scholarly journals The effect of cattle breed, season and type of diet on nitrogen fractions and amino acid profile of raw milk

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 709-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Křížová ◽  
O. Hanuš ◽  
P. Roubal ◽  
J. Kučera ◽  
S. Hadrová
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Cattle Breed ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nitrogen Fractions ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk

Abstract. The aim of the study was to describe the differences in nitrogen fractions and deepen the knowledge in the amino acid profile of raw milk affected by the breed of cattle, season and type of feeding. The study was conducted from June 2005 to February 2007 on 64 bulk milk samples collected from eight herds consisting of Czech Fleckvieh (four herds) and Holstein (four herds) breed. One half of the herds of each breed was grazed while the other half was not. Samples were collected twice in winter and twice in summer. The effect of the breed resulted in differences in milk yield that was lower in Czech Fleckvieh (5 385.50 kg) than in Holstein (7 015.15 kg, P<0.05). The content of nitrogen fractions was higher in Czech Fleckvieh than in Holstein (P<0.05). No effect of the breed on the amino acid profile of milk was observed except on the concentration of Glu (P<0.05). The effect of the season was demonstrated in the decrease of the concentrations of nitrogen fractions and Met during summer in comparison to winter (P<0.05). The effect of the type of feeding resulted in lower milk yield (5 197.50 and 7 203.75 kg) and lower concentrations of nitrogen fractions in grazed herds compared to non-grazed herds (P<0.05), respectively. Furthermore, the amino acid profile of milk differed significantly between grazed and non-grazed herds (P<0.05).

scholarly journals The effect of cattle breed, season and type of diet on the fatty acid profile of raw milk

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oto Hanuš ◽  
Ludmila Křížová ◽  
Eva Samková ◽  
Jiří Špička ◽  
Josef Kučera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Cattle Breed ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
The Other ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Chain Branch

Abstract. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of cow breed, season and type of diet on the fatty acid (FA) profile of raw milk. A 2-year study was conducted on bulk milk samples collected from eight herds consisting of Czech Fleckvieh (CF, four herds) and Holstein (H, four herds) breeds. One half of the herds of each breed was grazed (G), while the other half was not (N). Samples were collected twice in winter (W) and twice in summer (S). Milk yield in CF (5385.50 kg) was lower than in H (7015.15 kg, P <  0.05). The effect of breed was found in odd-chain, branch-chain and hypercholesterolemic FAs (P <  0.05). The content of fat was lower in summer (S) than in winter (W), being 3.71 and 3.91 g 100 g−1, respectively (P <  0.05). The proportion of saturated and polyunsaturated FAs was lower in S than in W (P <  0.05). The content of monounsaturated FAs was higher in S (30.69 g 100 g−1) than in W (27.72 g 100 g−1, P <  0.05). Milk yield in grazing herds (G, 5197.50 kg) was lower (P <  0.05) than in non-grazing herds (N, 7203.75 kg). The sum of saturated and hypercholesterolemic FAs was lower and the sum of monounsaturated and odd-chain FAs was higher in G than in N (P <  0.05). Content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and C18:3n3 was higher in G (0.93 and 0.64 g 100 g−1) than in N (0.42 and 0.39 g 100 g−1, respectively, P <  0.001).

scholarly journals Composition, Physical and Technological Properties of Raw Milk as Affected by Cattle Breed, Season and Type of Diet

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 721-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludmila Křížová ◽  
Oto Hanuš ◽  
Sylvie Hadrová ◽  
Josef Kučera ◽  
Eva Samková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Whey Protein ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Technological Properties ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Milk Components ◽  
True Protein

AbstractThe aim of the study was to describe the differences in composition, physical and technological properties of raw milk as affected by breed of cattle, season and type of feeding. The study was conducted from June 2005 to February 2007 on bulk milk samples (BMS) collected from 8 commercial dairy herds consisting of Czech Fleckvieh (CF, 4 herds) and Holstein (H, 4 herds) dairy cows. Half of herds in each breed was grazing (G) during summer season while the other half was not (N). Samples were collected regularly two times in winter (W) and two times in summer (S) period resulting in a total of 64 bulk milk samples (BMS) examined. Milk yield in CF (5385.50 kg) was lower (P<0.05) than in H (7015.15 kg). Milk fat in CF was higher (P<0.05) than in H breed being 3.9 and 3.72 g/100 g, respectively. CF cows had higher (P<0.05) content of crude protein, casein, true protein and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) than H. Content of fat, crude protein, casein, true protein and whey protein was lower (P<0.05) in summer (S) than in winter (W). Milk yield in grazing herds (G, 5197.50 kg) was lower (P<0.05) than in non-grazing herds (N, 7203.75 kg). Content of fat was higher (P<0.05) in G (3.89 g/100 g) than in N (3.73 g/100 g). Concentration of lactose, urea, crude protein, casein, true protein, whey protein was lower (P<0.05) in G than in N. In conclusion, the Czech Fleckvieh breed had a lower milk yield but produced milk with higher concentration of the main milk components than the Czech population of the Holstein breed. Large seasonal variations were determined in concentrations of the main milk components. The most pronounced changes in milk composition were caused by the type of feeding with a clear decrease in milk yield and content of lactose and all studied protein fractions and higher content of fat in grazing herds compared to non-grazing herds.

scholarly journals Determination of Fat, Protein, and Lactose in Raw Milk by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and by Analysis with a Conventional Filter-Based Milk Analyzer

1996 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 711-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Lefier ◽  
Remy Grappin ◽  
Sylvie Pochet
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
True Protein ◽  
Single Calibration

Abstract The accuracy of fat, crude protein (CP), true protein (TP), and lactose determinations of raw milk by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and by analysis with a conventional filter-based milk analyzer was assessed in 6 trials performed over a 10-month period. At each trial, 30 bulk milk samples collected from 15 European countries and 11 reconstituted milks made from raw milk components were analyzed. When calibrations were performed with reconstituted milks at each trial, accuracy standard deviations for fat, CP, TP, and lactose were, respectively, 0.050,0.048,0.035, and 0.076 g/100 g for the filter instrument and 0.047, 0.046,0.042, and 0.065 g/100 g for the FTIR instrument. When a single calibration was made instead of calibrations at each trial, accuracy standard deviations increased for the filter instrument to 0.130, 0.119,0.121, and 0.083 for fat, CP, TP, and lactose, respectively, and for the FTIR instrument to 0.082, 0.053,0.044, and 0.084 g/100 g. Because the FTIR instrument provides more spectral information related to milk composition than does the filter instrument, single-calibration FTIR analysis of milk samples collected in different seasons is more accurate. Using reconstituted milks, prepared such that there is no correlation between fat, CP, and lactose, provides a more robust calibration than using genuine bulk milk, especially when milks with unusual composition are analyzed.

Evaluation of Raw Milk Quality Tests

1978 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 356-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. WHITE ◽  
W. T. GILLIS ◽  
D. L. SIMMLER ◽  
M. K. GALAL ◽  
J. R. WALSH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Milk ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Large Percentage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Mean

A study was done to evaluate raw milk quality tests in an attempt to answer some questions regarding values or standards by which milk acceptance is determined. Initially, of 315 individual producer samples, 226 (72%) had proteolytic psychrotrophs. More than 90% of these psychrotrophs were of the genus Pseudomonas. All samples were obtained from four dairy companies processing milk in Georgia. One dairy had individual producers whose milk samples contained a large percentage of thermoduric psychrotrophs. “Bitter” flavors were more prevalent in samples collected from this dairy than in samples from the other three dairies. The degree of measurable proteolysis (Hull value) was directly correlated with the incidence of the naturally occurring “bitter” flavor. The mean Hull value for milk from this dairy (30.62 μg/ml) was 12–14 μg higher than the other three means. The mean Hull value for the “bitter” samples was 46 μg/ml.

A Practical Evaluation of the Delvotest P Multi Plate Test in Screening Raw Milk for Antibiotics

1986 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 868-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
LYSE LAROCQUE ◽  
G. A. NEVILLE
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
The Other ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Antibiotic Residues ◽  
Plate Test ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Practical Evaluation ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis Atcc

The Delvotest P Multi plate test was evaluated by screening 100 milk samples for total antibiotic residues (penicillin G, streptomycin and neomycin). The samples were taken in conjunction with an antibiotic depletion study in milk derived from six cows treated with a multiple antibiotic, intramammary infusion product. Within the limits of sensitivity of the Delvotest, only penicillin G persisted in milk samples taken beyond 60 h, whereas in some samples, the other antibiotics appeared to be depleted as early as 48 h. More sensitive tests, however, detected neomycin (Staphylococcus epidermidis, ATCC 12228) in 50% of samples taken at 60 h and streptomycin (Bacillus subtilis, ATCC 6633) at 14.5 d after discontinuation of infusion.

scholarly journals PSVII-27 Effects of dietary near ideal amino acid profile on amino acid utilization efficiency for milk production in sows under thermoneutral or heat stress conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 358-358
Author(s):  
Sai Zhang ◽  
Jay Johnson ◽  
Nathalie Trottier
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Utilization ◽  
Lactating Sows ◽  
Protein Mobilization

Abstract The objective was to estimate essential AA (EAA) utilization efficiency for milk production in sows (n = 24) fed control (19.6% CP) or reduced CP (RCP; 14.2% CP) diets under thermoneutral (TN; 21±1.5°C) or cycling heat stress (HS; 32±1.5°C daytime and 24±1.5°C nighttime) conditions. We hypothesized that RCP fed lactating sows with supplemental AA have increased EAA efficiency for milk production under TN and HS conditions. Diets contained 0.90% SID Lys and 2,580 kcal/kg. Sow BW and backfat were recorded on d 1 and 21 to estimate body protein mobilization (BPM). Piglet BW was recorded on d 1 and 21 to estimate milk yield. Amino acid efficiencies were calculated based on milk AA output relative to SID AA intake corrected for AA contribution from BPM. During HS, N, Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp, and Val efficiency for milk production did not differ between sows fed control (42, 26, 44, 36, 39, 49, 52, 32, 50, 43 and 44%, respectively) and RCP (56, 39, 51, 49, 56, 47, 42, 39, 50, 59 and 41%, respectively) diets. Compared to control sows, RCP sows had greater (P &lt; 0.05) efficiency of Arg (30% vs. 61%) under TN condition. Efficiencies of His, Ile, Leu, Phe, and Trp tended to be greater (P = 0.07, 0.06, 0.06, 0.07 and 0.06, respectively) in RCP compared to control sows (50, 41, 44, 36, and 50% vs. 74, 67, 75, 54 and 78%, respectively). Efficiencies of Lys, Met, Thr, Trp and Val did not differ between control and RCP sows (56, 59, 57, and 50% vs. 67, 59, 69 and 57%, respectively). In summary, an RCP diet improved efficiency of N, Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Phe, and Trp for milk production in lactating sows under TN but not HS conditions.

Stability of Tetracycline Antibiotics in Raw Milk under Laboratory Storage Conditions

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 547-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
LYNDA V. PODHORNIAK ◽  
SHANITA LEAKE ◽  
FRANK J. SCHENCK
Keyword(s):  
Metal Chelate ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Tetracycline Antibiotics ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Tetracycline Residues ◽  
Metal Chelate Affinity Chromatography

Raw milk samples collected from bulk milk tankers may be screened for the presence of tetracycline antibiotics using rapid screening tests. If tetracycline residues are detected, the milk may be shipped to a laboratory for high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Because the milk may be shipped on ice blocks, it is important to know whether tetracycline residues are stable at that temperature and for how long. Control raw milk samples fortified with 50 ppb each chlortetracycline, demeclocycline, methacycline hydrochloride, minocycline, oxytetracycline, and tetracycline were incubated at 4°C or 25°C, then analyzed using a metal chelate affinity chromatography extraction and HPLC. No loss of tetracycline was observed after 48 h of storage at 4°C or 24 h at 25°C. Losses ranging from 4 to 13% and 0 to 18% were noted after 72 h at 4°C and 48 h at 25°C, respectively.

A Collaborative Study to Determine the Feasibility of Using 0.40-, 0.20-, 0.14-, and 0.10-Inch-Diameter Discs to Measure Sediment in Fluid Milk

1977 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-42
Author(s):  
EARL O. WRIGHT ◽  
WARREN S. CLARK ◽  
RICHARD W. WEBBER ◽  
WILLIAM L. ARLEDGE ◽  
MICHAEL H. ROMAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Laboratory Personnel ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Sediment Content ◽  
Trained Personnel ◽  
Fluid Milk

This collaborative study was done to determine whether laboratory personnel could successfully grade raw milk for sediment content using 0.40-, 0.20-, 0.14-, and 0.10-inch-diameter sediment discs. The 0.40-inch disc presently is accepted for grading sediment in mixed bulk milk samples. Technicians in 17 separate laboratories made 1,360 determinations (80 per laboratory) or 20 determinations for each size of sediment disc. Each laboratory graded the same set of samples. Samples were graded using photoprint standards that were prepared for this study. The laboratories were evaluated on the ability of laboratory technicians to grade the various sizes of sediment discs. Technicians in 13 of the 17 laboratories graded samples showing no significant differences in their ability to grade the various sized sediment discs. Four laboratories were not consistent in their ability to grade discs and showed significant differences in agreements with the previously determined sediment level as the diameter of the disc was reduced. Based on these results, most laboratories evaluated were capable of grading sediment discs with diameters of 0.40-, 0.20-, and 0.14-inch with consistency. With properly trained personnel in the laboratories, the study indicates the 0.10-inch diameter disc also can be used effectively for grading sediment in milk.

Endogenous amino acid flows at the terminal ileum of broilers, layers and adult roosters

2004 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Ravindran ◽  
W. H. Hendriks
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
The Other ◽  
Endogenous Protein ◽  
Abundant Amino Acid ◽  
Endogenous Amino Acid

AbstractEndogenous flows of nitrogen and amino acids at the terminal ileum of broilers (6 weeks old), layers (70 weeks old) and adult roosters (70 weeks old) were determined using the peptide alimentation method. The ileal endogenous output of nitrogen and total amino acids in broilers, layers and roosters, expressed as mg/kg dry matter intake, were similar (F > 0-05). Endogenous flows were similar (F > 0-05) for nine of the 17 amino acids analysed, but the flows of serine, glutamic acid, proline, alanine, isoleucine, tyrosine, arginine and methionine differed (P < 0-05) among the classes of chickens. The amino acid profile of endogenous protein, expressed asg/100 g crude protein, did not differ (F > 0-05) between the three classes of chickens, except for serine, glutamic acid, proline and isoleucine. The concentrations of proline were higher (F < 0-05) in broilers, compared with the other two groups. The concentrations of glutamic acid in layers were lower (F < 0-05) than the other two groups. The concentrations of serine and isoleucine were higher (F < 0-05) in roosters than the other two groups. In all three groups, the most abundant amino acid in the ileal endogenous protein was glutamic acid, followed by aspartic acid, proline, serine, glycine and threonine. The present study provides estimates for endogenous amino acid flow at the terminal ileum in broilers, layers and adult roosters under normal physiological conditions.

scholarly journals Hypoglycin A in Cow’s Milk—A Pilot Study

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 381
Author(s):  
Mandy Bochnia ◽  
Jörg Ziegler ◽  
Maren Glatter ◽  
Annette Zeyner
Keyword(s):  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Filling Station ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Sycamore Maple ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
The Individual

Hypoglycin A (HGA) originating from soapberry fruits (litchi, and ackee) seeds or seedlings from the sycamore maple (SM) tree (related to Sapindaceae) may cause Jamaican vomiting sickness in humans and atypical myopathy in horses and ruminants. A possible transfer into dairy cow’s milk cannot be ruled out since the literature has revealed HGA in the milk of mares and in the offal of captured deer following HGA intoxication. From a study, carried out for another purpose, bulk raw milk samples from four randomly selected dairy farms were available. The cows were pastured in the daytime. A sycamore maple tree was found on the pasture of farm No. 1 only. Bulk milk from the individual tank or milk filling station was sampled in parallels and analyzed for HGA by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Measurable concentrations of HGA occurred only in milk from farm No. 1 and amounted to 120 and 489 nmol/L. Despite low and very variable HGA concentrations, the results indicate that the ingested toxin, once eaten, is transferred into the milk. However, it is unknown how much HGA the individual cow ingested during grazing and what amount was transferred into the bulk milk samples. As a prerequisite for a possible future safety assessment, carry-over studies are needed. Furthermore, the toxins’ stability during milk processing should also be investigated as well.

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