Metallurgical Analysis of Wrought Iron From the RMS Titanic

2003 ◽  
Vol 40 (02) ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
Jennifer J. Hooper ◽  
Tim Foecke ◽  
Lori Graham ◽  
Timothy P. Weihs
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Wrought Iron ◽  
Metallurgical Analysis ◽  
Hull Steel

The discovery of the RMS Titanic has led to a number of scientific studies, one of which addresses the role that structural materials played in the sinking of the ship. Early studies focused on the quality of the hull steel as a contributing factor in the ship's rapid sinking, but experimental results showed that the material was "state-of-the-art" for 1911. Instead, it was suggested that the quality of the wrought iron rivets may have been an important factor in the opening of the steel plates during flooding. Here the quality of RMS Titanic wrought iron is examined and compared with contemporary wrought iron obtained from additional late 19th-/early 20th-century buildings, bridges, and ships. Traditional metallurgical analysis as well as compositional analysis, mechanical testing, and computer modeling are used to understand the variation in the mechanical properties of wrought iron as a function of its microstructure.

The Relationship Between Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Late 19th/Early 20th Century Wrought Iron Using the Generalized Method of Cells Model

2002 ◽  
Vol 712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer J. Hooper ◽  
Lori Graham ◽  
Tim Foecke ◽  
Timothy P. Weihs
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Inelastic Behavior ◽  
Silicate Slag ◽  
Wrought Iron ◽  
Generalized Method Of Cells ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTThe discovery of the RMS Titanic has led to a number of scientific studies, one of which addresses the role that the structural materials played in the sinking of the ship. Chemical, microstructural, and mechanical analysis of the hull steel suggests that it was state-of-the-art for 1912 with adequate fracture toughness for the application. However, the quality of the wrought iron rivets may have been an important factor in the opening of the steel plates during flooding. Preliminary studies of Titanic wrought iron rivets revealed an orthotropic, inhomogeneous composite material composed of glassy iron silicate (slag) particles embedded in a ferrite matrix. To date, very little is understood about the properties of wrought iron from that period. Therefore, in order to assess the quality of the Titanic material, contemporary wrought iron was obtained from additional late 19th/early 20th century buildings, bridges, and ships for comparison. Image analysis completed on the Titanic wrought iron microstructure showed a high slag content that is very coarse and unevenly distributed. To investigate how microstructure impacts the mechanical properties, and hence the quality of late 19th/early 20th century wrought iron, a detailed analysis of the relationship between the microstructural features and the mechanical behavior was completed. Here we present the first step in that process: the use of the Generalized Method of Cells (GMC) to predict the mechanical response of composites with variable microstructural properties. The GMC tool is used to generate the effective inelastic behavior of the composite from the individual constituent properties.

APPROACHES TO TELEPATHY IN RUSSIA IN THE LATE 19TH - EARLY 20TH CENTURY

2020 ◽  
pp. 100-115
Author(s):  
Vassa A. Pyatkova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Academic Science ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Scientific Terminology ◽  
Common Trend ◽  
Quality Of Living ◽  
Human Psyche

The article describes a variety of approaches to realizing the phenomenon of telepathy in Russia in the late 19th – early 20th century. Telepathy kindled interest of scientists, occultists, members of religious groups and general public. Reasons behind the interest towards this phenomenon varied in each specific case. Scientists viewed telepathy as a phenomenon that was worth exploring, and created theories that would explain it. At the same time, some of them regarded such studies as a way of justifying the possibility of life outside of a physical body. Telepathic experiments aimed to prove the independence of human psyche from the body were also conducted by those not associated with academic science. Occultists preferred describing the phenomenon of telepathy without resorting to scientific terminology and used occult anthropological concepts instead. In popular occultism represented by mentalism, telepathy was viewed as a practice capable of improving the quality of living. Christian spiritualists and some representatives of Orthodox clergy took interest in telepathy as a means of proving the immortality of soul. Moreover, they used the telepathy theory to justify the efficacy of traditional religious practices, in particular the prayer. Despite of the variances in the reasons behind the interest towards telepathy and in its explanations, the interest to this phenomenon reflected a common trend of that age towards rethinking the anthropology

scholarly journals Publication as Preservation: A Remote Maya Site in the Early 20th Century

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna Yates
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Extreme Case ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Maya Archaeology ◽  
Museum Displays ◽  
Archaeological Work ◽  
Remote Sites ◽  
Maya Site

In the late 1800s interest in the Ancient Maya underwent the complicated transition from speculative musings to what modern scholars consider to be systematic archaeological inquiry. During this transformation, Maya archaeology was largely colonized, in a sense, by the American academic empire. Excavation was undertaken to further a structured concept of science and to solidify the idea of archaeology as an institutionalized discipline. The results of archaeological fieldwork on remote sites were not easily independently verified due to the constraints of the forbidding landscape and the vastness of this largely untapped resource. The known character of a particular scholar was considered to be a sufficient recommendation as to the quality of his textual archaeological record. This dependence on text resulted in a number of factual mistakes that have been repeated in publications and museum displays up to the present day. During this period in the development of the discipline, I assert that archaeological publication, not site stabilisation, was regarded as a sufficient means by which a remote site could be effectively ‘preserved’.As a case study I will discuss early 20th century excavations within an early Classic Maya mortuary structure at the site of Holmul, Guatemala. In this extreme case, a report supposedly started by Raymond Edwin Merwin, the only archaeologist who had worked at this remote Maya city, was ‘completed’ after his untimely death by another scholar, George C. Vaillant, who had never visited the site. Due to the perceived notability of Merwin’s role in driving Maya archaeology into the realm of systematic science, Vaillant felt that the information he published was reliable and, indeed, required as the location of Holmul would effectively prevent archaeological work from being conducted there for nearly a century.

Measurements of Russia’s economic growth in the early 20th century and the problem of sources

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
В.В. Поликарпов
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Cumulative Experience

В спорах о том, процветала ли или переживала кризис поздняя Российская империя, историки разделились на «оптимистов» и «пессимистов». При обосновании своей точки зрения обе стороны прибегают к статистическим подсчетам, но особенности хозяйственного быта в России и бедность имеющегося материала источников ограничивают результативность статистических и макроэкономических приемов сравнительного изучения. Наиболее рациональным представляется сочетание квантитативного подхода с анализом описательных источников. Ключевым направлением исследования, обеспеченным документальной базой, может послужить приоритетная для власти сфера — промышленная и научно-техническая подготовка к войне. Состояние дел в этой области показывает предел возможностей страны и поэтому важно для понимания общих процессов ее развития. Накопленный историками и экономистами исследовательский опыт заслуживает критического анализа. While disputing whether the late Russian Empire experienced a crisis or lived in prosperity, historians are either pessimists or optimists. To confirm their point of view they refer to statistic data, but the resulting quality of both statistical and macroeconomic methods is much lowered by the lack of sources and the specifics of economic life in Russia. The most rational approach could be to combine quantitive methods with analysis of descriptive materials. Industrial, scientific and technical preparations for war, which was of the top interest for authorities and therefore has a vast documentary base could be the key areas of investigation. The state of affairs in this area shows the limits and opportunities of the country and therefore this information is essential for understanding the general tendencies of its development. The cumulative experience of historians and economists should be critically analyzed.

Effect of Laser Welding on the Mechanical Properties AISI 1018 Steel

MRS Advances ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (64) ◽  
pp. 4031-4039 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Carrizalez-Vazquez ◽  
M. Alvarez-Vera ◽  
A. Hernández-Rodríguez ◽  
J. M. Orona-Hinojos ◽  
Gabriel Sandoval-Vázquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Laser Welding ◽  
Fusion Zone ◽  
Heat Affected Zone ◽  
Welding Speed ◽  
Laser Power ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Welding Joints ◽  
Welding Processes

AbstractLaser welding processes offer significant advantages such as high welding speed, narrow heat affected zone and quality of the welding joint. In this study, the process parameters of laser power and welding speed were modified for AISI 1018 steel plates of 8 mm thickness and compared using finite element method. The results of cross-section microstructure, heat affected zone and fusion zone were characterized. The grain refinement was affected as the parameters were modified. Tensile and microhardness tests were performed to determine the mechanical properties of the welding joints. Microhardness increased in fusion zone and decreased in heat affected zone. Tensile test showed ductile fracture in heat affected zone of the welding joints. The simulated profiles were compared with the experimental observations showing a reasonable agreement.

scholarly journals The Community House (Dom Ludowy) in Nałęczów as an example of social architecture of the early 20th century

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-67
Author(s):  
Kamila Lucyna Boguszewska
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Quality Of Education ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
National Style

One of the most interesting facilities which were supposed to improve the quality of education of the poorest social strata were community houses. The popularity of this kind of institutions, dating back to the end of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, resulted in the construction of the Community House in Nałęczów, which, based on best practices, was to be a model of the realisation of a new, progressive society. The article presents the principles and "rules" for establishing such facilities by local communities in the context of activities undertaken in the difficult social and political situation of the areas under Russian rule. The history, operating principles, and architecture of the Community House in Nałęczów, which is an example of an out-of-the-box facility maintained in the national style, were herein analysed.

Quantum Theory

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Quantum System ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Classical Theory ◽  
Theoretical Physics ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Max Planck ◽  
Physical Phenomena

Developed in the early 20th century, quantum theory is a branch of theoretical physics that concerns the unpredictable quality of particles at the quantum, or subatomic, level. In 1900 Max Planck (1859–1947) inaugurated inquiry into quantum mechanics when he challenged the classical theory that light behaves as a wave, proposing instead that it is emitted in quanta, or discrete units. By 1927 this groundbreaking theory had been more clearly articulated by Niels Bohr’s (1885–1962) "Principle of Complementarity" and Werner Heisenberg’s (1901–1976) "Uncertainty Principle." Heisenberg proposed that all physical phenomena that can be observed are subject to a degree of indeterminacy and suggested that the act of scientific observation of a quantum system would change that system. These new proposals of quantum theory unseated the authority of classical deterministic physics and challenged the perceived objectivity of science. Attracted by quantum theory’s revolutionary ideas, various modernist critics adapted its principles of uncertainty and indeterminacy to studies in the humanities. For instance, I. A. Richards (1893–1970) and William Empson (1906–1984) employed Bohr’s concepts in their work on irony, ambiguity, and paradox. Heisenberg suggested, however, that both modern artistic innovations and quantum theory were the products of "profound transformations in the fundamentals of our existence" (1958: 95).

scholarly journals HADRAMI DIASPORA IN KARIMUNJAWA: Between Identity Maintenance and Assimilation

HUMANIKA ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabith Jihan Amaruli
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Oral History ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Teaching Institution ◽  
Identity Maintenance ◽  
Mixed Marriages

Abstract This study discusses the Hadrami diaspora in Karimunjawa, between identity maintenance and assimilation. Through oral history, this study found that the coming of Hadrami in the early 20th century in Karimunjawa was solely motivated for economic reasons. They lived and improved their quality of life by working as laborers in the Chinese traders. The economic limited access caused Hadrami in Karimunjawa were not played an important role both in economic and Islamic teaching. For economic reasons as well, their numbers had dwindled in the mid of 1990s20th century. Most of them moved to Semarang and Jepara while the small group still survived in Karimunjawa. As a sayyid family, the Arabs in Karimunjawa did intermarriage mixed marriages [WU1] (between sayyid and non-sayyid). The role of the Arabs in Karimunjawa was begun from Sayyid Abdurrahman era whose became the new icon of the Majelis Al-Khidmah, a teaching institution based in Surabaya.  Recently, it has branches in many parts of Indonesia. Keywords: diaspora, Hadrami, identity, assimilation [WU1]Bapak, how about if we use a term of “intermarriage”?

scholarly journals BUDI DAYA KELAPA DAN PEMASARAN KOPRA DI BUOL 1970-2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jhon Rivel Purba ◽  
Wilman Darsono Lumangino
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Global Market ◽  
New Order ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
The People ◽  
Cultivation Process ◽  
The Government

As the price of copra increased in the global market, coconut cultivation in Buol received great attention in the early 20th century. During the New Order, the government paid attention again to people’s plantations, especially coconuts. Coconut cultivation was promoted in several areas, including Buol. This paper scrutinizes the cultivation process and development of copra production in Buol. The commodities were closely related because the cultivation process greatly affected the production of copra. This study used the historical method to suggest that the people of Buol were cultivating coconut because of its great benefits, including how easy it was to be processed. In addition, other findings of this study indicate that the price of copra at the plantation level was determined by interconnected factors such as the quality of copra, the marketing network, and the absence of koperasi (economic enterprise) as a market counterweight. The study also found that although they were seen as economic symbols for the Buolese, these two commodities did not contribute significantly to the welfare of Buolese, particularly the small farmers who do not have vast cultivating lands.

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