Who is left behind? The impact of place on the ability to follow Covid-19 restrictions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hjördís Rut Sigurjónsdóttir ◽  
◽  
Sandra Oliveira e Costa ◽  
Åsa Ström Hildestrand
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Structural Barriers ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Immigrant Background ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
The Impact ◽  
High Share

While the Nordic countries have long been champions of equality, the Covid-19 pandemic has put a new light on structural injustices inherent in our societies. In Copenhagen, Oslo, Helsinki, Stockholm, and Malmö, districts with a high share of residents with an immigrant background and a low socio-economic status stand out with high infection and mortality rates of Covid-19. The pandemic thus reveals and reminds us about the serious effects of segregation and unequal living conditions on citizens’ health status and ability to cope with and survive a pandemic. This Extended summary is based on a quantitative and qualitative study aiming to identify structural barriers impacting residents’ ability to follow Covid-19 recommendations and guidelines, especially in low-income areas in major Nordic cities. Learning about these barriers - and effective measures taken to mitigate them - will help Nordic authorities and communities be better prepared for future challenges and crises.

IMPROVED INFANT MORTALITY RATES IN A POPULATION SERVED BY A COMPREHENSIVE NEIGHBORHOOD HEALTH PROGRAM

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 989-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Chabot
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Health Program ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Federal Grants ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Community Health Program ◽  
The Impact

The Denver Department of Health and Hospitals developed from multiple federal grants (M and I, C and Y, OEO, PHS, and Family Planning) a comprehensive community health program for the low income population of Denver. To measure the impact of this program, infant mortality rates were reviewed in the low income and nonwhite populations. Infant mortality in 25 selected low income census tracts in Denver was 34.2 per thousand live births in 1964. This decreased to 24.5 by 1968. Infant mortality of nonwhites in Denver was 41.9 in 1964 and decreased to 25.2 by 1968. This decrease in infant mortality rates in both of these populations compares very favorably with such data from other cities.

scholarly journals The impact of a national program to provide free mammograms to low-income, uninsured women on breast cancer mortality rates

Cancer ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 116 (19) ◽  
pp. 4456-4462 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Howard ◽  
Donatus U. Ekwueme ◽  
James G. Gardner ◽  
Florence K. Tangka ◽  
Chunyu Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Breast Cancer Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
National Program ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Depression and Sexual Function: Are Pregnant Women Affected More Adversely?

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 765-774
Author(s):  
Ramazan Denizli ◽  
Önder Sakin ◽  
Kazibe Koyuncu ◽  
Nayif Çiçekli ◽  
Nihat Farisoğulları ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dysfunction ◽  
Sexual Function ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Sexual Experience ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Depression Score ◽  
Income Loss ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objective To investigate depression and sexual function among pregnant and non-pregnant women throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A total of 188 women, 96 pregnant and 92 non-pregnant were included. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX) were applied to the participants after obtaining sociodemographic data. Results The depression scores of pregnant and non-pregnant women were similar (p = 0.846). We found that the depression scores were significantly higher among the group of participants who have lower economic status (p = 0.046). Moreover, the depression score was significantly higher among women who lost their income during the pandemic (p = 0.027). The score on the ASEX was significantly higher, and sexual dysfunction was more prevalent among women who have lower levels of schooling and income (p < 0.05). Likewise, the ASEX scores were significantly higher (p = 0.019) among the group who experienced greater income loss throughout the pandemic. Upon comparing the pregnant and non-pregnant groups, we detected that sexual dysfunction had a significantly higher rate among pregnant women (p < 0.001). Conclusion In times of global crisis, such as the current pandemic, low-income families have an increased risk of experiencing depression and sexual dysfunction. When we compared pregnant women with non-pregnant women, depression scores were similar, but pregnant women were at a 6.2 times higher risk of developing sexual dysfunction.

scholarly journals Is India's Economic Growth Leaving the Poor Behind?

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 89-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaurav Datt ◽  
Martin Ravallion
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Growth Process ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Proximate Factors ◽  
Proximate Causes ◽  
The Impact

Has poverty continued to fall with growth in India in the 1990s, or has the nature of the growth process changed, such that the poor have been left behind? This paper tries to answer those questions. We do not attempt to assess the impact of India's macroeconomic reforms of the 1990s on poverty, since this would require identification of the counterfactual of what would have been experienced in the 1990s without the reforms. Rather, our aim is to describe what has happened to poverty in India in the 1990s. In the course of the discussion, we will learn about the proximate causes of changes in India's poverty rate. Moreover, although this discussion is India-specific, it illustrates themes that are often encountered in the analysis of poverty in low-income economies, including difficult issues of survey design and comparability and the proximate factors underlying the responsiveness of poverty to economic growth.

The built environment and sleep

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose G. Cedeño Laurent ◽  
Joseph G. Allen ◽  
John D. Spengler
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Public Health Professionals ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Acoustic Conditions ◽  
Good Sleep

Through evolution, our bodies have synchronized to environmental time, making our molecular clock mechanisms responsive to environmental cues such as light and temperature. In providing shelter from extreme climate conditions, however, modern societies have dramatically modified their environment without fully appreciating the consequences. We present an overview of the influence that lighting and thermal and acoustic conditions in our built environment exert on our sleep. These factors have changed substantially in the last century and biological systems have not had sufficient time to adapt. We also present a challenge for public health professionals: how to provide adequate sleeping conditions in low-income communities. We show how sleep quality is severely affected by socio-economic status, and illustrate how environmental injustice could exacerbate future challenges imposed by various climate change scenarios. We also discuss how technology could address these challenges in the built environment to promote conditions that foster good sleep and good health.

scholarly journals Longitudinal study assessing the joint effects of socio-economic status and birth risks on adult emotional and nervous conditions

2001 ◽  
Vol 178 (S40) ◽  
pp. s78-s83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela P. Fan ◽  
William W. Eaton
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Birth Complications ◽  
Lower Income Group ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundPrevious investigations into the impact of birth complications and social environment have generally followed their subjects only at young ages.AimsTo assess the long-range impact of socio-economic status (SES) and birth risks on the development of emotional and nervous conditions through adulthood.MethodThe Johns Hopkins Pathways Study interviewed 1824 subjects born between 1960 and 1965. The median household income of the children at age 7–8 years was used to divide the cohort into high and low income categories. Differences in lifetime prevalence of emotional and nervous conditions through adulthood between the two income groups were identified.ResultsChildren in the lower income group were 1.86 times more likely to report an emotional or nervous condition in adult life. Boys in the lower income group at age 7–8 years were 3.2 times more likely to do so. The risks of difficult birth for adult mental disturbance were accentuated in the low-income group.ConclusionsChildren who experience birth complications are at increased risk of developing adult mental disturbances; this increase is mitigated by higher SES.

scholarly journals The Impact of COVID-19 on Gastrointestinal Motility Testing in Asia and Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 3189
Author(s):  
Hideki Mori ◽  
Jolien Schol ◽  
Annelies Geeraerts ◽  
I-Hsuan Huang ◽  
Sawangpong Jandee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Motility ◽  
Ph Monitoring ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Surgical Masks ◽  
High Infection ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Background: The new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has high infection and mortality rates, and has become a pandemic. The infection and mortality rates are lower in Asian countries than in European countries. This study aimed to conduct a survey on the effects of COVID-19 on the capacity to perform gastrointestinal motility tests in Asian countries compared with European countries. Methods: We used the questionnaire previously established by our team for researchers in European countries. The correlation between the decreased rate of gastrointestinal motility and function tests, and the infection/mortality rates of COVID-19 and stringency of a government’s interventions in each country was analysed and protective measures were assessed. Results: In total, 58 gastroenterologists/motility experts in Asian countries responded to this survey. The infection/mortality rates of COVID-19 and Stringency Index had a significant impact on the testing capacity of oesophageal manometry and catheter-based pH monitoring. In European countries, most facilities used filtering facepiece 2/3 (FFP2/3) masks during oesophageal motility studies. Meanwhile, in Asian countries, most facilities used surgical masks. Conclusion: The total infection and mortality rates of COVID-19 can affect the rate of gastrointestinal motility testing and the type of protective equipment that must be used.

scholarly journals Status of Migration and Its Perceived Effects in Khopasi, Kavrepalanchowk District: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-30
Author(s):  
Nikita Bhattarai ◽  
Naresh Manandhar ◽  
Shruti Shah ◽  
Renu Twanabasu ◽  
Santripti, Shrestha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Bank Loan ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Labor migration has become a means to make ends meet for low-income countries. It plays a key role to provide employment opportunities and has helped in the improvement of the standard of living. With the alarming rise of migrating workers, it becomes important to acknowledge the effects of migration on both the migrant workers in the destination country as well as families left behind at the place of origin. The objective of this study was to find out the status of migration of population in Khopasi village and their attitude towards the effects of migration on families left behind.  Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 256 residents of Khopasi, Kavrepalanchowk district from 10-15th November 2019. Participants were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire to assess the status of migration of immediate family members as well as the attitude towards migration and its effects. Results: The prevalence of migrant workers was 39.8%. The process of migration was assisted by their migrated relatives 59 (19.1%) and by foreign employment agencies 30 (12.92 %). The expenses for migration were managed by bank loan 34 (33.34%). Among102 migrant workers, 54(52.9%) are still working abroad whereas 48 (47.1%) have returned to Nepal. The main reason for migrant workers to go abroad was unemployment 59 (57.8%) in Nepal. Out of 102 who migrated, most of them 39 (38.23%) have spent 1-3 years abroad while 76 (68.6%) send remittance regularly to their family members at home around 1-3 lakhs/year. Among all the migrant worker  37(36.27%) reported some form of disease and disability. There was a positive attitude toward family and the country’s economy but the overall attitude towards migration was negative. Conclusion: In this study, remittance sent by migrant workers to their families was not adequate as there were no visible financial benefits and negative health consequences were also present. There are other impacts of migration like broken families, separation, difficulty in the rearing of children, mental health of elderly were seen on the families left behind. Various studies are required to further analyze the impact of migration other than remittance.

Demonstrating Nutrient Cost Gradients: A Brooklyn Case Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 244-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Karp ◽  
Gary Wong ◽  
Marguerite Orsi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Caloric Density ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Introduction: Foods dense in micronutrients are generally more expensive than those with higher energy content. These cost-differentials may put low-income families at risk of diminished micronutrient intake. Objectives: We sought to determine differences in the cost for iron, folate, and choline in foods available for purchase in a low-income community when assessed for energy content and serving size. Methods: Sixty-nine foods listed in the menu plans provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for low-income families were considered, in 10 domains. The cost and micronutrient content for-energy and per-serving of these foods were determined for the three micronutrients. Exact Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparisons of energy costs; Spearman rho tests for comparisons of micronutrient content. Ninety families were interviewed in a pediatric clinic to assess the impact of food cost on food selection. Results: Significant differences between domains were shown for energy density with both cost-for-energy (p < 0.001) and cost-per-serving (p < 0.05) comparisons. All three micronutrient contents were significantly correlated with cost-for-energy (p < 0.01). Both iron and choline contents were significantly correlated with cost-per-serving (p < 0.05). Of the 90 families, 38 (42 %) worried about food costs; 40 (44 %) had chosen foods of high caloric density in response to that fear, and 29 of 40 families experiencing both worry and making such food selection. Conclusion: Adjustments to USDA meal plans using cost-for-energy analysis showed differentials for both energy and micronutrients. These differentials were reduced using cost-per-serving analysis, but were not eliminated. A substantial proportion of low-income families are vulnerable to micronutrient deficiencies.

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