Poverty in the European Union and in Russia: A comparative analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-717
Author(s):  
Eka R. ERMAKOVA ◽  
Dar'ya V. VASHURKINA
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Poverty Measurement ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Monetary Approach ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Absolute

Subject. The article considers and compares methods used in the European and domestic practice for determining the poverty line. Objectives. Our aim is to underpin the need to abandon the absolute approach to determining the poverty line in Russia in favor of relative approaches. Methods. We employ general scientific methods of cognition (comparison, analysis, and synthesis) and special methods of economic science (rationed assessments). The data of the Federal State Statistics Service and its territorial bodies, the Statistical Office of the European Communities, etc. serve as the information base of the study. Results. The paper shows the failure of the absolute approach to poverty measurement, reveals its shortcomings, determines that it distorts the picture of economic reality in the study of poverty. We apply the European monetary approach to poverty measurement. The comparative analysis of poverty rates in Western Europe and in Russia confirms the existence of extreme forms of poverty, both in developed European States and in our country. The paper uses the ‘zone theory’ to assess the severity of poverty in Russia; the actual values of these indicators in Western Europe serve as thresholds. Conclusions. The use of the relative monetary approach to measure poverty in the country gives a more accurate idea. Since 2021, Russia has switched to a similar method of calculating the subsistence rate and the minimum wage. Hence, the officially recorded level of poverty in the country will increase, and this will require additional measures to support the poor by the State.

Government Relations: theory, strategies and national practices. Complete guide

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Рашид Мухаев ◽  
Rashid Muhaev
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Government Relations ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Educational Standard ◽  
Science And Art ◽  
State Educational

This publication is one of the first textbooks on the subject "Theory and practice of Government Relations" and a complete guide to GR, the content of which is based on a comparative analysis of the theories, strategies and technologies of communication of interested groups with state and municipal authorities in different countries. The status and nature of GR as a science and art are revealed, methodological and applied issues of designing strategies and practices for converting functional groups ' requests, including business structures, into a mechanism for making and implementing political decisions are revealed. When using the strategy of comparative analysis, communicative practices of interaction of interested groups and authorities in the United States are considered. in the countries of Western Europe, Japan and China, the advantages and disadvantages of national models of GR are revealed, strategies and technologies of positioning of interest groups in Russia, the mechanism of promotion of corporate requests in the public sphere are shown. Corresponds to the Federal state educational standard of higher education of the last generation. The legislation of different countries on GR-practices is relevant as of July 1, 2018. For students of higher educational institutions studying in the areas of "Advertising and PR", "State and municipal administration", "political Science".

scholarly journals Lo necesario, lo superfluo y la medición de la pobreza

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
José María Larrú
Keyword(s):  
Public Policies ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Thomas Aquinas ◽  
Poverty Measurement ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Good Account ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Scholastic Philosophy

El objetivo de este trabajo es unir la aportación de la filosofía escolástica con la técnica de la medición de la pobreza a fin de clarificar cuánto ingreso debe ser normativamente considerado para adquirir “lo necesario” para vivir. La escolástica ha diferenciado –desde Tomás de Aquino- los bienes necesarios, los socialmente necesarios y los superfluos. Sobre los dos primeros se reconocieron derechos de propiedad usufructuaria, pero no sobre los superfluos. Lo que el trabajo investiga es saber si la línea de pobreza absoluta, nacional o internacional (actualmente establecida en $1,90 diarios en PPP de 2011) da buena cuenta de la capacidad para adquirir “lo necesario”. Rechazada esta opción se propone un Índice de Acceso a lo Necesario y se analizan las consecuencias de políticas públicas que conlleva la ambigüedad de “lo necesario”. The goal of this work is to combine the contribution of scholastic philosophy with the technique of poverty measurement in order to clarify how much income should be normatively considered in order to acquire "what is necessary" to live. Scholasticism has differentiated - from Thomas Aquinas - the necessary, socially necessary and superfluous goods. On the first two rights of usufruct property were recognized, but not on the superfluous ones. What the research investigates is whether the absolute poverty line, national or international (currently set at $ 1.90 per day in PPP 2011) gives a good account of the capability to acquire "what is necessary". Once this option is rejected, an Index of Access to the Necessary is proposed and the consequences of public policies that entail the ambiguity of "what is necessary" are analyzed.

scholarly journals “Multi-Speed Europe”: Issues of the Evolution of Geocultural Integration

REGIONOLOGY ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-27
Author(s):  
Grigory V. Markov ◽  
Boris V. Salikhov
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Actual Application ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Economic Ties ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Introduction. The rhetoric of the leaders of the countries of the European Un ion shows large-scale contradictions on key issues as well as the “geocultural” incompatibility of views. The objective of the study is to prove the need for a dichotomous division of the European Union into “West” and “East”, the conceptual application of the idea of “multi-speed Europe” being the theoretical basis for such separation. Materials and Methods. The method of unity of the qualitative and quantitative parameters of the countries of the former socialist bloc and Western European states was used to establish a sufficient evidence base. Empirical and theoretical studies as well as statistical data from international organizations were used as the materials for this study. Results. In the process of a comprehensive study, an up-to-date geocultural analysis of the comparative characteristics of the countries of the European Union was carried out. On this basis, the effectiveness of the concept of “multi-speed Europe” as a way of formalizing the existing differences within the European Union has been proved. An assessment of the consequences of the regionalization of Europe, optimistic for Russia, has been given. The actual application of this concept will improve the socio-economic ties between Russia and Western Europe. Discussion and Conclusion. The study has revealed the controversy and ineffectiveness of the existence of a united Europe. A comprehensive study of the concept of “multi-speed Europe” will make it possible to predict the further development of the European Union and evaluate the role of Russia in modern Europe. The results may be used by scientists and politicians to analyze the consequences of the enlargement of the European Union.

scholarly journals Pre-COVID-19 Organic Market in the European Union—Focus on the Czech, German, and Slovak Markets

Agriculture ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Stanislav Rojík ◽  
Martina Zámková ◽  
Martina Chalupová ◽  
Ladislav Pilař ◽  
Martin Prokop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Organic Food ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Farmers Markets ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Organic Products ◽  
Food Market

This article compares attitudes to buying organic food in selected countries in Central Europe. The current research was conducted in 2019 on a total sample of 2800 respondents in the Czech Republic, Slovakia (Central Europe, with a relatively new organic food market), and Germany (a traditional Western Europe country with a mature food market). The study results demonstrate significant differences between the three selected markets. The product quality is the most important for German consumers. Slovak consumers consider organic food to be the least recognizable and least promoted of all the regions surveyed, and they are also the least likely to encounter targeted advertising for organic products. Germany is the country where most respondents regularly or occasionally buy organic food. In Slovakia, an interesting finding is the highest proportion of respondents who do not buy organic food at all. Czech respondents often buy organic products in specialized shops and like to grow organic products themselves. The results also suggest that Slovak consumers slightly more often prefer foreign organic products to the local ones, whereas consumers in Germany select regional organic products more often and prefer to buy regional products at farmers’ markets.

scholarly journals Why the EU-15 Maintains Higher CIT Rates than the New Member States?

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-120
Author(s):  
Andrzej Karpowicz
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Corporate Income Tax ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
New Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The European Union is not a homogenous area. This lack of homogeneity extends to taxes, which vary across jurisdictions. On average, Western Europe imposes significantly higher taxes on capital than New Member States, which joined the Community in 2004 and 2007. Often this fact is simply taken for granted. However, there are several arguments that can explain this variance. Although several of these arguments are well known and have been researched, they have not been assessed in combination, or used in a comparative analysis of corporate income tax (CIT) rates between EU member states. Because of interest in harmonizing CIT throughout the EU, the roots of divergent CIT is of particular and timely value. Therefore, this article we attempts to demonstrate the differences in CIT rates in the EU-15 and New Member States. In so doing the general characteristics of these country grouping is identified, and then discussed in the context of the taxation theory.

Polen: Flüchtlingsnotstand – aber wo sind die Flüchtlinge?

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (140) ◽  
pp. 379-392
Author(s):  
Helmut Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Asylum Policy ◽  
The Face ◽  
Emergency Measures

Poland accepted the alien and asylum policy of the European Union. But what does it mean, in the face of the fact that most of the refugees don´t want to sojourn a lot of time in Poland, but want to join their families or friends in Western Europe? How the transfer of policies does work, if the local conditions are quite different than in Germany or France? The answer seems to be the dramatization of the refugee situation in Poland, especially the adoption of emergency measures towards refugees of Chechnya.

Analyzing the development of approaches to company performance measurement

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1173-1188
Author(s):  
A.B. Kogan ◽  
A.N. Pristavka
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Performance Measurement ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Effectiveness Evaluation ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Company Performance ◽  
Financial Indicators ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
Simple Set

Subject. The article presents various definitions of the efficiency concept, their changes as the economic science evolves, and describes various methods to measure company performance efficiency, ranging from a simple set of financial indicators to comprehensive systems for effectiveness evaluation. Objectives. The purpose of the study is to systematize the said definitions and identify a category that will meet the current condition of business environment. Methods. The study rests on the retrospective and comparative analysis of interpretations of the efficiency concept in the economic science. We also employ the historical and logical methods of general theoretical research. Results. We identify three approaches to the interpretation of the efficiency concept. Within the selected approaches, we consider the main methods for company performance measurement that have emerged since 1914. The paper formulates criteria, which were used to carry out the comparative analysis of these methods. The analysis enabled to trace all changes in the methods. Conclusions. We propose to use the term Integrated Company Efficiency and to develop methodological framework for measuring the comprehensive efficiency of companies operating in various industries.

STUDY OF MOVEMENTS MOBILITY-IMPAIRED POPULATION GROUPS IN PEDESTRIAN ZONES OF THE STREET-ROAD NETWORK (in the example of city of Kiev)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleksandra Cherednichenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Actual State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
The Road ◽  
Mobility Impaired

The results of the study of the main elements of unobstructed space are presented and the compliance of the actual state with the regulatory requirements of measures to ensure a safe, comfortable, accessible and informative pedestrian zone of the road network is analyzed. A comparative analysis of the main regulatory requirements for access ramps on the legislation of Ukraine and the European Union is carried out.

Professional standard for teachers and federal state educational standards: comparative analysis

2019 ◽  
pp. 391-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera I. Toktarova ◽  
◽  
Svetlana N. Fedorova ◽  
Marina A. Mokoseeva ◽  
Nikolai V. Kuzmin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Professional Standard ◽  
Educational Standards ◽  
State Educational

Russia in the XXI century: a request for a new economic policy

2020 ◽  
pp. 8-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Khasbulatov
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The European Union ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Position

The author examines Russia’s economic position in the world in the XXI century, China’s economic and political infl uence on other countries, and analyzes the economy of the European Union, classifi es the experience of Western Europe as the most successful, while taking into account miscalculations and mistakes.

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