкритических растворителях, катализ ионными жидкостями. Основными инструментами совершенствования катализаторов являются модифицирование состава и дизайн структуры. Это определяет обновление ассортимента и рост рынка катализаторов. Последние годы отличаются интенсивностью научных исследований в сфере разработки и изучения катализаторов различных процессов. С целью обобщения информации по разработкам каталитических систем для основных крупнотоннажных нефтехимических процессов подготовлена данная обзорная статья. Систематизированы сведения исследований состава, структуры, способов приготовления, эффективности новых катализаторов процессов гидрирования, дегидрирования, алкилирования, окисления и полимеризации, которые широко применяются в промышленности органического и нефтехимического синтеза. Для разных процессов проведено сравнение новых и используемых катализаторов по критериям экологичности, регенерируемости, а также по выходу и характеристике целевых продуктов. The share of catalytic processes in the petrochemical industry is growing every year. More than 70% of various chemical processes take place in the presence of catalysts; their share in world technology is about 90%. This is due to the expansion of the functionality of modern catalysts. Starting from increasing the efficiency and environmental friendliness of production, expanding the range of commercial products, obtaining products with desired properties, to simplifying technologies in some cases. In addition, the use of catalysts significantly determines the level of energy, capital and material costs, the novelty of technologies and their competitiveness. In this regard, the improvement of the industry of catalysts and technologies with their use are among the promising tasks of the development of chemical and petrochemical complexes of world industrial leaders. Nanocatalysis, catalysis in supercritical solvents, and ionic liquid catalysis are considered among the priority areas of catalysis. The main tools for improving catalysts are composition modification and structure design. This determines the renewal of the assortment and the growth of the catalyst market. Recent years have been distinguished by the intensity of scientific research in the development and study of catalysts for various processes. In order to generalize information on the development of catalytic systems for the main large-scale petrochemical processes, this review article has been prepared. The data of studies of the composition, structure, preparation methods, efficiency of new catalysts for the processes of hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, alkylation, oxidation and polymerization, which are widely used in the industry of organic and petrochemical synthesis, are systematized. For different processes, a comparison was made between new and used catalysts in terms of environmental friendliness, regenerability, as well as the yield and characteristics of target products.

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE LESSONS AS A MEANS OF SHAPING STUDENTS’ CORE COMPETENCIES

The article discloses and describes the formation of research skills in the lessons of the Ukrainian language and literature, highlights the essence of research activities, presents the main definitions and formulates its own vision for the definition of this concept. A group of principles has been identified that meet the requirements of research work and contribute to the formation of research skills of students in the process of studying the Ukrainian language and literature. Based on the analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature and the author’s own pedagogical experience, the main methods are determined that contribute to the formation of analytical abilities among students, the ability to compare, classify and generalize information. The stages of organization of research work of students at the institutions of general secondary education by means of consistent integration of science and educational process are disclosed. One of the effective forms of conducting classes in the Ukrainian language and literature in the process of forming research skills is defined as a lesson-study. Its structure was submitted, the main stages were described. It has been proved that the use of elements of problematic, search, research, heuristic methods makes the learning process more productive. The development of students’ research skills helps to achieve certain goals: to raise students’ interest in learning and to motivate them to achieve better results

Ballet-masters` activity on the stage of National Opera of Ukraine in XXI century

The purpose of the article is to generalize information about staffing choreographers of the National Opera of Ukraine, namely V. Yaremenko, V. Litvinova, A. Rekhviashvili, who worked there at the beginning of the XXI century. The methodology of the work includes the application of such culturological methods as general-historical, comparative-historical, analytical, etc. The scientific novelty of the publication is in the first complex research of creative work of such ballet-masters as Victor Yaremenko, Aniko Rekhviashvili, Victor Litvinov, who worked in this theater at the beginning of the century. Conclusions. Periods of work of the staffing ballet-masters of National Opera of Ukraine are as follows: V. Yaremenko (2000-2013), A. Rehviashvily (2013–2019), V. Litvinova (1985 till today, interrupted). Their work is characterized by their productive work, which was connected with the update and improvement of the repertoire of the theatre. Their art is also connected with the modernization of academic art-works («Le Corsaire», «Raymonda»), creation of modern classic(«The Marriage of Figaro», «Viennese waltz», «La Dame aux Camélias», «Snow Queen», «Julius Caesar»), experiment with neo-classical ballet art («Sheherazade», «Petrushka», «The Firebird», «Daphnis et Chloé», «Сaprices», «Тights in the gardens of Spain») and grotesque, comedy ballet(«Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka», «Сhasing two hares»). Each of the choreographers made an incredible art contribution to the history of the National Opera of Ukraine.

Main characteristics of dock-kessons, their use in the river fleet system and improvements after commissioning

The purpose of this work is to collect, analyze and generalize information on the operation of river dock-caissons. Currently, dock-caissons are rarely built despite their advantages. However, ship-lifting structures do not lose their relevance. The paper analyzes the constructed dock-boxes intended for caissoning the ends of passenger and cargo ships and docking of small vessels, namely, their fundamental design, analysis of hulls, systems and devices, as well as supporting structures on the slipway-deck, identified the main problems and search their decisions. A patent search was carried out on this topic and the most successful solutions were identified. The results of the work are generalized information about the operation of dock-boxes and allow to optimize further design, construction and operation of dock-boxes, taking into account the accumulated experience, and also allows to avoid mistakes that were made earlier. As a result of this work, some aspects of the operation of the ship-lifting structures were identified that were not taken into account in the design

The problems of quality management system readiness to integrate modern digital technologies

Given the trends in the modern world, as well as the rapid growth of digitalization, it is safe to say that it will inevitably affect almost all areas of human life and activities. Dmitriev’s English dictionary defines the word readiness: «It is a state where everything is done to start doing something.» Accordingly, an assessment of the company’s readiness to integrate modern digital technologies will identify opportunities, risks and threats, strengths and weaknesses of the enterprise, as well as to formulate a list of initial measures that need to be implemented. Thus, there is an urgent need to find an answer to the following questions: «How (by, what criteria and indicators) to measure readiness?», «What are the approaches to readiness assessment?» The purpose of this article is to develop a model and algorithm to assess the company’s readiness to integrate modern digital technologies. Modelling techniques were used to achieve this goal, as well as to analyze and generalize information. As a result of the research, a model for assessing the company’s readiness to integrate modern digital technologies has been developed and tested, based on the quality management model presented in the ISO 9000 series standards. A particular example shows how to use it and what it ultimately allows you to see and evaluate.

Content enrichment with expressive document modelling to leverage the understanding of unstructured data

Most information in an enterprise is in the form of unstructured data which is usually managed using a document database. One of the key challenges is to define a generalized data model for this unstructured data and any information extracted from it using content enrichment algorithms. It is more challenging to incorporate provenance and temporal capabilities to such data models. Semantic databases use ontologies such as PROV-O to represent their provenance information expressively, and relational databases use for example Slowly Changing Dimensions (SCDs) concepts to represent temporal information. In this paper, we present a document model which has features inspired from Dublin core, PROV-O and temporal methodologies to generalize information extracted from unstructured data using content enrichment algorithms. Provenance information enables comparison of enrichment models, allows reproducibility and facilitates complex filtering on the enriched data. Temporal metadata helps in versioning the document and enables point-intime and history queries conveniently.

Impressionist Landscape Cartography

Cartography helps to show us the world in which we reside by providing us a framework to explore space. We can select myriad themes to represent what is relevant to our lives: physical characteristics, human behaviors, hazards, opportunities. Themes are represented on a continuum between real-world images and pure abstractions. How we define cartography and what we expect from it changes with society and technology. We are now inundated with data but we still struggle with expressing our personal geographic experiences through cartography. In this age of information we have become more cognizant of our individual experience of place and our need to determine our own paths and therefore create our own maps. In order to reflect our journey we can add individual details to cartographic products or generalize information to concentrate on what is meaningful to us. Since time and space are interrelated we experience geography by viewing the landscape as changing scenes over time. This experience is both spatial and temporal since we experience geography by moving through space. Experiencing each scene is a separate event. This paper expands the personalization of maps to include our impressions of the travel experience. Rather than add art to cartography it provides geographic reference to art. It explores the use of a series of quick sketches drawn while traveling along roads using a single drawing pad to produce a time series of interpreted landscapes. With the use of geographic time stamps from global positioning systems these sketches are converted from a drawing to a map documenting the path of movement. Although the map scale varies between sketch entries each scene impression can be linked to one or more maps of consistent scale. The result is an artistic piece that expresses a dynamic geographic experience that can be viewed in conjunction with more traditional maps. Unlike mental maps which are constructed from memory, these maps reflect our direct impressions of the landscape. The use of art can help us convey our experience.

МЕДІАОСВІТА НА УРОКАХ ІНОЗЕМНОЇ МОВИ В ПОЧАТКОВІЙ ШКОЛІ

The article deals with possible ways of the use of media education in the process of teaching foreign languages in elementary school, which corresponds to innovative educational trends. The task of the teacher is to build a learning process so that the children were interested. The author analyzes the concept of media education and suggests possible ways of formation of skills of using media education for primary school pupils. This will allow teachers to use self-made educational material based on the personal characteristics of the students, their level of preparation, the individual way of perception of information and work with it in order to develop their autonomy, the ability to analyze, synthesize and generalize information, to form a culture of communication with the media, creative, communicative abilities, critical thinking.

Early emerging system for reasoning about the social nature of food

Selecting appropriate foods is a complex and evolutionarily ancient problem, yet past studies have revealed little evidence of adaptations present in infancy that support sophisticated reasoning about perceptual properties of food. We propose that humans have an early-emerging system for reasoning about the social nature of food selection. Specifically, infants’ reasoning about food choice is tied to their thinking about agents’ intentions and social relationships. Whereas infants do not expect people to like the same objects, infants view food preferences as meaningfully shared across individuals. Infants’ reasoning about food preferences is fundamentally social: They generalize food preferences across individuals who affiliate, or who speak a common language, but not across individuals who socially disengage or who speak different languages. Importantly, infants’ reasoning about food preferences is flexibly calibrated to their own experiences: Tests of bilingual babies reveal that an infant’s sociolinguistic background influences whether she will constrain her generalization of food preferences to people who speak the same language. Additionally, infants’ systems for reasoning about food is differentially responsive to positive and negative information. Infants generalize information about food disgust across all people, regardless of those people’s social identities. Thus, whereas food preferences are seen as embedded within social groups, disgust is interpreted as socially universal, which could help infants avoid potentially dangerous foods. These studies reveal an early-emerging system for thinking about food that incorporates social reasoning about agents and their relationships, and allows infants to make abstract, flexible, adaptive inferences to interpret others’ food choices.

The effects of training breadth on motor generalization

To generate new movements, we have to generalize what we have learned from previously practiced movements. An important question, therefore, is how the breadth of training affects generalization: does practicing a broad or narrow range of movements lead to better generalization? We address this question with a force field learning experiment. One group adapted while making many reaches in a small region (narrow group), and another group adapted while making reaches in a large region (broad group). Subsequently, both groups were tested for their ability to generalize without visual feedback. Not surprisingly, the narrow group exhibited smaller adaptation errors, yet they did not generalize any better than the broad group. Path errors during generalization were indistinguishable across the two groups, whereas the broad group exhibited reduced terminal errors. These findings indicate that overall, practicing a variety of movements is advantageous for performance during generalization; movement paths are not hindered, and terminal errors are superior. Moreover, the evidence suggests a dissociation between the ability to generalize information about a novel dynamic disturbance, which generalizes narrowly, and the ability to locate the limb accurately in space, which generalizes broadly.