Systematic Errors in the Four Vertical Algorithms in Normal and Handicapped Populations

1975 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 202-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Error ◽  
Systematic Errors ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Computational Process ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Basic Facts ◽  
One Year ◽  
Computational Skill ◽  
Computational Processes

In a two-year study, frequencies and descriptions of systematic errors in four algorithms in arithmetic were studied in upper-middle income regular and special education classrooms involving 744 children. Children were screened for adequate knowledge of basic facts and for receiving prior instruction on the computational processes. Systematic errors contained a recurring incorrect computational process and were differentiated from careless errors and random errors. Errors were studied within levels of computational skill for each algorithm. Results showed that 5-6% of the children made systematic errors in the addition, multiplication, and division algorithms. The figure was 13% for the subtraction algorithm. One year later 23% of the children were making either the identical systematic error or another systematic error.

scholarly journals STUDI PERAMBATAN KESALAHAN SISTEMATIS LUAS LAHAN PARKIR KAMPUS MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN LUAS SEGITIGA SEMBARANG

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Hendro Supratikno ◽  
David Premana
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Error ◽  
Error Propagation ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Systematic Errors ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Parking Lots ◽  
Parking Lot ◽  
Data Error ◽  
Definition Of

Parking is a condition of not moving a vehicle that is temporary because it was abandoned by the driver. Included in the definition of parking is every vehicle that stops at certain places whether stated by traffic signs or not, and not solely for the benefit of raising and / or lowering people and / or goods.Campus 3 Lumajang State Community Academy has facilities and infrastructure prepared by the Lumajang Regency government. However, the parking lots provided cannot accommodate vehicles optimally because of the ratio of the number of vehicles and the area of the parking area that is not appropriate. This is because the area of the parking lot is not analyzed by data error when measuring.Each measurement data is assumed to have errors both systematic errors, random errors, and large errors (blunders), so that in the measurement of parking lots certainly there are errors. From this the authors intend to conduct research to find out how the propagation of systematic errors and the large systematic errors of the area of campus parking lot 3 Lumajang Community Academy.The methods used in this study include preparing materials and tools, making land sketches, decomposing them, determining distances using theodolite, determining land area equations, and finding systematic error propagation. So that the final goal in this study is to find large systematic errors in the parking area of Campus 3 of the Lumajang State Community Academy

scholarly journals Towards space based verification of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from strong localized sources: fossil fuel power plant emissions as seen by a CarbonSat constellation

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 5147-5182
Author(s):  
V. A. Velazco ◽  
M. Buchwitz ◽  
H. Bovensmann ◽  
M. Reuter ◽  
O. Schneising ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Systematic Error ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Systematic Errors ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Power Plant Emissions ◽  
Global Coverage ◽  
Plant Emissions

Abstract. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most important man-made greenhouse gas (GHG) that cause global warming. With electricity generation through fossil-fuel power plants now as the economic sector with the largest source of CO2, power plant emissions monitoring has become more important than ever in the fight against global warming. In a previous study done by Bovensmann et al. (2010), random and systematic errors of power plant CO2 emissions have been quantified using a single overpass from a proposed CarbonSat instrument. In this study, we quantify errors of power plant annual emission estimates from a hypothetical CarbonSat and constellations of several CarbonSats while taking into account that power plant CO2 emissions are time-dependent. Our focus is on estimating systematic errors arising from the sparse temporal sampling as well as random errors that are primarily dependent on wind speeds. We used hourly emissions data from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) combined with assimilated and re-analyzed meteorological fields from the National Centers of Environmental Prediction (NCEP). CarbonSat orbits were simulated as a sun-synchronous low-earth orbiting satellite (LEO) with an 828-km orbit height, local time ascending node (LTAN) of 13:30 (01:30 p.m.) and achieves global coverage after 5 days. We show, that despite the variability of the power plant emissions and the limited satellite overpasses, one CarbonSat can verify reported US annual CO2 emissions from large power plants (≥5 Mt CO2 yr−1) with a systematic error of less than ~4.9 % for 50 % of all the power plants. For 90 % of all the power plants, the systematic error was less than ~12.4 %. We additionally investigated two different satellite configurations using a combination of 5 CarbonSats. One achieves global coverage everyday but only samples the targets at fixed local times. The other configuration samples the targets five times at two-hour intervals approximately every 6th day but only achieves global coverage after 5 days. From the statistical analyses, we found, as expected, that the random errors improve by approximately a factor of two if 5 satellites are used. On the other hand, more satellites do not result in a large reduction of the systematic error. The systematic error is somewhat smaller for the CarbonSat constellation configuration achieving global coverage everyday. Finally, we recommend the CarbonSat constellation configuration that achieves daily global coverage.

scholarly journals Towards space based verification of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from strong localized sources: fossil fuel power plant emissions as seen by a CarbonSat constellation

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 2809-2822 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Velazco ◽  
M. Buchwitz ◽  
H. Bovensmann ◽  
M. Reuter ◽  
O. Schneising ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Systematic Error ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Systematic Errors ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Power Plant Emissions ◽  
Global Coverage ◽  
Plant Emissions

Abstract. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most important man-made greenhouse gas (GHG) that cause global warming. With electricity generation through fossil-fuel power plants now being the economic sector with the largest source of CO2, power plant emissions monitoring has become more important than ever in the fight against global warming. In a previous study done by Bovensmann et al. (2010), random and systematic errors of power plant CO2 emissions have been quantified using a single overpass from a proposed CarbonSat instrument. In this study, we quantify errors of power plant annual emission estimates from a hypothetical CarbonSat and constellations of several CarbonSats while taking into account that power plant CO2 emissions are time-dependent. Our focus is on estimating systematic errors arising from the sparse temporal sampling as well as random errors that are primarily dependent on wind speeds. We used hourly emissions data from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) combined with assimilated and re-analyzed meteorological fields from the National Centers of Environmental Prediction (NCEP). CarbonSat orbits were simulated as a sun-synchronous low-earth orbiting satellite (LEO) with an 828-km orbit height, local time ascending node (LTAN) of 13:30 (01:30 p.m. LT) and achieves global coverage after 5 days. We show, that despite the variability of the power plant emissions and the limited satellite overpasses, one CarbonSat has the potential to verify reported US annual CO2 emissions from large power plants (≥5 Mt CO2 yr−1) with a systematic error of less than ~4.9% and a random error of less than ~6.7% for 50% of all the power plants. For 90% of all the power plants, the systematic error was less than ~12.4% and the random error was less than ~13%. We additionally investigated two different satellite configurations using a combination of 5 CarbonSats. One achieves global coverage everyday but only samples the targets at fixed local times. The other configuration samples the targets five times at two-hour intervals approximately every 6th day but only achieves global coverage after 5 days. From the statistical analyses, we found, as expected, that the random errors improve by approximately a factor of two if 5 satellites are used. On the other hand, more satellites do not result in a large reduction of the systematic error. The systematic error is somewhat smaller for the CarbonSat constellation configuration achieving global coverage everyday. Therefore, we recommend the CarbonSat constellation configuration that achieves daily global coverage.

Statistics and parallaxes

1978 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 7-29
Author(s):  
T. E. Lutz
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Systematic Errors ◽  
Past Experience ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Trigonometric Parallaxes ◽  
Systematic And Random Errors

This review paper deals with the use of statistical methods to evaluate systematic and random errors associated with trigonometric parallaxes. First, systematic errors which arise when using trigonometric parallaxes to calibrate luminosity systems are discussed. Next, determination of the external errors of parallax measurement are reviewed. Observatory corrections are discussed. Schilt’s point, that as the causes of these systematic differences between observatories are not known the computed corrections can not be applied appropriately, is emphasized. However, modern parallax work is sufficiently accurate that it is necessary to determine observatory corrections if full use is to be made of the potential precision of the data. To this end, it is suggested that a prior experimental design is required. Past experience has shown that accidental overlap of observing programs will not suffice to determine observatory corrections which are meaningful.

Nurse’s knowledge and Awareness Regarding Cervical Cancer and its Prevention in Different Hospitals of Quetta, Pakistan

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 436-441
Author(s):  
Saba Haider ◽  
Noman Ul Haq ◽  
Sohail Riaz ◽  
Aqeel Nasim ◽  
Muhammad Saood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Family History ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Current Area ◽  
One Year

Objective: This study aimed to assess the knowledge and awareness regarding cervical cancer and its prevention among nurses working in different hospitals of Quetta, Pakistan. Methodology: The cross sectional, descriptive study was conducted by using structured questionnaire in different hospitals of Quetta from January to September 2016. Convenient sampling technique was applied by targeting all the nurses working in different hospitals of Quetta city. Study questionnaire was developed and tested for validity and reliability. Descriptive and inferential statistics (Mann Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis tests, p<0.05) were used to assess the significance among study variables and were performed by using IBM SPSS v.20. Results: Out of 415 distributed questionnaires 324 were returned (response rate of 78%). The mean Age of respondents was 28.18 ±9.5 years. Majority (n=127, 43.3%) of participants were interns and had no or less than one year of experience (n=128, 43.7%) with negative family history of any cancer (n=275, 93.9%). Mean knowledge score was 18.52±4.84with majority (n=258, 88.1%) had adequate knowledge regarding cervical cancer. Respondent sage, current area of practice, qualification, Institute of degree and past family history were contributing factors (p > 0.05) in adequate knowledge in this study. The results also reviled that not only 68.3% (n=200) and 65.5% (n=192) respondents knew that cervical cancer is vaccine preventable and availability of the vaccine for it. Conclusions: Nurses working in different hospitals of Quetta city had better understanding of the disease cervical cancer and its prevention. Yet many of the respondent are not aware of it vaccine and its availability.

Establishing inherent uncertainty in the shifts determined by volumetric imaging

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-264
Author(s):  
Upendra Kumar Giri ◽  
Anirudh Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Linear Accelerator ◽  
Systematic Errors ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Volumetric Imaging ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Image Quality Control ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Six Degree Of Freedom

AbstractObjectiveThis study was conducted for establishing inherent uncertainty in the shift determination by X-ray volumetric imaging (XVI) and calculating margins due to this inherent uncertainty using van Herk formula.Material and methodsThe study was performed on the XVI which was cone-beam computed tomography integrated with the Elekta AxesseTM linear accelerator machine having six degree of freedom enabled HexaPOD couch. Penta-Guide phantom was used for inherent translational and rotational shift determination by repeated imaging. The process was repeated 20 times a day without moving the phantom for 30 consecutive working days. The measured shifts were used for margins calculation using van Herk formula.ResultsThe mean standard deviations were calculated as 0·05, 0·05, 0·06 mm in the three translational (x, y and z) and 0·05°, 0·05°, 0·05° in the three rotational axes (about x, y, z). Paired sample t-test was performed between the mean values of translational shifts (x, y, z) and rotational shifts. The systematic errors were found to be 0·03, 0·04 and 0·03 mm while the random errors were 0·05, 0·06 and 0·06 mm in the lateral, cranio-caudal and anterio-posterior directions, respectively. For the rotational shifts, the systematic errors were 0·02, 0·03 and 0·03 and the random errors were 0·06, 0·05 and 0·05 in the pitch, roll and yaw directions, respectively.ConclusionOur study concluded that there was an inherent uncertainty associated with the XVI tools, on the basis of these six-dimensional shifts, margins were calculated and recorded as a baseline for the quality assurance (QA) programme for XVI imaging tools by checking its reproducibility once in a year or after any major maintenance in hardware or upgradation in software. Although the shift determined was of the order of submillimetre order, still that shift had great significance for the image quality control of the XVI tools. Every departments practicing quality radiotherapy with such imaging tools should establish their own baseline value of inherent shifts and margins during the commissioning and must use an important QA protocol for the tools.

Programming Generalization of Computational Skills

1982 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colleen S. Blankenship ◽  
Maureen D. Baumgartner
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabled ◽  
Systematic Errors ◽  
Reinforcement Contingency ◽  
Disabled Students ◽  
Combined Training ◽  
Computational Skill

This investigation assessed the extent to which elementary-age learning disabled students were able to generalize a computational skill. The subjects consisted of nine students, all of whom made systematic errors in arithmetic. Two experiments were conducted using within-subject designs. All students experienced baseline, demonstration and modeling plus feedback, and maintenance. Students who met criteria for generalizing proceeded to a followup condition, while those who did not received further interventions designed to increase their ability to generalize. The effectiveness of the following procedures was investigated: (a) reinforcing students “to generalize,” and (b) a technique which combined training several response exemplars with the use of a verbal cue and an in-discriminable reinforcement contingency. The results indicated that demonstration and modeling plus feedback was sufficient to increase some students' ability to generalize; others required further interventions to facilitate generalization.

scholarly journals The effects of educational media on children’s language development: A case study

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 433-443
Author(s):  
Malini Ganapathy ◽  
Amareena Jayabalam
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Educational Media ◽  
Negative Part ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
One Year

The descriptive  research examines the effects of educational media on children’s language development . It aims to answer the following questions; a) To what extend does the educational media influences the children’s language development? b)  Do parents interact with their children during co-viewing ? Since many of the children in this era are exposed to educational media programs/apps/ games at a very young age, it is important for the researcher to find out the extend educational media influences children’s language development and  do parents co-view and interact with the children.  Five parents with children from age one year of age to pre-school were interviewed face to face. The research is carried out at Seberang Perai Urban Area targeting parents who send their children to middle income kindergartens. Face to face interviews were carried out to find out to what extend educational media  influences on children’s language development and to find out whether parents co-view and interact with their children. Upon completion of the data collection , the results will be used to determine the positive and negative part of educational media on children’s language development and how parents co-view and interactions can  benefit them.

scholarly journals Calculating Point Cloud Object Volume Using Co-Opposite-Direction Slicing Method

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Li ◽  
Xiaowei Bi ◽  
Cheng Peng ◽  
Yong Chen ◽  
Xiaofa Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Full Advantage ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Point Cloud ◽  
Systematic Errors ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Cone Model ◽  
Slicing Method

Although the Slicing Method (SM) is effective for calculating the volume of point cloud objects (PCOs), it is restricted in terms of applicability and practicability because of a certain contingency and directional defects. The Co-Opposite-Direction Slicing Method (CODSM) proposed in this paper is an improved method for calculating PCO volume by increasing parallel (co-opposite-direction) observation and considering the two-way mean as the result. This method takes full advantage of the mutual offsetting of random errors and the compensation of systematic directional errors, which can effectively overcome (or mitigate) the effect of random errors and reduce the effect of systematic errors in SM. In this paper, two typical objects, a cone model and a stone lion base, are the examples for calculating PCO volume using CODSM. The results show that CODSM has all the inherent advantages of SM and effectively weakens the volatility of random errors and the directionality of systematic errors from SM. Therefore, CODSM is a robust configuration upgrade of SM.

Chasing Informality: Evidence from Increasing Enforcement in Large Firms in Peru

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariano Bosch ◽  
Stephanie González ◽  
María Teresa Silva Porto
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Large Firms ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Labor Control ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
One Year ◽  
Labor Market Regulations ◽  
Proactive Monitoring

Evasion of labor market regulations in middle income countries is systemic. This is generally known as informality. In Latin America, where less than 50% of workers are registered with social security, this is a permanent phenomenon and encompasses a variety of economic realities ranging from subsistence self-employment to evasion of certain regulations including social security contributions. In this study we analyze the role of enforcement in curbing informality in large formal firms in Peru, where informality levels are around 70%. Through the Peruvian National Labor Control Superintendence (SUNAFIL) we randomly sent 697 letters to formal Peruvian firms of more than 50 workers, indicating their obligation to enroll workers in social insurance systems (health and pensions). Two types of letters were sent, one with a deterrence message and one emphasizing the benefits of formalization. One year after the letters were sent, we found a positive and statistically significant effect on the number of workers enrolled in social security (9.8% on average). Only strict deterrence messages had a significant impact, and only in very large firms. This evidence suggests that there is room for improvement in compliance with labor regulations through more proactive monitoring and behavioral tools such as reminders, but effects could be concentrated in the largest firms.

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