scholarly journals Lo necesario, lo superfluo y la medición de la pobreza

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
José María Larrú
Keyword(s):  
Public Policies ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Thomas Aquinas ◽  
Poverty Measurement ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Good Account ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Scholastic Philosophy

El objetivo de este trabajo es unir la aportación de la filosofía escolástica con la técnica de la medición de la pobreza a fin de clarificar cuánto ingreso debe ser normativamente considerado para adquirir “lo necesario” para vivir. La escolástica ha diferenciado –desde Tomás de Aquino- los bienes necesarios, los socialmente necesarios y los superfluos. Sobre los dos primeros se reconocieron derechos de propiedad usufructuaria, pero no sobre los superfluos. Lo que el trabajo investiga es saber si la línea de pobreza absoluta, nacional o internacional (actualmente establecida en $1,90 diarios en PPP de 2011) da buena cuenta de la capacidad para adquirir “lo necesario”. Rechazada esta opción se propone un Índice de Acceso a lo Necesario y se analizan las consecuencias de políticas públicas que conlleva la ambigüedad de “lo necesario”. The goal of this work is to combine the contribution of scholastic philosophy with the technique of poverty measurement in order to clarify how much income should be normatively considered in order to acquire "what is necessary" to live. Scholasticism has differentiated - from Thomas Aquinas - the necessary, socially necessary and superfluous goods. On the first two rights of usufruct property were recognized, but not on the superfluous ones. What the research investigates is whether the absolute poverty line, national or international (currently set at $ 1.90 per day in PPP 2011) gives a good account of the capability to acquire "what is necessary". Once this option is rejected, an Index of Access to the Necessary is proposed and the consequences of public policies that entail the ambiguity of "what is necessary" are analyzed.

Poverty in the European Union and in Russia: A comparative analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-717
Author(s):  
Eka R. ERMAKOVA ◽  
Dar'ya V. VASHURKINA
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Poverty Measurement ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Monetary Approach ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Absolute

Subject. The article considers and compares methods used in the European and domestic practice for determining the poverty line. Objectives. Our aim is to underpin the need to abandon the absolute approach to determining the poverty line in Russia in favor of relative approaches. Methods. We employ general scientific methods of cognition (comparison, analysis, and synthesis) and special methods of economic science (rationed assessments). The data of the Federal State Statistics Service and its territorial bodies, the Statistical Office of the European Communities, etc. serve as the information base of the study. Results. The paper shows the failure of the absolute approach to poverty measurement, reveals its shortcomings, determines that it distorts the picture of economic reality in the study of poverty. We apply the European monetary approach to poverty measurement. The comparative analysis of poverty rates in Western Europe and in Russia confirms the existence of extreme forms of poverty, both in developed European States and in our country. The paper uses the ‘zone theory’ to assess the severity of poverty in Russia; the actual values of these indicators in Western Europe serve as thresholds. Conclusions. The use of the relative monetary approach to measure poverty in the country gives a more accurate idea. Since 2021, Russia has switched to a similar method of calculating the subsistence rate and the minimum wage. Hence, the officially recorded level of poverty in the country will increase, and this will require additional measures to support the poor by the State.

The impact of cash transfer programs on Brazilian’s well-being

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 1106-1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izete Pengo Bagolin
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Social Program ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Transfer Programs ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to investigate if there is any evidence of differentials in the well-being achievements of two groups which will be called the “artificially” and the “truly” not poor; and second, to test the hypothesis that income from work is a better entitlement than income received from social programs. Design/methodology/approach The author used data from the 2008 Brazilian Household Budget Survey and selected two groups. Both groups are composed of people living between the absolute and the relative poverty line. The group that is living above the absolute poverty line only due to cash transfer programs will be considered the “artificially” not poor. And people who are out of absolute poverty but not receiving any help from social program are considered the “truly” (and not absolutely) poor. The hypothesis was tested using structural equation modeling. Findings The results support the hypothesis that people who are not receiving income from cash transfer programs achieve a higher level of well-being in the dimensions of housing and food. Food and housing capabilities affect each other and such result reinforces the multidimensionality of the Brazilian poverty. Research limitations/implications The main limitations refers to the restrict number of dimensions and to the necessity to adapt the indicators available to answer the paper objectives. Practical implications The paper results can help the policy makers to better understand the cash transfer programs attainment and boundaries. Social implications The paper results highlight that the cash transfer programs, even being useful to improve people well-being, are not sufficient to promote human capabilities and are not truly undertaking the multidimensional deprivations of the poor. Originality/value The paper compares two groups of people living with identical amount of income acquired from different origins.

The Absolute Poverty Approach

2018 ◽  
pp. 221-248
Author(s):  
Gary S. Fields
Keyword(s):  
Basic Needs ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Amartya Sen ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Absolute Requirement ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Over Time

“Poverty” has been defined as the inability of an individual or a family to command sufficient resources to satisfy basic needs. The workman who, in Adam Smith’s day, could not appear in public wearing a proper linen shirt, was ipso facto poor, not only to Smith but to Amartya Sen who, commenting on Smith’s observation, wrote: “On the space of the capabilities themselves – the direct constituent of the standard of living – escape from poverty has an absolute requirement, to wit, avoidance of this type of shame. Not so much having equal shame as others, but just not being ashamed, absolutely” (Sen 1984, p. 335). Over time, the poverty line needs to be adjusted for changes in the cost of acquiring the basket of basic needs. When the poverty line is adjusted for inflation and only for inflation, the line defines “absolute poverty.”

Poverty Assessment as a Social Criterion of Economic Security of Russian Regions and EАEU Countries

2019 ◽  
pp. 4-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Tsvetkov ◽  
Kh. Z. Kobilzhon ◽  
S. Ya. Konstantinas ◽  
Sh. Kobil
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Line ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Level Indicator ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Poverty Assessment ◽  
Radical Reduction ◽  
The Absolute

The presented study examines methodological approaches to poverty assessment as a social indicator of economic security of Russian regions and countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU).Aim. The study aims to analyze the level of poverty in Russian regions, including in relation to the dynamics of inequality indicators.Tasks. The authors address the problems of developing a comprehensive approach to poverty assessment in Russia with a view to further develop public policy measures that would allow for a radical reduction in poverty and analyze the dynamics of the poverty level indicator in the EAEU countries, determining the distinctive features of this phenomenon in the countries that are most economically integrated with Russia.Methods. This study uses the methods of systems analysis, econometric analysis, evolutionary-institutional theory, and historical approach.Results. Analysis of the absolute poverty indicator in regions shows a significant disparity between regions in terms of the proportion of citizens with incomes below the absolute poverty line. In all EAEU countries, the level of poverty decreased over the past 12 years, but the dynamics of this indicator is diverging.Conclusions. It is not uncommon for the regions of the Russian Federation with lower absolute poverty to have a higher Gini coefficient. EAEU countries use different methods for calculating the poverty level. Looking ahead, it seems appropriate to standardize the methodology for calculating poverty levels in EAEU countries, introduce a uniform standard for calculating this indicator, and develop joint comprehensive measures aimed at reducing poverty in EAEU member states. 

scholarly journals Long run trails of poverty, 1925–2010

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michail Moatsos
Keyword(s):  
Total Error ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Poverty Measurement ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Global Poverty ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Poverty Lines

Abstract What use has a poverty line when we do not know what it actually allows for? I exploit this weaknesses of the dollar-a-day methodology to motivate a relatively more consistent alternative in global poverty measurement. Poverty lines targeting well-defined welfare levels are constructed as consumption baskets, following recommendation 15 of the World Bank Commission on Global Poverty which promotes the use of a cost of basic needs approach in global poverty measurement. Those baskets are priced locally and separately for each year, and account for basic nutrition, heating, housing, health, education and other expenses. This transparent method is here applied on long run poverty measurement for a group of eight countries. A second contribution is the error accounting approach using Monte Carlo technique for micro-simulations. This is in line with recommendation 5 for “total error” accounting, published in the recent Commission on Global Poverty report. Thus, statistical analysis of global poverty becomes possible. The evolution of the poverty profile in five key western countries along with three countries from Africa, seen from a broader global perspective, allows for a comparative analysis. Among this small group of countries, the Netherlands appear to be the champions in fighting extreme absolute poverty, with all poverty lines producing zero absolute poverty rates since 1987. An important caveat in interpreting these results is the use of sub-optimal distributional data for these estimates, in order to keep the quality of the underlying data comparable throughout the estimation period.

Mutiny and Leadership

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Grint
Keyword(s):  
Leadership Skills ◽  
Leadership Theory ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Relative Poverty ◽  
Constructive Dialogue ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Book Covers ◽  
The Masses

Mutiny is often associated with the occasional mis-leadership of the masses by politically inspired hotheads or a spontaneous and unusually romantic gesture of defiance against a uniquely overbearing military superior. In reality it is seldom either, and usually it has far more mundane roots, not in the absolute poverty of the subordinates but in the relative poverty of the relationships between leaders and led in a military situation. Using contemporary leadership theory to cast a critical light on an array of mutinies across time and space, this book suggests we consider mutiny as a permanent possibility that is further encouraged or discouraged by particular contexts. What turns discontent into mutiny, however, lies in the leadership skills of a small number of leaders, and what transforms that into a constructive dialogue or a catastrophic disaster depends on how the leaders of both sides mobilize their supporters and their networks. From mutinies in ancient Roman and Greek armies through those that were generated by uncaring European monarchs and those that toppled the German and Russian states—and those that forced governments to face their own disastrous policies and changed them forever—this book covers an array of cases across land, sea, and air that still pose a threat to military establishments today.

scholarly journals Building an integrated poverty measure by three poverty profiles

POPULATION ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-105
Author(s):  
Vladislav Zharomsky
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Negative Answer ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Poverty Measure ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Subsistence Minimum ◽  
Statistical Survey

On the basis of estimating three poverty profiles calculated on sample surveys data, the article presents the methods for obtaining an integrated poverty measure, which solves the model of latent structural analysis with binary classes. In such surveys as Parents and Children, Men and Women in Family, HSE Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, Russian Household Budget Survey, there are questions characterizing different profiles of poverty — economic, deprivation and subjective. The last-mentioned profile presents a subjective perception of one’s position on the scale of living standards. Estimates by the three profiles measure different sides of poverty, but it is not clear how they are harmonized, and whether latent poverty is statistically reflected in them. The model of the latent structural analysis may give a positive or negative answer to this question. In case of the positive answer it is proposed to take the probability of latent poverty as an integrated poverty measure. The article provides the results of calculations for three groups of households: those of pensioners, of able-bodied persons, and mixed households consisting of pensioners and the able-bodied. On the data from the largest Rosstat survey — Statistical Survey of Income and Participation in Social Programs (VNDN) were made estimates of latent poverty for urban and rural population of Russia, for households with different number of children. It shows that latent poverty and coherence of different population groups are not contrary to the meaningful views on the phenomenon. It is found out that the understated size of the subsistence minimum (absolute poverty line) leads to lack of coherence between three estimates for households of pensioners. In this case, feeling of poverty and deprivation levels are not in line with the economic estimation of poverty.

PROBLEMS OF CREATING A LIVING STANDARDS MODEL

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
Abdujabbor Abidov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Data Structures ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Poverty Measurement ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Formal Modeling ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Communication Models ◽  
Using Data

This article is devoted to the development of a model for determining the standard of living of the population. The problems of using data warehouses, communication models of e-government that form the basis of digital platforms, big data, issues of the digital economy, the choice of data structures, methods of formal modeling of relationships are also considered.As a result, a model was developed using the poverty criteria set out in the Poverty Measurement Toolkit when determining the international poverty line.

Word

2019 ◽  
pp. 39-62
Author(s):  
Nathan Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Thomas Aquinas ◽  
Trinitarian Theology ◽  
Cultural Dimension ◽  
Semiotic Analysis ◽  
Divine Nature ◽  
The Absolute

This chapter gives a new, semiotic reading of Thomas Aquinas’ Trinitarian theology, in order to establish the theological ‘height’ of culture. Aquinas develops Augustine’s psychological analogy in explicitly semiotic terms, so that the divine Word is the sign of the Father. He confirms this also in terms of the Son as name and image. Because for Aquinas signs are a kind of relation, his semiotic analysis can be integrated with his notion of divine persons as substantial relations. Aquinas’ semiotic Trinity can be understood as an absolute ‘cultural nature’, in which the divine nature is identical with the semiosis of the persons (signified origin, expressed sign, eternal interpretation). This theological claim suggests a new vantage on the nature-culture question: all created natures possess a cultural dimension, reflecting the absolute cultural nature that is their origin.

John of St Thomas (1589–1644)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Thomas Aquinas ◽  
Jacques Maritain ◽  
Philosophical Writing ◽  
Major Figure ◽  
Scholastic Philosophy

The seventeenth-century Portuguese Dominican, John of St Thomas or John Poinsot, was a major figure in late scholastic philosophy and theology. Educated at Coimbra and Louvain, he taught both disciplines in Spain: at Madrid, Plasencia and Alcalá. Aspiring to be a faithful disciple of Thomas Aquinas, he published a three-volume Cursus philosophicus thomisticus (Thomistic Philosophical Course) and before he died began the publication of a Cursus theologicus (Theological Course). His philosophical writing was explicitly on logic and natural philosophy. However, in both his philosophical and theological works, he treated many metaphysical, epistemological and ethical issues. His logic is divided into two parts, formal and material. Of particular interest is his semiotic doctrine which appears in the second part. In natural philosophy, he explained Aristotle with a Thomistic slant. While following Aquinas in theology, John at times developed his master’s doctrine along new lines. Both in his own time and after he has had considerable authority within scholasticism, especially for Thomists. Among those whom he has influenced in twentieth-century Thomism are Joseph Gredt, Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange, Santiago Ramirez, Jacques Maritain and Yves Simon.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document