Biotechnology in India: Public–private partnerships

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viren Konde
Keyword(s):  
Biotechnology Industry ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Past Performance ◽  
Private Industry ◽  
The Past ◽  
Economic Production ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Biotechnology Sector

As the purpose of this study was a survey of public sector–private industry collaborations of the biotechnology sector in India, an organisational and functional overview of this sector was needed. Therefore, rather than studying a hypothetical biotech sector in India, the focus of this work was to study the public–private partnerships (PPP) that are occurring in India in the area of modern biotechnology. The Indian Government has been playing an important role in the development of the Biotech sector from the very beginning and there are large numbers of R&D institutions (Scientific, Medical, Industrial and Agricultural) that have been set up by the Government during the past 2–3 decades. The Indian Biotechnology industry is advancing towards new heights in alignment with the growth and progression observed globally. The past performance of the industry indicates that it has surpassed the growth rate of many other industries. This paper also highlights the favourable national policies undertaken to strengthen the Indian biotechnology industry. It is in this context that the paper shows that these collaborations are an expression of more general trends towards a changing role of the country in economic production.

scholarly journals Digital Transformation vs COVID-19: the Case of Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junzo Iida
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Society ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Electronic Contracts ◽  
Court Proceedings ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Business Sectors

Whilst the DX policy of the Japanese government started in 2001, then called the E-Japan Strategy and being replaced a few years later by the i-Japan Strategy, in the 20 years since then IT has not been a success in Japan’s administrative system. On the other hand, the private sector, concerned about Japan’s lagging in its adoption of information technology, has been gradually moving forward to DX measures, such as electronic contracts. Then, this year, the COVID-19 pandemic broke out. Japan is (as of July 2020) about to experience a second wave of this disease. The need for DX has become imperative in all aspects of Japanese society, especially the government and business sectors. In the first half of 2020, the government set up DX policy rapidly; for example, civil court proceedings, the traditional carve seals custom, and the submission of administrative documents to government agencies have also been forced to move forward to DX due to COVID-19. It might be said that the crisis has been the catalyst for Japan’s shift to DX. However, it will be at least a few years before it can be known whether Japan’s DX will succeed, looking at the past examples within the Japanese bureaucratic system and politicians’ attitudes towards DX.

Financing UK Pensions

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hills
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Occupational Pension ◽  
Defined Benefit ◽  
Occupational Pensions ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Government ◽  
Future Policy ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Defined Benefit Pensions

A key feature of the pension challenges currently facing Britain is the decline of the system of occupational pensions, particularly the decline of defined-benefit pensions. Here, it is often argued that the villain has been the government (in fact a succession of governments). In this view, over the past decades successive governments have delivered a catalogue of regulation and legislation that, though often well intentioned, has ultimately worked to the detriment of occupational pension provision. Alternatively, one might argue that we could have seen it all coming. It is important that future policy should be set up in a way that is sustainable and robust enough to cope with the huge uncertainty around the increase in life expectancy which we are hoping for. This chapter examines why, and when, things began to go wrong with the financing of British pensions.

Effectiveness of Financial Inclusion Initiatives

2018 ◽  
pp. 48-65
Author(s):  
K. Sanal Nair ◽  
Saumya Jain
Keyword(s):  
Research Methodology ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Credit Card ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Mobile Banking ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Government ◽  
One Way Anova

An inclusive financial system has been the major agenda of the Indian government over the past few years and several steps have been taken in this direction. The main purpose of the study is to assess the effectiveness of financial inclusion initiatives taken by Rajasthan government. A questionnaire was drafted and was sent to people from weaker section of the society who have been the beneficiaries of the financial inclusion initiative of the government. Research methodology adopted for the study includes descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA was used to test the association/non-association between the variables. The study concluded towards lack of awareness and usage of financial inclusion initiatives, especially internet, mobile banking, and credit card. In terms of experience with financial services, respondents were positive towards interest on loans and help received by banking staff with respect to documentation and identification norms as well as branch timings. However, distance from the bank and the availability of ATM was an issue for them.

Fiscal Policy in Europe

2007 ◽  
Vol 201 ◽  
pp. 33-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray J Barrell ◽  
Sylvia Gottschalk
Keyword(s):  
Budget Deficit ◽  
Stochastic Simulations ◽  
Forecast Errors ◽  
Budget Deficits ◽  
Government Budget ◽  
The Past ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
One Year

In the past twelve months the government budget situation in Germany has improved markedly, and the budget deficit has moved from 3.2 per cent of GDP in 2005 to 1.7 per cent in 2006, with further improvements in prospect. Over the same period in France, the budget deficit moved marginally from 3 per cent of GDP in 2005 to 2.5 per cent of GDP in 2006. The prospects for further improvement appear limited as the new government plans to cut taxes to stimulate the economy. Projections for budget deficits are very uncertain, as they are the difference between two large numbers (receipts and spending) that are difficult to predict accurately. Figures 1 and 2 plot the errors around our budget projections for France and Germany based on stochastic simulations on NiGEM. The 95 per cent confidence limit for our forecast one year ahead is around 1 per cent of GDP around our central forecast, and uncertainty increases into the future. As we can see from figures 3 and 4, our forecast errors for France and Germany have been well within the 95 per cent bands in the past three years, except for our one year ahead forecast for Germany for 2006. The budget improved by 1.5 per cent of GDP more than we had anticipated, and this appears to have been due to unexpectedly high tax receipts, rather than to changed policy.

scholarly journals NASKAH BETAWI: SKRIPTORIUM DAN DEKORASI NASKAH

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Mu'jizah Mu'jizah
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 19Th Century

Betawi pada abad ke-19 menjadi tempat penyalinan naskah atau skriptorium. Naskah disalin di lembaga pemerintah dan di beberapa kampung oleh masyarakat. Banyaknya naskah tersebut membuktikan bahwa intelektualitas masyarakat Betawi sudah tinggi. Naskah-naskah yang disalin masyarakat memiliki keunikan, terutama banyaknya dekorasi naskah berupa iluminasi, ilustrasi, dan kaligrafi. Dekorasi atau hiasan tersebut disesuaikan dengan jenis cerita. Dalam makalah ini dibahas skriptorium naskah Betawi dengan kekayaan naskahnya, pengarang dan penyalin, serta keberagaman dekorasi dalam bentuk iluminasi dan ilustrasi yang menjadi keunikan naskah Betawi. Metode kodikologi digunakan untuk membahas skriptorium dan dekorasi naskah Betawi. Dari pembahasan ini ditemukan bahwa pada abad ke-19 di Betawi banyak diproduksi naskah. Naskah yang disalin bukan hanya oleh Pemerintah Hindia-Belanda yang digunakan sebagai bahan pelajaran bagi para pejabat yang akan ditugasi ke Hindia-Belanda, melainkan oleh masyarakat yang naskahnya disewakan. Dekorasi berupa iluminasi dan ilustrasi  berfungsi sebagai hiasan untuk menarik minat pembaca. Kesimpulannya bahwa Betawi sebagai skriptorium naskah pada masa lalu memperlihatkan dinamika intelektualitas masyarakatnya yang banyak memproduksi naskah untuk bahan bacaan masyarakat. In the 19th century, Betawi became a scriptorium, place of writing manuscripts. The manuscripts copied in government agencies and in some vilages by community. The manuscripts consists of many genres. The large numbers of the manuscript prove that the community in Betawi was already high intellect. The manuscript from Betawi which was copied by scribes and has uniqueness. There are the large numbers of manuscripts was decorated by illumination, illustration, and calligraphy. An ornament is depends on a kind of story. In this paper we want to discussed, Betawi as a place of copied or scriptorium with riches of manuscripts, author and scribes, and the diversity of decorations like ilumination, illustration, and challigraphy as a uniquenessof of Betawi manuscript. Codicologi methods used to discuss of scriptorium, illumination, and illustration of the manuscripts. From discussion we found that Betawi has many scribes. In the government of Holland-Indies manuscript copied by scribes, they paid for writing manuscripts which was used as a lesson to officials will be assigned to Holland-Indies. Manucripts belong to the community was leased for many reader. The manuscripts decorated by illumination and illustration. It serves to attract the readers. The conclusion is scriptorium of Batawi manuscript in the past showed the intellectuality of Betawi people many producing manuscripts for materials reading.

scholarly journals Indian-Pakistani Border: Historical Development and Contemporary Principles of Reconciling Contradictions

2021 ◽  
pp. 140-150
Author(s):  
V. Shved
Keyword(s):  
Prime Minister ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir ◽  
The Past ◽  
Colonial Empire ◽  
The Status ◽  
Border Conflicts ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
The Government

The article is devoted to the study of the issue of the historical foundations of the existing border conflicts between India and Pakistan and the latest efforts of these two states and the international community in relation of resolving them. The roots of the existing Indian-Pakistani border conflicts go back to the time when India was a part of British colonial empire. To a decisive extent, such conflicts were a consequence of the British authority’s policy, which, in an effort to weaken the liberation movement in India, incited enmity between the largest ethno-religious groups of the population – Hindus and Muslims. This policy eventually led to the formation of two separate neighboring states – India and Pakistan, and these countries inherited numerous border conflicts. The largest among them is Kashmir, due to the gap of this territory between India and Pakistan. For several decades, the state of Jammu and Kashmir, according to Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, had a special status and broad autonomy.However, the Indian government, headed by N. Modi, eliminated this special status by removing this article from the country’s constitution in August 2019. Over the past year, under the influence of serious geopolitical changes in the Indo-Pacific region and South Asia, the government of N. Modi initiated a return to the consideration of the status of the former state of Jammu and Kashmir, and also seeks to develop an updated format for his stay in India. On June 25, 2021 the prime minister of India held an important meeting with a group of prominent politicians from Kashmir, which was the first public event by the Indian government after the liquidation of the Kashmir autonomy. During the meeting, a number of issues were discussed about the preparation for the future elections in the region. N. Modi described the meeting as “an important step towards increasing efforts in the development and progress of the territory of Jammu and Kashmir”.

Searching the Past

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyn Ragsdale ◽  
Jerrold G. Rusk
Keyword(s):  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Internet Technology ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Midterm Elections ◽  
American Elections ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
Expansion Period

Abstract: This chapter begins the historical analysis of American elections across four political periods: the government expansion period (1920–1944), the post-war period (1946–1972), the government reassessment period (1974–1990), and the Internet technology period (1992–2012). In the first period, the Great Depression and the advent of radio notably reduce nonvoting. When the economy stabilizes and most people have radios in their homes, nonvoting increases. The chapter also explores the effect of women’s suffrage on nonvoting and finds that women did not enter the electorate in large numbers in the first elections for which they were eligible to vote. However, by the 1940s, their nonvoting rates are much lower than men’s in presidential elections, although not in midterm elections.

Congress and the Future

1945 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-141
Author(s):  
Jerry Voorhis
Keyword(s):  
American Revolution ◽  
Revolutionary War ◽  
Executive Power ◽  
Continental Congress ◽  
The Past ◽  
Legislative Body ◽  
The People ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up ◽  
American Nation

The American nation was born of the struggle between colonial legislatures elected by the people as their direct representatives and the executive power of the English king. It was to the colonial legislatures that the people of the Colonies looked for the defense of their liberties, and it was from their membership that most of the outstanding leaders of the American Revolution came. The Declaration of Independence was the work of the Continental Congress, an essentially legislative body, and until the formation of the Constitution the government of the American Republic consisted of that legislative body and of it alone. The deepest concern of the majority of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention, as well as of the people whom they represented, was that the Constitution might set up toe strong an executive. They feared that such an executive might, as executives had done so frequently in the past, rob the people of their liberties and take unto himself powers inconsistent with the ideals for which the Revolutionary War had been fought.

scholarly journals The irrigation and reservoir projects in the Euphrates river basin And their effects in agricultural reality

2017 ◽  
Vol 221 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-146
Author(s):  
Assistant Prof. Anfal Said Dawood ◽  
Prof. Dr. Saadia Aakoul Mankhi ◽  
Prof. Dr. Nada Shaker
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Euphrates River ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Industrial Materials ◽  
The Government

    Agriculture is of great importance because its products are a major source of food and industrial materials. Agriculture is a main craft, employing large numbers of the people of Mesopotamia, the source of their livelihood, and the source of the wealth of the owners. The taxes imposed by the government in the past and recently on agriculture are a major source of prosperity and development of the country, and the availability of means to flourish the agricultural sector and its duties from the government, and the Office of the abscess is the old task of collecting taxes on agriculture from the peasants of the most important government offices and the most complex

scholarly journals Inequality in India: Through the Lens of Differences in Water Quality

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditi Gaur ◽  
Ms. Kah Ying Choo
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Piping System ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Water Filters

India is ranked as the worst country in the world, in terms of number of people lacking access to safe water. This study examines  the socio-economic inequity of India through the lens of privileged Indian respondents’ perceptions of the water quality accessible to communities of different socio-economic status. To address this aim, a survey was conducted to measure the level of social awareness around this issue among privileged Indian respondents with regards to their ratings of the safety of the water in three different communities: their own, the underprivileged, and India as a whole.   Respondents rated their water quality to be the highest, followed by India as a whole, and then the underprivileged. The main reasons they offered for their ratings were: the government’s failure to set up an adequate infrastructure for piping water without polluting it and the inability of the underprivileged to afford water filters in India. Despite the gravity of the health problems that can ensue from the lack of access to safe water, the lack of accountability for the government, and apathy from the privileged residents, can be attributed to the deeply entrenched discrimination in India, which is founded upon its caste tradition and its pursuit  of the capitalist agenda in the ‘90s. Therefore, it is vital that the Indian government and people take responsibility for providing safe water to all by: increasing awareness amongst all communities;  provision of water filters for all, and the eventual changing of the piping system in the long term.

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