Criminology through the looking-glass

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Sumner
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Double Bind ◽  
Social Harm ◽  
Book Title ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Famous Book ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Social Censure ◽  
Looking Glass

This chapter examines the ways in which it might be wiser to look at criminology in reverse. Not only do the rich get richer and the poor get prison, as Reiman's famous book title suggests, but the law would appear to operate in such a way that the crimes of the rich are the ones causing the greatest social harm yet receiving the weakest social censure, whilst the crimes of the poor and young cause the least social harm yet receive the greatest social censure. This is the stuff of a through-the-looking-glass Jabberwocky criminology whose reverse message can only be read by holding it up to the mirror. This chapter assesses whether this strange criminology can be explained by the analysis of mimesis and the mimetic double bind in the work of Renee Girard, or whether the phenomenon is better seen as an inevitable reflection of the roots of dominant social censures within dominant and contradictory social relations.

scholarly journals Instances of belief in fate in South India

1967 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 118-125
Author(s):  
Carl Diehl
Keyword(s):  
South India ◽  
Popular Belief ◽  
Good Fortune ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Present Life ◽  
Good Deeds

Man's life is predetermined by Karma. The deeds of an earlier existence bear their fruits in the present life. That is why the poor man is poor and the rich is happy with his wealth and good fortune. One man is born a brahman and another spends his days as a pariah. The law of Karma has spread in the wake of Buddhism all over the Indian continent and far beyond, whereas its complement and presupposition Samsara for the most part appears as an intellectual conception with little foundation in popular belief. But Karma is not blind. On the contrary it is absolutely just, and for that very reason inescapable. This is, however, modified in so far as good deeds are both possible and profitable. The fatal consequences of the Karma of previous births end with this span of existence. Life hereafter will depend on the fruits of accumulated Karma here and now.

scholarly journals The rich, the poor, and the law

2004 ◽  
Vol 60 (1/2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter H. Reinstorf
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
First Century ◽  
Good Society ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Rich

This article explores the social and religious dynamics of parables of Jesus in which “rich” and “poor” are juxtaposed. It focuses on Luke 16:19-31 (the parable of the rich man and the poor beggar Lazarus) and on Luke 18:9-14 (the parable of the Pharisee and the tax collector). The core of the exploration relates to questions concerning “wealth” and “poverty” in a limited-good society such as first-century Palestine. The article aims to expose the legitimisation provided by the Israelite elite to ensure the collection of taxes placed on the peasant population by the Roman Empire.

scholarly journals Responsible Solutions

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-245
Author(s):  
Jay Sterling Silver
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Legal Education ◽  
Law School ◽  
Law Schools ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Economic Forces ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Conducting Research

At the end of Brian Tamanaha’s instant classic, Failing Law Schools, tracing the economic forces behind exorbitant law school tuition and graduate debt and unemployment, he lays out his plan to help resolve the crisis. He would eliminate tenure, dispense with the final year of law school, rely heavily on adjuncts and apprenticeships, and loosen the ABA accreditation standards mandating “one-size-fitsall” law schools to allow the marketplace to fashion more affordable models of legal education. Some schools would remain in the traditional, three-year mode, with faculty conducting research. Others would morph into, or spring up spontaneously as, the “law school parallel . . . of vocational colleges.” Very candidly, Tamanaha explained that the “two-year law schools . . . would be dumping grounds for the middle class and the poor . . . . Few children of the rich will end up in these law schools.” He calls the plan “‘differentiated’ legal education.” Others, including Paul Campos, founder of the Inside the Law School Scam web blog and author of Don’t Go To Law School (Unless), and the ABA Task Force (“Task Force”) on the Future of Legal Education, have endorsed Tamanaha’s prescription.

Empirical Understanding of Social Protection Programmes in Southwest Coastal Areas of Bangladesh: A Postmodern Perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-245
Author(s):  
Md Mostafizur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
Institutional Governance ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Coastal Bangladesh ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
The Rich

Abstract Social protection programmes in Bangladesh aimed at reducing the vulnerability of the poor has become exceptionally challenging because of high exposure to weak institutional governance, and frequent natural disasters. As a matter of fact, both the coverage and the types of social protection programmes have been expanded to support the extremely poor households in Bangladesh over the last decade. However, the boundaries between ‘protection approach’ associated with risk reduction and ‘promotion approach’ regarded as the pathways to raise incomes and employment opportunities of the poor have remained understated in policy discourse. This paper addresses how an Interpretivist methodology can be used in exploring the current complexities of social protection programmes in extremely poor households with reference to disaster-affected areas in southwest coastal Bangladesh, giving a particular attention to the interpretation of the beneficiaries as well as service providers. This paper employs an interpretative framework for collecting qualitative data because of its ability to make sense of the complex situations of social protection programmes by generating multicontextual information provided by the beneficiaries of social protection programmes. During the initial fieldwork of the research, the research participants pointed out that there exist strong prevalence and dominance of local politics considered as ‘underlying issues’ in the delivering process of social protection programmes, which is further associated with power-relation between the rich and poor class of the society. However, the current policy discourses of social protection programmes have overlooked those highly pertinent phenomena both in local and national context. This paper argues that the aspects of availability, accessibility and utilisation of social protection programmes is not straightforward as each aspect is further associated with social relations and complex social understanding. An interpretive methodology along with illustrative data collection and analysis techniques can become effective to explore those complex societal understanding related with social protection programmes. Finally, within the adopted interpretive framework, the integrated view related with availability, accessibility and utilisation aspects of social protection programmes need to be addressed while creating a sense of meaning and understanding of overall situation of social protection programmes.

The poetics of space in the stories A Rose for Emily and Barn Burning

Tekstualia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (44) ◽  
pp. 79-94
Author(s):  
Sławomir Studniarz
Keyword(s):  
William Faulkner ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
American South ◽  
New South ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Story Model ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Moral Growth ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The American South

The article explores the organization of space in two stories by William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily and Barn Burning. The analysis of spatial arrangements in both texts relies on the insights into the nature of literary space provided by Jurij Lotman, Janusz Sławiński, and Garbiel Zoran. In particular, Lotman’s notion of spatial relations as a topos modeling other, non-spatial ideas, Sławiński’s concept of „added–on senses” conveyed by the fi ctional space, and Zoran’s two methods of reconstructing space in a narrative, chronotopic and topographic, have proved especially useful and effective. In A Rose for Emily spatial relations model social relations, the contrast between the traditional South and the new South, as well as personal relations, showing the position of the heroine, Emily Grierson, in the community of Jefferson. In addition, Emily’s house serves as a means of illustrating the protagonist. In Barn Burning space appears largely as a challenge for the young protagonist, Sarty, and triggers his personal and moral growth. Two localities are the most important in this respect, the store in which the trial is taking place, and the magnifi cent residence of major de Spain. Furthermore, spatial relations in the story model the contrast between the poor and the rich in the American South.

scholarly journals PEMBERDAYAAN EKONOMI KREATIF BERBASIS SYARIAH PADA MAJELIS TAKLIM

2020 ◽  
pp. 64-78
Author(s):  
Khadijah Khadijah
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Economic Trends ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Islamic Economic

Abstract. Sharia-based economic trends (islamic economics) continue to experience significant progress along with government policies that continue to strive so that the sharia economy can be applied in various aspects of life, including to move the progress of the majelis taklim. Sharia-based economy builds justice because the rich must provide assistance to the poor so that the poor become empowered one of the principles of sharia economic lending without interest. There are at least more than 20 types of regulations concerning the Islamic economic system in Indonesia include the Law of the Republic of lndonesia No. 19, 2008 Regarding State Sharia Securities, and the Law of the Republic of lndonesia No. 21, 2008 about Islamic Banking. Abstrak. Trend ekonomi Islam (ekonomi syariah) terus mengalami kemajuan yang signifikan seiring dengan kebijakan pemerintah yang terus mengupayakan agar ekonomi tersebut dapat diterapkan di berbagai segi kehidupan, termasuk di dalamnya untuk menggerakan  kemajuan Majelis Taklim (MT). Keberadaan MT telah memiliki aturan resmi pemerintah berdasarkan Undang Undang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional (UU Sisdiknas) Nomor: 20 tahun 2003 dan Peraturan Pemerintah (PP). 55 tahun 2007 serta Peraturan Menteri Agama (PMA) No. 29 tahun 2019. Jumlah riil MT di Indonesia diyakini mencapai ratusan ribu tempat mengingat di setiap ada komunitas muslim di situ muncul kegiatan MT. Mereka memerlukan sosialisasi tentang ekonomi syariah sekaligus memberdayakan mereka dengan program yang menggerakan ekonomi kreatif. Pelaksanaan ekonomi syariah mengacu kepada Undang-Undang No. 19 Th. 2008 tentang Surat Berharga Syariah Negara, Undang-Undang Rl No. 21 Tahun 2008 dan Perbankan Syariah setidaknya berjumlah 23 aturan.

scholarly journals Zagadnienie nierówności społecznej w "De Gubernatione Dei" Salwiana z Marsylii : aspekty prawne

2011 ◽  
Vol 54 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 339-355
Author(s):  
Monika Wójcik
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
State Legislation ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The Poor ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Needy

Salvian both recognized and censured social inequality, however, without transposing his critical attitude onto the relationship between freemen and slaves. For Salvian, this relationship was a point of reference, though indirect, to the relationship between man and God. Salvian considered the characteristics commonly attributed to slaves against the backdrop of Christian duties before God. When it comes to the situation of slaves, some Salvian’s opinions on the lord’s ius vitaenecisque are in conflict with the existing law, as, for instance, some provisions safeguarding slaves against owners’ abuse or lawlessness. Yet, such provisions might not have been fully observed in practice. Salvian recognizes some undeniable Roman flaws when examining the issue of exploitation of the poor by the rich. The main Salvian’s objections relate to both excessive financial burden laid on citizens by the state, as well as to the wealthy shifting the tax encumbrance to the needy. State legislation took some measures to remedy this situation, but, as follows from Salvian’s account, these regulations remained a dead letter. Salvian repeatedly touches on the problem of the ineffective state apparatus. In Salvian’s opinion, in the aftermath of the unjust state financial system, many Roman citizens fled to become the subjects of the barbarian rule. Salvian attributed ill intentions and oppression of the poor to the councillors; it was largely due to their tax collection powers. As follows from Salvian’s account, the councillors’ assumption of the function of tax collectors was to the significant detriment of social relations in cities. The author briefly reviews their role with the maxim: quot curiales, tot tyranni. Not infrequently, Salvian’s considerations seem rather selective, particularly with respect to the socio-political situation. In his opinion, the Roman Empire of the 5th century faced a dramatic economic slump, first, due to the barbarian invasions, and second, due to the poor administration.

Caste, Village, and Modernity

2018 ◽  
pp. 104-124
Author(s):  
Dipankar Gupta ◽  
Ramin Jahanbegloo
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban India ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Old Economy ◽  
The Relationship

Gupta reflects on a range of issues in Indian society as encountered during his research. The discussion about the two-way relationship between rural and urban India moves to how modernity should be understood in terms of social relations. Gupta posits that modernity is different from contemporary. It is about respecting others as equals. There are resistances towards achieving modernity in India because the rich and the poor live in different worlds. Caste structures also play a role, inhibiting people to cross boundaries. With the dismantling of the old economy, caste does not function as system but as identity. Urbanization is the greatest threat to caste. The relationship between caste and elections is misunderstood, There is no caste anywhere that can, on the basis of its own numbers, win elections.

The roles of foreign influences in the evolution of social and filial relations in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Mohammed Akinola Akomolafe
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Cultural Identities ◽  
Traditional Values ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Almost All

Nigeria, as a geographical entity is replete with various ethnic and cultural identities that have continued to evolve from pre-colonial times to recenttimes. Granted that civilizations from Europe and Arabia have dictated almost all spheres of living, both in the Northern and Southern geographies of the country and eroded nearly all traditional values that would have assisted in curbing social and filial tensions; it is pertinent to inquire into the social relations before this ‘encounter.’ This is important as this research seeks to invoke some aspects of the past that can be relevant for contemporary utility. Hence, through the method of critical analysis, this study takes a look at the socio-economic norms among the pre-colonial cultures that eventually evolved into Nigeria, paying attention to the place of slaves and women and laying emphasis on the filial and communal nature which allowed for a not too wide the gap between the rich and the poor. Even when this study is not unaware of the positive roles of foreign influence, it recounts the deficits of this presence and suggests that aproper way is to explore some indigenous ideas and apply them for contemporary living. Keywords: Culture, Family, Moral Values, Nigeria, Pre-colonial

scholarly journals TEORI AL-HUDUD DAN PERMASALAHAN BUNGA BANK (TELAAH PEMIKIRAN MUHAMMAD SHAHRUR)

Al'Adalah ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-121
Author(s):  
Muhammad Muhaimin
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Times ◽  
Lower Limits

Salah satu karakteristik hukum Islam adalah bahwa ia dapat diterapkan di semua tempat dan waktu, meskipun Al-Quran dan Hadis sebagai sumbernya bersifat terbatas. Hal ini membutuhkan metode yang dapat digunakan untuk menerapkan karakteristik ini di dunia modern, di setiap keadaan dan tempat. Pemikiran bahwa hukum yang dijelaskan dalam Al-Qur'an dan Hadits memuat batasan (al-h{udu>d), baik batas atas maupun bawah, merupakan salah satu metode penerapan hukum, sehingga karakteristik hukum Islam ini dapat diwujudkan. Teori al-h{udu>d yang dirumuskan oleh Muhammad Shah}ru>r  ini dapat digunakan untuk menyelesaikan berbagai masalah kontemporer di bidang hukum Islam, dan merupakan upaya untuk membuktikan bahwa hukum Islam dapat menjawab tuntutan zaman. Shahrur menawarkan penerapan hukum riba pada perbankan modern dengan menggunakan teori al-h{udu>d  ini, sehingga orang miskin tidak tertindas dan orang kaya tidak dipersalahkan. One of the characteristics of Islamic law is that it can be applied in all places and times, although the Qur'an and Hadith as its source are limited. This requires a method that can apply these characteristics in the modern world, in every circumstance and place. The thought that the law described in the Qur'an and the hadith contains restrictions (al-h{udu>d), both upper and lower limits, is one method of applying the law, so that the characteristics of Islamic law can be realized. The al-h{udu>d's theory which has been formulated by Muhammad Shah}ru>r  can be used to solve various contemporary problems in the field of Islamic law, and is an attempt to prove that Islamic law can answer the demands of the times. Shahrur offered to apply the law of usury to modern banking using this al-h{udu>d theory, so that the poor are not oppressed and the rich are not wronged.

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