scholarly journals The Beginnings of Translation Studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 101-119
Author(s):  
Paul St-Pierre
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Literature ◽  
Reader Response ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Reader Response Theory ◽  
Novel Approaches ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
The Way

It was in the 1970s that the object of study in literature departments began to change, under the impetus of novel approaches, some radically new and others renewed forms of older ones—structuralism, semiotics, intertextuality, psychoanalysis, pragmatics, deconstruction, reader-response theory, hermeneutics, discourse analysis, etc. Many (but not all) of these were French in origin, at least in part: the names of Lévi-Strauss, Barthes, Kristeva, Lacan, Derrida, Ricoeur, Foucault can be cited. And along with the change in the definition of the object of study came a change in the way literature departments defined themselves and their role. This is clear from the way department of literatures renamed themselves and introduced new programs. These changes came about at different times in different places, dependent in good part on the amount of access that existed to the publications—many of which were in French—but especially to the debates they gave rise to. It was in this context of expansion and of redefinition—presented here in terms of my own particular history—that an interest in translation, and later in Translation Studies, developed. Of course, translation was not an entirely new object of study; linguists and students of literature (especially of comparative literature) had on occasion acknowledged its existence, and even at times, its importance. However, it was only with the advent of the new approaches to texts, to reading, to interpretation, and to the context of the transmission of meaning(s) and of expression, that a conception of the importance of translation, and of its interest from a theoretical point of view, was able to develop. This led, in the 1980s, to the construction of a new discipline—Translation Studies.

scholarly journals A Translator’s Wanderings in TranslationStudiesWorld

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 79-99
Author(s):  
Brian Mossop
Keyword(s):  
Applied Linguistics ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Canadian Government ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Object Of Study

This semi-autobiographical article reflects on the discipline known as Translation Studies from the point of view of the author, who was a full-time Canadian government translator from 1974 to 2014, but also taught and wrote about translation. The narrative begins with the emergence of Translation Studies in Canada and in Europe and continues through the present neoliberal era, with reflection on a variety of topics including the English name of the discipline, the lack of definition of an object of study, the original role of the journal Meta, and the notion of translation as applied linguistics. The last section considers two fictive scenarios in which Translation Studies does not emerge, and translation is studied, right from the start, in ways much more closely linked to the translation profession, with a focus on translators rather than translations, and therefore on translational production rather than the analysis of completed translations.

THE CONCEPT AS THE OBJECT OF STUDY OF LINGUISTICS

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-242
Author(s):  
K. Galiyeva ◽  
◽  
S. Isakova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Subject Areas ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Linguistic Phenomenon ◽  
Scientific Fields

The article is devoted to the definition of concept in modern linguistics. Various points of view and definitions of the basic concepts are considered: "concept", "conceptual sphere", "content". The aim of the article is to describe and explain such a complex unit as a concept from the point of view of linguistics. The object of research is studied in its various manifestations, the combination of verbal and nonverbal means of information expression in the conceptual sphere is revealed. the relevance of this topic is due to the need for a detailed consideration of the concept of concept based on the works of prominent scientists and linguists. Researchers treat the concept as a cognitive, psycholinguistic, linguocultural, cultural and linguistic phenomenon. The concept is an umbrella term because it "covers" the subject areas of several scientific fields: primarily cognitive psychology and cognitive linguistics.

Chronometric Height: a relativistic height definition by generalizing geopotential numbers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Philipp
Keyword(s):  
Weak Field ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Theoretical Formulation ◽  
Spacetime Geometry ◽  
Weak Field Limit ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Fundamental Insight ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New Framework

<p>A height definition in terms of geopotential numbers offers a variety of advantages. Moreover, from the theoretical point of view, such a definition is considered more fundamental. </p><p>We know, however, that relativistic gravity (here General Relativity) requires to reformulate the basic geodetic notions and to develop a consistent theoretical framework, relativistic geodesy, to yield an undoubtedly correct interpretation of measurement results.</p><p>The new framework of chronometric geodesy that builds on the comparison of clocks offers fundamental insight into the spacetime geometry if a solid theoretical formulation of observables is underlying modern high-precision measurements. Here we approach a genuine relativistic definition of the concept of height. Based on the relativistic generalization of geopotential numbers, a definition of chronometric height is suggested, which reduces to the well-known notions in the weak-field limit.</p>

scholarly journals Radiografía de la pandemia: análisis de la cobertura periodística de la Covid-19 en portadas de periódicos

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan-Ignacio Cantero-de-Julián ◽  
Pavel Sidorenko-Bautista ◽  
José-María Herranz-de-la-Casa
Keyword(s):  
News Coverage ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Front Page ◽  
Explanatory Role ◽  
Thematic Content Analysis ◽  
The Press ◽  
Social Scientific ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Different Levels

Covid-19 has resulted in a totally extraordinary and anomalous situation. This new coronavirus became a global phenomenon after the declaration of a pandemic state, which affects all fields: health, economic, social, scientific, environmental, etc. This health emergency affects many different levels and actors, including media and journalism. As far as news coverage is concerned, the front page of the press represents a relevant object of study from a journalistic, as well as sociological and historiographical, point of view. The front page plays an important temporary explanatory role, especially during an event as disruptive as the pandemic. It offers the possibility to take a “snapshot” of the coverage of an ongoing event. The aim of this research is to analyze the coverage of the new coronavirus and its evolution throughout the first quarter of 2020. To answer these questions, a thematic content analysis of 630 front pages of seven Spanish national generalist newspapers (El país, El mundo, ABC, La razón, La vanguardia, El periódico, and El correo) was carried out. The results indicated that information about the virus increased progressively as the epidemic approached the Spanish borders. The coverage in the Spanish newspapers was highly homogeneous, although some differences can be found, mainly due to editorial trends and regional or national perspectives. The pattern of the analyzed samples is characterized by the current diagnosis of the pandemic, highly focused on the definition of the problem and the proposal of health solutions. Resumen La Covid-19 ha provocado una situación completamente extraordinaria y anómala. El nuevo coronavirus se ha convertido en un fenómeno global tras la declaración de un estado pandémico que afecta a todos los campos: sanitario, económico, social, científico, medioambiental, etc. Esta emergencia sanitaria afecta también a distintos niveles y actores, entre ellos los medios y el periodismo. En lo que a cobertura informativa se refiere, la portada de prensa representa un objeto de estudio relevante desde el punto de vista periodístico, pero también sociológico e historiográfico. La página principal juega un importante papel temporal explicativo, especialmente durante un evento tan disruptivo como la pandemia. Ofrece la posibilidad de “fotografiar” la cobertura de un acontecimiento en curso. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la cobertura del nuevo coronavirus y su evolución a lo largo del primer trimestre de 2020. Para responder a estas cuestiones, se realiza un análisis de contenido temático de 630 portadas de siete periódicos generalistas españoles de alcance nacional: El país, El mundo, ABC, La razón, La vanguardia, El periódico y El correo. Los resultados indican que la información sobre el virus ha ido aumentando progresivamente según la epidemia se hacía más próxima hasta estar dentro de las fronteras españolas. También que la cobertura fue muy homogénea en los diarios españoles, aunque se localizan algunas diferencias sobre todo por tendencias editoriales y por perspectiva regional o nacional. Asimismo, el patrón de los encuadres analizados se caracteriza por el diagnóstico actual de la pandemia muy enfocado en la definición del problema y la propuesta de soluciones sanitarias.

scholarly journals Diversity, Biodiversity, Conservation, and Sustainability

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 534-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joao Carlos Marques
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Active Expression ◽  
Sustainability Concept ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Cyclic Changes ◽  
External Intervention ◽  
The Way

The concepts of diversity and biodiversity are analysed regarding their historical emergence, and their intrinsic meaning and differences are discussed. Through a brief synopsis, difficulties usually experienced by statisticians in capturing the dynamics of diversity are analysed and main problems identified. The shift from diversity to the more holistic biodiversity as a working concept is appraised in terms of the novelty involved. Through a number of examples, the way the two concepts capture natural cyclic changes is analysed, and their reciprocal and complementary relations are approached theoretically. The way diversity could develop from the stores of biodiversity as its active expression through selective and evolutionary processes is described. Through the use of a very simple dynamic model, the concepts of diversity and biodiversity are analysed in extremely opposite hypothetical scenarios. Comparisons with natural situations are made and the theoretical implications from the conservation point of view are discussed. These support the opinion that conservation undertaken in restricted and protected areas is not self-sustainable, needing permanent external intervention to regulate internal processes, and in the long run will most probably lead in the direction of obsolescence and extinction. Finally, the relations between diversity, biodiversity, and sustainability are approached. The vagueness of the sustainability concept is discussed. Preservation of biodiversity is then defended as one of the best available indicators to assist us in fixing boundaries which may help to provide a more precise definition of sustainability.

Identitatea rromilor. Patrimoniul cultural material și imaterial al etniei rrome

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 353-370
Author(s):  
Marius Lakatos Iancu
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Traditional Values ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Cultural Patrimony ◽  
Cultural Elements ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Way

"The material and immaterial cultural patrimony of Rroma ethnicity This study aims to address a series of cultural values representative of the Rroma from the perspective of traditional trades, inherited or practiced and which define their ethnic identity. It is too unlikely to know exactly who and what the Rroma were due to the lack of sources and moreover, written studies about this ethnic group were based more on elements related to folklore or legends. Starting from the premise that, from a historical and conceptual point of view, the Rroma people have not yet defined themselves as identity anymore, for a long time the monopoly on the definition of Rroma belonged to the majority, the study aims to illustrate those cultural elements in within the community that were and are still in the contemporary period a landmark of unconditional self-definition of the Rroma. The indicators to which we refer as individuals in those situations in which we are exposed to name and qualify a group, are not only those of certified historical nature through writings, they are also established in the context of how the group expresses its material cultural heritage and immaterial that it represents. Although this concept promotes the need to know the identity of groups, the Rroma ethnic group has difficulties in terms of the identity culture displayed and the way it is perceived by society. The Rroma minority, indeed, encounters difficulties from a socio-economic point of view, the vast majority of society referring to this deficit in the situations of labeling and defining the Rroma identity. However, the Rroma ethnicity can also be defined on the basis of specific values attested by ethnicity, cultural values such as trades, crafts and customs, dress, spoken language and human values such as unity, solidarity, trust and faith. Thus, the study itself aims to illustrate those unknown or less known elements about the Rroma, exposing those cultural-traditional values that have the role of defining the identity of the Rroma not according to the socio-educational level (misery, poverty, deprived people of scruples, minority, etc.) but depending on the way in which the Rroma, both at individual and group level, relate to values of heritage elements when they define themselves. (trades practiced, Rroma peoples, elements specific to Rroma peoples) The aim of the study will most likely generate results in terms of reducing unfounded perceptions about Rroma tradition and identity and at the same time combating prejudices against this ethnic minority. Keywords: culture, Rroma, Rroma nations, identity, craftsmen "

Integral-cultural definition of a criminal punishment An integral-cultural definition: source and application

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-140
Author(s):  
Jarosław Utrat-Milecki
Keyword(s):  
Social Action ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Criminal Punishment ◽  
Legal Philosopher ◽  
Moral Point ◽  
Moral Point Of View ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Constituent Elements

Many scholars feel, like the legal philosopher Joelberg, that "punishment from a theoretical point of view is something mysterious, and from a moral point of view - disturbing" . The mystery and disturbing ambiguity of the punishment makes the formulation of its definition, and the definition of a criminal punishment in particular, which would be satisfactory, an extremely difficult task. A way out of an embarrassing situation of defining a criminal punishment is to indicate the most important circumstances and conditions that must be met in order for some social action to be called a punishment. This involves an exhaustive and comprehensive indication of the components ("constituent elements of punishment"), and at the same time a sharp cut-off of all other types of activities The question about constituent elements that give particular teams behaviour, carried out by authorized persons, the character of a criminal punishment does not concern the description of patterns of such a behaviour and their fulfilment, such as the action related to the enforcement of the obligation to pay a certain amount, physical deprivation of liberty or fulfilment of the obligation to work. It is important, however, to define the conditions in which the legal formulas of such behavior and the specific actions taken on their basis and the situations resulting from them can be described as a criminal punishment.

Mechanical analysis of coated materials undergoing fretting fatigue in a cryogenic environment

2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 585-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Caron ◽  
G Inglebert ◽  
R Gras ◽  
J. M De Monicault
Keyword(s):  
Fretting Fatigue ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Hardening Law ◽  
Coated Materials ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Fretting Damage ◽  
Contact Parameters

Fretting damage, also known as small-amplitude oscillatory sliding motion, can lead to catastrophic failure in many industrial applications. An understanding of fretting fatigue and its reproduction in laboratory tests have enabled an evaluation to be made of the fretting resistance of homogeneous substrate. To reduce the damage caused by fretting fatigue, increasing use has been made of coatings or treatments that result in inhomogeneous solids. From a theoretical point of view, ascertaining the mechanical behaviour of materials so modified is quite complex due to insufficient definition of the contact parameters. This present study seeks to analyse a layered medium undergoing fretting fatigue in a cryotechnical environment and the improvement in its fretting fatigue resistance. The first step of the analysis of a layered alloy is the determination of the new contact parameters in elasticity, and the second is the characterization of the elastic-plastic coefficients of the strain-hardening law. An evaluation of the lifetime before crack initiation will close the analysis.

scholarly journals Penal and Legal Doctrine as a Legal Category and a Metalanguage Means to Shape the Penal and Legal Policy

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-459
Author(s):  
V.E. Lapshin ◽  
◽  
V.V. Shakhanov ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
Legal Policy ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Penal Institutions ◽  
Penal Law ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Social Narrative

So far, the science of penal law has not looked closely into the term “doctrine”, and, in particular, “penal and legal doctrine” from the theoretical point of view. Thus we find it necessary to eliminate this gap, since the use of these terms and their synonyms varies greatly in the scientific and educational activities of penal institutions. Understanding the doctrinal grounds is also important for assessing the current situation and prospects for development of the science of penal law. The article analyzes the usage of the terms “penal and legal doctrine”, “criminal-executive doctrine” “doctrine of criminal-executive law”, “penal doctrine”, “correctional doctrine”; penal and legal doctrine is considered as part of legal doctrine; we study the notion of “legal doctrine” in its relations with adjacent categories (science, concept, position); we also investigate the effects of penal and legal doctrine on the penal and legal policy. We conclude that the term “penal and legal doctrine” is the core one and acts as a necessary prerequisite for scientific analysis. We also provide recommendations for the use of the term “doctrine” in the penal law sphere and put forward our own definition of the term “penal and legal doctrine”. In the course of our research we used general scientific, sectoral (social narrative) and level methodology (methods of theoretical and metatheoretical levels of cognition in science).

scholarly journals Applying Service-Dominant Logic to Translation Service Provision

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 191-207
Author(s):  
Minna Kujamäki
Keyword(s):  
Service Provision ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Literary Translation ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Service Dominant Logic ◽  
Dominant Logic ◽  
Conceptual Paper ◽  
Translation Service

Translation is commonly regarded as a service both in translation industry and within Translation Studies (TS), but the question of what makes translation a service has not been widely explored. This conceptual paper looks at non-literary translation as a service, applying a paradigm of Service-Dominant S-D logic (S-D logic) to the field. Practices in translation service provision are analysed using the Facilities-Transformation-Usage framework (FTU framework), designed on the premises of S-D logic, as a tool. The paper shows that translation practices in general comply with this theoretical perspective, making translation, by definition, a service, and opens a window into the aspects that make it a service. Some current practices in the field do not, however, meet the criteria of an ideal service. These practices are discussed briefly in order to pinpoint, from the service theoretical point of view, where the problems lie. 

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