scholarly journals Del paternalismo a la protección de la maternidad: un proceso de inconvenientes | From paternalism to maternity protection: a process of inconvenience

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Rafael Díaz Moya
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Social Reform ◽  
Social Condition ◽  
Labor Protection ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
Legal Concept ◽  
Private Provision ◽  
Constitutional Right ◽  
Siglo Xx

Al exponer la trayectoria de la protección de la maternidad, partiendo de un tipo previsión privada a principios del siglo XX, encontramos una visión del concepto jurídico de la maternidad, inexistente hasta la Ley Dato y su Reglamento en 1900, caracterizado por una condición social de la mujer basada en la crianza de los hijos y el cuidado del hogar, hecho que se trasladaría al mundo laboral mediante la consideración jurídica de un ser inferior.  A través de una menor remuneración y mayor restricción educativa eran las formas patronales, en defecto de protección laboral por las Juntas locales de Reformas Sociales y de protección sindical por las pugnas entre la CNT y la UGT, para desembocar en una gran desigualdad de derechos que revertía en el incumplimiento de la legislación protectora de la acción social que intentaría evitar la II República especialmente con la inclusión de la protección del trabajo de la mujer como derecho constitucional.__________________________By exposing the trajectory of maternity protection, starting from a private provision at the beginning of the twentieth century, we find a vision of the legal concept of maternity, nonexistent until the Dato Law and its Regulations in 1900, characterized by a social condition of the woman based on the someone’s charge of the children and the care of the home, fact that would be transferred to the labor world through the legal consideration of an inferior being. Through lower remuneration and greater educational restriction were the employers' forms, in the absence of labor protection by the local Social Reform Boards and union protection by the disputes between the CNT and the UGT, to agree a great inequality of rights that reversed in the breach of the legislation protecting social action that the Second Republic tried to avoid, especially with the inclusion of the protection of women's work as a constitutional right.

scholarly journals La ciencia española en la Segunda República y la historiografía

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Álvaro Ribagorda
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
Spanish History ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
University Scientists ◽  
Siglo Xx

Resumen: La historiografía no ha dedicado mucha atención a las particularidades de la ciencia española durante la Segunda República, quedando diluida esta etapa dentro de las visiones generales del primer tercio del siglo XX que suelen abordar las historias de la cien­cia española. A partir de la revisión de la bibliografía concerniente a este tema, se plantea aquí el interés de desarrollar una perspectiva historiográfica espe­cífica sobre el mismo.Palabras claves: Ciencia, JAE, Universidad, científicos, Segunda República.Abstract: Historiography has yet to pay enough atten­tion to specificity of science during the Spanish Second Republic. The period has been diluted within general visions of the early twentieth-century Spanish History of Science. Here we review the literature and highlight the impor­tance of developing a specific historiographical perspective on the topic.Key words: Science, JAE, University, scientists, Spanish Second Republic.

Saving the Nation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Reform ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Social Revolution ◽  
Social Christianity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Urban Elite ◽  
Justice And Mercy

This book is a history of the Chinese Protestant elite and their contribution to building a new China in the years from 1922 to 1952. While a small percentage of China’s overall population, China’s Protestants constituted a large and influential segment of the urban elite. They exercised that influence through their churches, hospitals, and schools, especially the universities, and also through institutions such as the YMCA and the YWCA, whose membership was drawn from the modern sectors of urban life. These Protestant elites believed that they could best contribute to the building of a new China through their message of social Christianity, believing that Christianity could help make Chinese society strong, modern, and prosperous, but also characterized by justice and mercy. More than preaching a message, the Protestant elite also played a critical social role, through their institutions, broadening the appeal and impact of social movements, and imparting to them a greater sense of legitimacy. This history begins with the elite’s participation in social reform campaigns in the early twentieth century, continues with their efforts in resisting imperialism, and ends with their support for the Communist-led social revolution.

Punarvivaham vs. Pativratyam: Pulugurta Lakshmi Narasamamba and the Widow Remarriage Question in Colonial Andhra

2021 ◽  
pp. 025764302110017
Author(s):  
Shaik Mahaboob Basha
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Reform ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Child Marriage ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Women's Journals

The question of widow remarriage, which occupied an important place in the social reform movement, was hotly debated in colonial Andhra. Women joined the debate in the early twentieth century. There was a conservative section of women, which bitterly opposed the widow remarriage movement and attacked the social reformers, both women and men. Pulugruta Lakshmi Narasamamba led this group of women. Lakshmi Narasamamba treated widow remarriage (punarvivaham) with contempt and termed it as an affront to the fidelity (pativratyam) of Hindu women. According to her, widow remarriage was equal to ‘prostitution’, and the widows who married again could not be granted the status of kulanganas (respectable or chaste women). Lakshmi Narasamamba’s stand on the question of widow remarriage led to the emergence of a fiery and protracted controversy among women which eventually led to the division of the most famous women’s organization, the Shri Vidyarthini Samajamu. She opposed not only widow remarriage but also post-puberty marriage and campaigned in favour of child marriage. This article describes the whole debate on the widow remarriage question that took place among women. It is based on the primary sources, especially the woefully neglected women’s journals in the Telugu language.

Social Work and Social Welfare: The Organization of Philanthropic Resources in Britain, 1900–1914

1977 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Work ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Social System ◽  
Social Reform ◽  
The State ◽  
Charity Organization ◽  
Transitional Era

Late Victorian and Edwardian social reform has been studied in recent years in order to clarify that important transitional era when new state resources were being called upon to help redress the most glaring abuses which comprised the condition-of-England question. Most of these studies have emphasized the politics of social policy and have also subsumed the tangled and competitive world of philanthropy. But philanthropists were prominent in the politics and practice of social welfare. In his study of Edwardian social policy, Bentley Gilbert distinguishes three organizations as characteristic of “scientific social reform”: settlements (inspired by Canon Samuel Barnett), the Fabians, and the Charity Organization Society. His analysis of each concluded that “professionally-minded social work,” as represented by the C.O.S., least typified the transition from old to new attitudes about social policy. David Owen's examination of English philanthropy supports Gilbert's conclusions concerning the C.O.S., and less detailed surveys of social policy also cite that agency as representative of a philosophic individualism which rejected the policies necessary for reform. All agree that the charitable community called attention to many defects in the British social system, but they leave readers with the impression that it generally opposed state sponsored remedies for those ills.It is the concern of this essay to show that the “professionally-minded” world of Edwardian philanthropy was, like the state, developing new agencies and reorganizing its resources to help meet the massive and diverse welfare needs of the twentieth century.

scholarly journals La función y alcances de la Teoría de los Tres Mundos en la filosofía popperiana

2016 ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Iván Briceño Ríos
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Critical Rationalism ◽  
Siglo Xx

ResumenEl artículo intenta proponer una alternativa de comprensión de una de las propuesta popperianas que más ha dado que hablar desde la segunda mitad del siglo XX, como es su Teoría de los Tres Mundos. Este camino interpretativo contempla comprender esta teoría desde el lugar que ésta tiene en la filosofía popperiana, como así también desde sus alcances filosóficos, los cuales son de carácter cosmológico y cognitivista pluralista. Para finalmente, proponer que la Teoría de los Tres Mundos representa el carácter fundamental de la filosofía popperiana en términos de su Racionalismo Crítico. En el que la filosofía popperiana se considera libre para discutir y cambiar de plan si el tema lo justifica.Palabras clave: Teoría de los Tres Mundo - filosofía popperiana - cosmología cognitiva - racionalismo crítico. AbstractThe article is aimed to propose an alternative for understanding one of the most controversial Popperian proposals from the second half of the Twentieth Century, as is his Theory of the Three Worlds. For this interpretive trail it is necessary to understand this theory from its place in Popper’s philosophy, as well as from its philosophical scopes, which are and pluralistic cognitive. The article finally proposes thatthe Theory of the Three World represents the fundamental character ofPopper’s philosophy in terms of its critical rationalism where the Popper’sphilosophy is considered free to discuss and change according tothe topic.Keywords: Theory of the Three Worlds - Popper’s philosophy - cognitivecosmology - critical rationalism. ResumoO artigo tenta propor uma alternativa de compreensão de uma daspropostas popperianas que mais tem dado de falar a partir da segundametade do século XX, como é sua Teoria dos Três Mundos. Esta trilhainterpretativa contempla compreender esta teoria desde o lugar queesta tem na filosofia de popperiana, assim também desde seus alcancesfilosóficos. Os quais são de caráter cosmológico e cognitivista pluralista.Para finalmente propor que a Teoria dos Três Mundos representa o caráterfundamental da filosofia de popperiana em termos de seu RacionalismoCrítico. No qual, onde a filosofia de Popper é considerada livre paradiscutir e mudar de planos, se o tema o justifica.Palavras-chave: Teoria dos Três Mundos - filosofia popperiana - cosmologiacognitiva - racionalismo crítico.

scholarly journals A história oral visita o cinema: Que bom te ver viva e Los Rubios

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Ana Maria Veiga
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Oral History ◽  
Time History ◽  
Film Maker ◽  
Political Resources ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Brazilian Film ◽  
Siglo Xx

ResumoEste artigo relaciona o cinema, como meio de comunicação, à história oral e seus entrelaçamentos com a história do tempo presente, atentando para os testemunhos, utilizados como recurso estético e político nos filmes Que bom te ver viva, da cineasta brasileira Lúcia Murat, e Los rubios, da argentina Albertina Carri. Podendo ser categorizadas como documentários-ficção, ambas as realizações lidam com os traumas resultantes da violência ditatorial em seus países de origem, na segunda metade do século XX. Em que medida servem estes filmes como fontes para estudos que se apoiam na história oral é o que pretendemos discutir neste artigo. Palavras-chave: Cinema; História oral; Que bom te ver viva; Los rubios AbstractThis article aims to treat cinema, as a way of communication, in its relationship with Oral History and its ties with Present Time History, attempting to testimonies used as aesthetic and political resources inside films like Que bom te ver viva, by the Brazilian film maker Lúcia Murat, and Los rubios, by the Argentine film maker Albertina Carri. Categorized as fictional documentaries, both films deal with the traumas that result of dictatorial violence in their countries of production, in the second half of the twentieth century. How can these films be used as sources of investigation by studies based on Oral History is a question to be answered in this article. Key-words: Cinema; Oral History; Que bom te ver viva; Los rubios ResumenEste artículo relaciona el cine, como medio de comunicación, a la historia oral y sus entrelazamientos con la historia del tiempo presente, al atentar para los testimonios utilizados como recurso estético y político en las películas Que bom te ver viva, de la realizadora brasileña Lúcia Murat, y Los rubios, de la argentina Albertina Carri. Categorizadas como documentales-ficciones, las dos películas se llevan con los traumas resultantes de la violencia dictatorial en sus países de origen, en la segunda mitad del siglo XX. En que medida sirven estas películas como fuentes para los estudios basados en la historia oral es lo que pretendemos discutir en este artículo. Palabras-clave: Cine; Historia oral; Que bom te ver viva; Los rubios. Disponível em:Url:http://opendepot.org/2773/Abrir em (para melhor visualização em dispositivos móveis - Formato Flipbooks):Issuu / Calameo

scholarly journals Perspectiva bioética del Trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH)

Bioderecho.es ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego José García Capilla ◽  
María José Torralba Madrid
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Right To Health ◽  
Critical Perspective ◽  
The Right ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
The Welfare State

La aparición del Estado del bienestar a mitad del siglo XX tuvo consecuencias sanitarias que culminan con el reconocimiento del derecho a la protección de la salud y el deber de asistencia sanitaria del Estado, con una extensión de la medicina a campos desconocidos, medicalizando la vida de las personas. El TDAH es un caso paradigmático, convirtiéndose en una patología psiquiátrica a partir de su inclusión en el DSM-III 1980, con inconsistencias y subjetividad en las clasificaciones. La etiología del trastorno es desconocida, su diagnóstico es subjetivo y dudoso, su tratamiento poco efectivo y con riesgos, incrementando el número de casos diagnosticados y los beneficios de la industria farmacéutica. Desde la Bioética se impone una reflexión sobre los posible daños derivados de la medicalización (no-maleficencia), una prudente actuación de los profesional (beneficencia), respeto al criterio de niños y adolescentes (autonomía) y una perspectiva crítica en relación con el gasto derivado de su diagnóstico (justicia). The emergence of the welfare state in the mid-twentieth century had health consequences that culminated in the recognition of the right to health protection and the duty of health care of the State, with an extension of medicine to unknown fields, medicalizing the life of people. ADHD is a paradigmatic case, becoming a psychiatric pathology due to its inclusion in the DSM-III 1980, with inconsistencies and subjectivity in the classifications. The etiology of the disorder is unknown, its diagnosis is subjective and doubtful, its treatment ineffective and with risks, increasing the number of cases diagnosed and the benefits of the pharmaceutical industry. From the Bioethics a reflection on the possible damages derived from the medicalization (nonmaleficence), a prudent action of the professional (beneficence), respect to the criterion of children and adolescents (autonomy) and a critical perspective in relation to the expense is imposed derived from his diagnosis (justice).

scholarly journals Una aproximación a la complejidad social e ideológica en Baja California Sur / Social and Ideological Complexity in Baja California Sur: an Approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-94
Author(s):  
Rossana Almada Alatorre ◽  
Rosa Elba Rodríguez Tomp
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Baja California ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Baja California Sur ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Complex Thought ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
Society Today

ABSTRACTUnderstanding sudcalifornian society today requires the adoption of a perspective that is anchored in the complex thought, given the fact that during the last two decades of the twentieth century it has been the recipient of multiple elements that have served as catalysts for changes and setbacks in the construction of subjectivity. We witness the emergence of advances in terms of what is understood as “development” from an economic point of view, based on the opening to domestic and foreign investment; politically and ideologically we lurch from side to side, with the citizens' vote alternating between personalities deeply entrenched in the community more than being based on concrete political proposals. “Values” in terms of morality and traditions emphasise, on one side, the respect and tolerance which have characterised Sudcalifornia at least for the second half of the twentieth century; but, on the other hand, are skewed towards shaping a society that could be called neoconservative, for it adopts positions and values already vindicated by other societies in the heart of the countryRESUMENComprender en la actualidad a la sociedad sudcaliforniana requiere de una perspectiva anclada en el pensamiento complejo pues a partir de las últimas dos décadas del siglo XX ha sido receptora de una multiplicidad de elementos que han servido como impulsores de cambios y retrocesos en la construcción de la subjetividad. Asistimos a la emergencia de avances en términos de lo que se entiende por “desarrollo” desde la visión económica, con base en la apertura a la inversión nacional y extranjera; política e ideológicamente damos tumbos de un lado a otro, alternando el voto ciudadano más entre personalidades arraigadas en la entidad que con base en propuestas políticas concretas; los “valores” en términos de la moral y las costumbres, por un lado acentúan el respeto y la tolerancia que ha caracterizado a Sudcalifornia al menos durante la última mitad del siglo XX y, por otro, se sesgan hacia la configuración de una sociedad que podríamos denominar neoconservadora, pues adopta posturas y valores reivindicados por las sociedades del centro del país.

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