scholarly journals The Role of Sound in Film Translation: Subtitling Embodied Aural Experience in Aki Kaurismäki’s Lights in the Dusk

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-47
Author(s):  
Sari Kokkola
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Film Studies ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Conceptual Level ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Film Viewing ◽  
Practical Level ◽  
Oriented Approach ◽  
Film Sound

The purpose of this article is twofold. First, by adopting a film studies-oriented approach to AVT it seeks to build common ground between translation studies and film studies—two disciplines that have remained curiously distant from each other, even though the film and translation industries are closely interrelated at the practical level. Second, by introducing study of the aural dimension of audiovisual texts—in particular film sound—to AVT, this article presents a new concept of text for AVT research that allows for the analysis of audiovisual texts as dynamic entities consisting of the visual, the aural and the verbal. These are seen as equally important constituent parts of audiovisual texts; they do not simply coexist but transform each other at the moment of perception. The role of sound in film translation is examined by applying phenomenologically informed theories of film sound, mainly Michel Chion’s (1994) theory of audio-vision, to the context of film subtitling. According to Chion, film viewing is based on cross-modal perception, i.e. synchronous sound and image are experienced as a unit, a “synchresis” (ibid., p. 63). Chion argues that filmic image and sound transform each other at the moment of perception, producing added value (ibid., p. 5). These audiovisual combinations not only address the viewer at the conceptual level but also contribute to the intensity and flow of the viewing experience that is to a large extent conveyed non-verbally. This paper argues that the translator’s decisions influence the added value created by image and sound and direct the viewer’s perception of a film, often overemphasizing the verbal element, thus narrowing the film’s non-verbally conveyed meanings and decreasing its emotional and esthetic appeal. These points are illustrated by presenting examples of the English and German subtitled versions of Aki Kaurismäki’s film Laitakaupungin valot (Lights in the Dusk).

scholarly journals Humanitarian Communication Through the Lens of Feminist Ethics of Care

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-36
Author(s):  
Houda Houbeish
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Ethics Of Care ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Feminist Ethics ◽  
Role Morality ◽  
Humanitarian Ethics ◽  
The Common

Ethics are the driving force of the humanitarian field, a domain that has been governed by general and universal ethical principles. Researchers have largely focused on studying the organizational commitment to these principles, paying less attention to the role-specific ethics of this field. Moreover, researchers who consider the humanitarian field from a media studies lens have often focused on media representation, while questions about communication as practice are sidelined. In this paper, I approach humanitarian ethics with a particular focus on role morality and communication practices. With a particular focus on the role of a humanitarian communications specialist, I argue, in this paper, that the feminist ethics of care is a useful ethical framework that can guide communication specialists to better practices when they are in the field of operation. I also answer the following research questions: What are the main ethical principles that humanitarian communication specialists are expected to observe as humanitarians? Why are these principles insufficient? How might feminist ethics of care fill the gap left by current humanitarian principles and what would be the added value of this framework for practicing humanitarian communication? To answer, I ground my approach in an experiential understanding built from my personal experience as a humanitarian communications specialist. Second, I offer a literature review to highlight the common ground between humanitarian ethics and the feminist ethics of care and the added value of the feminist ethics of care why applied by humanitarian communication specialists. Third, I provide some examples of communications practices that may follow the feminist ethics of care model.  

scholarly journals The Intervention of TV in the Chilean Earthquake

Comunicar ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (36) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Dolores Souza-Mayerholz ◽  
Víctor Martínez-Ravanal
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Research Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Conceptual Level ◽  
Suggested Model ◽  
The Social ◽  
Intervencion En Crisis ◽  
Practical Level ◽  
Tv Broadcasting

This paper has two purposes: one conceptual and the other practical. On a conceptual level, it outlines a model for understanding how TV operates as a social mediator in the event of natural disasters, and at the practical level, it recommends measures that can be used to optimize the role of TV and its ideal social function in contexts of crisis. This model views TV intervention as both «self-centered», that is, driven by its reproduction as a media consumption company; and «socially-centered», designed to respond swiftly and accurately to the social requirements that emerge in crisis situations. The suggested model is to be contrasted with the results of a research study conducted by the National TV Council of Chile that explored the role of TV broadcasting after the earthquake in February 2010. According to the results of the study, audiences value the amount of information broadcasted by TV networks but perceive that the predominance of its «self-centered» function creates a problem: the logic of the 'spectacle' is prevalent and exacerbates the audience’s emotions. The primary purpose of this paper is to develop a strategy to recommend how TV and its associate services can respond to a crisis situation while respecting the tragedy of natural disasters.Este trabajo contempla a la vez un propósito conceptual y otro de orden práctico. En lo conceptual se propone un modelo para comprender el funcionamiento de la televisión en escenarios de catástrofe y consecutivamente se sugiere, desde este modelo, un conjunto de derivaciones prácticas destinadas a optimizar la funcionalidad de la televisión en estos escenarios. El modelo propuesto concibe la intervención televisiva con una doble funcionalidad, una de carácter «autocéntrico» focalizada en su reproducción como empresa y otra de carácter «sociocéntrico» orientada a responder a los requerimientos surgidos en el escenario de la crisis. Este modelo será contrastado con los resultados de un estudio del Consejo Nacional de Televisión de Chile que indagó sobre el rol que asumió la televisión en el terremoto acaecido en Chile el año 2010. Según este estudio, si bien se valora el rol informativo y orientador de la televisión, la doble funcionalidad de su intervención fue percibida como problemática, con predominio de la funcionalidad autocéntrica que, desde una lógica de la espectacularidad, buscó construir audiencias, empleando una estrategia basada en la hiperactivación emocional. Finalmente, se concluye con una propuesta para conducir la televisión desde una intervención en la crisis hacia una efectiva intervención en crisis optimizando su funcionalidad sociocéntrica.

Nützliche Apps für den DaF-Unterricht

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-161
Author(s):  
Valentin Todescu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Mobile Learning ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Foreign Language Learning ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Traditional Classroom Teaching ◽  
The Moment

Today, mobile phones are an integral part of the lives of many young people in Romania and therefore the teachers working in the field of foreign languages must give the apps a chance and involve them in their teaching. By using mobile phones, a lot can be achieved, especially from the motivational point of view, but if you also develop foreign language didactics in the field of mobile learning over time, the inheritance process of a foreign language can be facilitated. This is why positive foreign language didactics are important, which underline the added value potential of mobile learning guides, especially in the interlocking with traditional classroom teaching. At the moment the language apps should only be seen as a supplement to a classic course, but a fun addition for learners and a useful complement to the learning activities. The potential of the apps in foreign language teaching has only been realized for a few years and since then several apps have been appearing on the market every year. Unfortunately, some software developers have seen this as an opportunity to make money very quickly and have introduced many apps to the market that are unnecessary for foreign language learning. I find it important that someone professionally examines all these apps and then takes on the role of a guide to show teachers and learners which of the apps are useful and which are not. And this role should not be taken over by a person himself but by an institution or a publisher. In my contribution, I will only draw attention to a few apps that are useful for studying German.

PINGVINAS IR PROTĖJAS. Įsivaizdavimas kaip kitybė manyje

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 21-37
Author(s):  
Kristupas Sabolius
Keyword(s):  
Fight Club ◽  
The World ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Hollywood Movie

Kitybės klausimas dažniausiai kyla iš ego santykio su kitais arba su pasauliu. Šiame straipsnyje daroma prielaida, kad įsivaizdavimo funkcija ištirpdo subjektą ir jame pačiame atveria intersubjektyvią perspektyvą. Šiuo tikslu sugretinami Sartre’o, Husserlio bei Merleau-Ponty įsivaizdavimo funkcijos tyrimai, kuriuose išryškėja vaizdo kaip iš ego centro išslystančios ribos statusas, ir Holivudo filmo „Kovos klubas“ siužetas. Viename iš šios juostos epizodų pasirodantis pingvinas žymi egologinės schizmos akimirką ir tampa fantazijos apsireiškimu ir įsikūnijimu.Išgryninus žaidybinį, savarankišką ir multiformišką charakterį, galime konstantuoti, kad įsivaizdavimas, jei kalbėtume Kanto terminais, yra ne papildanti tarpinė funkcija, bet transcendentalinio subjekto genezėje atlieka paradoksalų „svetimos vidujybės“ arba „vidinės svetimybės“ vaidmenį. Vaizduotė yra katalizatoriaus, kuris, likdamas šalia, įgalina transcendentalinių formų išsikristalizavimą.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: vaizduotė, įsivaizdavimas, fantazija, ego, kitybė, sąmonė.PENGUIN AND PROTEUSImagination as Otherness in meKristupas Sabolius SummaryThe question of Otherness is usually taken into account while discussing the Ego’s relation with Others as well as with the World. This article is based on the premises that the function of phantasy melts the subjectivity, revealing the perspective of intersubjectivity within it. On this purpose Sartre’s, Husserl’s and Merleau-Ponty’s researches on the function of imagination, which elucidate the image as the boundary slipping from the centre of Ego, are compared to the story of Hollywood’ movie „Fight Club“. The penguin, which appears in one of the episodes, registers the moment of egological schism, thus becoming the revelation and incarnation of phantasy. While the playful, autonomous and multiform character of imaginary is cleared out, we can ascertain, speaking in Kantian terms, that it has not a complementary or intermediary function, but, in the genesis of transcendental subject, plays the paradoxical role of „allien innerness“ or „inner alienity“. Thought remaining always beside, imagination is a catalyzer which enables crystallization of transcendental forms.Keywords: imagination, imaginary, phantasy, ego, otherness, consciousness.

Putting the Madhyamaka Trick in Context: A Contextualist Reading of Huntington’s Interpretation of Madhyamaka

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-124
Author(s):  
Michael Dorfman
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Correspondence Theory ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rational Analysis ◽  
At Command ◽  
Rational Argumentation ◽  
Logical Fallacies ◽  
Key Terms

In a series of works published over a period of twenty five years, C.W. Huntington, Jr. has developed a provocative and radical reading of Madhyamaka (particularly Early Indian Madhyamaka) inspired by ‘the insights of post- Wittgensteinian pragmatism and deconstruction’ (1993, 9). This article examines the body of Huntington’s work through the filter of his seminal 2007 publication, ‘The Nature of the M?dhyamika Trick’, a polemic aimed at a quartet of other recent commentators on Madhyamaka (Robinson, Hayes, Tillemans and Garfield) who attempt ‘to read N?g?rjuna through the lens of modern symbolic logic’ (2007, 103), a project which is the ‘end result of a long and complex scholastic enterprise … [which] can be traced backwards from contemporary academic discourse to fifteenth century Tibet, and from there into India’ (2007, 111) and which Huntington sees as distorting the Madhyamaka project which was not aimed at ‘command[ing] assent to a set of rationally grounded doctrines, tenets, or true conclusions’ (2007, 129). This article begins by explicating some disparate strands found in Huntington’s work, which I connect under a radicalized notion of ‘context’. These strands consist of a contextualist/pragmatic theory of truth (as opposed to a correspondence theory of truth), a contextualist epistemology (as opposed to one relying on foundationalist epistemic warrants), and a contextualist ontology where entities are viewed as necessarily relational (as opposed to possessing a context-independent essence.) I then use these linked theories to find fault with Huntington’s own readings of Candrak?rti and N?g?rjuna, arguing that Huntington misreads the semantic context of certain key terms (tarka, d???i, pak?a and pratijñ?) and fails to follow the implications of N?g?rjuna and Candrak?rti’s reliance on the role of the pram??as in constituting conventional reality. Thus, I find that Huntington’s imputation of a rejection of logic and rational argumentation to N?g?rjuna and Candrak?rti is unwarranted. Finally, I offer alternate readings of the four contemporary commentators selected by Huntington, using the conceptual apparatus developed earlier to dismiss Robinson’s and Hayes’s view of N?g?rjuna as a charlatan relying on logical fallacies, and to find common ground between Huntington’s project and the view of N?g?rjuna developed by Tillemans and Garfield as a thinker committed using reason to reach, through rational analysis, ‘the limits of thought.’

OBOLESCENCE AND THE DIFFUSION OF INNOVATIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 113-130
Author(s):  
A.V. GOLUBEV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Of Innovations ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Innovation Development ◽  
Scientific Hypothesis ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Sociological Studies

The diffusion of innovations is described as a process in a number of scientific papers. At the same time, the causes of this process have not been sufficiently studied. The author’s goal is to consider the main regularities, under which the life cycle of innovations begins, and propose measures to enhance diffusion in modern conditions. As a scientific hypothesis, the author accepts the postulate about the primary role of the obolescence of attracted innovations in this process. The analysis revealed not only the economic proportions that initiate the start of innovation promotion, but also the influence on the diffusion rate of the obsolescence degree of innovations and the market share occupied by the new product. Methodological approaches have been developed to determine economic efficiency depending on the moment of technological change-over, as well as to determine the absolute and relative speed of innovation diffusion. Sociological studies were conducted to determine the state of innovation development and the time lag between obtaining information about an innovation and its practical implementation. The author presents his “Agroopyt” information system developed to disseminate knowledge in the agricultural sphere and ensure technology transfer in agriculture. Digital methods provide for significant accelerateion of the diffusion of innovations and expand its scope.

Modern Thought and the Phenomenology of Film

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cleo Hanaway-Oakley
Keyword(s):  
William James ◽  
Edmund Husserl ◽  
Film Studies ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Sergei Eisenstein ◽  
Siegfried Kracauer ◽  
Modern Thought ◽  
Franz Brentano ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Film Viewing

This chapter situates Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology of film in its historical context through analysing its key insights—the reciprocal and embodied nature of film spectatorship—in the light of late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century philosophy and psychology, charting Merleau-Ponty’s indebtedness to thinkers as diverse as Henri Bergson, Max Wertheimer, Hugo Münsterberg, Rudolf Arnheim, Victor Freeburg, Sergei Eisenstein, and Siegfried Kracauer. The historical Bergson is differentiated from the Deleuzian Bergson we ordinarily encounter in film studies, and Merleau-Ponty’s fondness for gestalt models of perception is outlined with reference to the competing ‘persistence of vision’ theory of film viewing. The chapter ends with a consideration of some of the ways in which James Joyce could have encountered early phenomenology, through the work of the aforementioned philosophers and psychologists and the ideas of Gabriel Marcel, Franz Brentano, William James, and Edmund Husserl.

Showing, Expressing, and Figuratively Meaning

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitchell Green
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Figurative Language ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Linguistic Meaning ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
Speaker Meaning

We first correct some errors in Lepore and Stone’s discussion of speaker meaning and its relation to linguistic meaning. With a proper understanding of those notions and their relation, we may then motivate a liberalization of speaker meaning that includes overtly showing one’s psychological state. I then distinguish this notion from that of expression, which, although communicative, is less cognitively demanding than speaker meaning since it need not be overt. This perspective in turn enables us to address Lepore and Stone’s broadly Davidsonian view of figurative language, which rightly emphasizes the role of imagination and perspective-taking associated with such language, but mistakenly suggests it is sui generis relative to other types of pragmatic process, and beyond the realm of communication. Figurative utterances may influence conversational common ground, and may be assessed for their aptness; they also have a characteristically expressive role that a Davidsonian view lacks the resources to explain.

scholarly journals Dissecting the contribution of O-Antigen and proteins to the immunogenicity of Shigella sonnei generalized modules for membrane antigens (GMMA)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Mancini ◽  
Gianmarco Gasperini ◽  
Omar Rossi ◽  
Maria Grazia Aruta ◽  
Maria Michelina Raso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Shigella Sonnei ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Protein Antigens ◽  
Outer Membranes ◽  
O Antigen ◽  
Membrane Antigens ◽  
Specific Igg

AbstractGMMA are exosomes released from engineered Gram-negative bacteria resembling the composition of outer membranes. We applied the GMMA technology for the development of an O-Antigen (OAg) based vaccine against Shigella sonnei, the most epidemiologically relevant cause of shigellosis. S. sonnei OAg has been identified as a key antigen for protective immunity, and GMMA are able to induce anti-OAg-specific IgG response in animal models and healthy adults. The contribution of protein-specific antibodies induced upon vaccination with GMMA has never been fully elucidated. Anti-protein antibodies are induced in mice upon immunization with either OAg-negative and OAg-positive GMMA. Here we demonstrated that OAg chains shield the bacteria from anti-protein antibody binding and therefore anti-OAg antibodies were the main drivers of bactericidal activity against OAg-positive bacteria. Interestingly, antibodies that are not targeting the OAg are functional against OAg-negative bacteria. The immunodominant protein antigens were identified by proteomic analysis. Our study confirms a critical role of the OAg on the immune response induced by S. sonnei GMMA. However, little is known about OAg length and density regulation during infection and, therefore, protein exposure. Hence, the presence of protein antigens on S. sonnei GMMA represents an added value for GMMA vaccines compared to other OAg-based formulations.

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