Evaluation of Raw Milk Quality Tests

1978 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 356-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. WHITE ◽  
W. T. GILLIS ◽  
D. L. SIMMLER ◽  
M. K. GALAL ◽  
J. R. WALSH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Milk ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Large Percentage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Mean

A study was done to evaluate raw milk quality tests in an attempt to answer some questions regarding values or standards by which milk acceptance is determined. Initially, of 315 individual producer samples, 226 (72%) had proteolytic psychrotrophs. More than 90% of these psychrotrophs were of the genus Pseudomonas. All samples were obtained from four dairy companies processing milk in Georgia. One dairy had individual producers whose milk samples contained a large percentage of thermoduric psychrotrophs. “Bitter” flavors were more prevalent in samples collected from this dairy than in samples from the other three dairies. The degree of measurable proteolysis (Hull value) was directly correlated with the incidence of the naturally occurring “bitter” flavor. The mean Hull value for milk from this dairy (30.62 μg/ml) was 12–14 μg higher than the other three means. The mean Hull value for the “bitter” samples was 46 μg/ml.

scholarly journals The Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk, soft cheese and yoghurt in Baghdad Province by Using ELISA Test

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Najim Hadi Najim
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
White Cheese ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Milk And Dairy Products

     Milk and dairy products are fundamental components in the human diet and may be the principle way for entrance of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in to the human body. All milk and dairy products samples were tested for the occurrence of AFM1 by the competitive ELISA technique. Out of 32 bovine raw milk samples that were collected from eight villages around Baghdad province, 32 samples (100 %) were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 0.15 to 86.96ng/kg with mean value of 42.37±26.07 ng/kg, of which 17 samples were contaminated with concentrations < 50 ng/kg and 15 samples exceeded the maximum acceptable level of AFM1 in milk (50 ng/kg) imposed by the European legislation. The raw milk samples belonged to animals fed with composite and stored fodder as in Althahab Alabiadh, Radhwaniya and Fadhaliya villages had higher significantly AFM1 concentrations over all the other five villages (Grazing feed). All 32 (100%) locally produced soft white cheese samples analyzed were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 31.84 to 89.44 ng/kg with the mean value of 59.92±17.03 ng/kg. Out of 32 locally produced yoghurt samples analyzed, 32 samples (100%) were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 0.16 to 42.74 ng/kg with the mean value of 16.92±11.55 ng/kg. Thirty samples (100%) of the examined 30 imported UHT milk samples that were collected from different commercial companies in the province of Baghdad presented significantly  high contamination level with AFM1 that were found to range from 0.18 to 85.66 ng/kg.

scholarly journals Evolution and factors influencing somatic cell count in raw milk from farms in Viçosa, state of Minas Gerais

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 393
Author(s):  
Leonardo Cotta Quintão ◽  
Adriano França da Cunha ◽  
Lindomar José Bragança ◽  
Kamila Soares Coelho ◽  
Mariana Fonseca Nunes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

The somatic cell count (SCC) of refrigerated raw milk reflects the occurrence of mastitis in the herd and the management of rural property. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the SCC of the refrigerated raw milk and its determinant factors in dairy properties of Viçosa, State of Minas Gerais. Monthly, milk samples were taken from 44 cooling tanks during 2012. A structured questionnaire was applied to evaluate the production and management characteristics of the herds. There was a significant variation (p < 0.05) in the mean SCC of the milk, which was lower from June to August. Higher mean SCC and percentages of samples above the limit set by the legislation were observed in months of higher rainfall and ambient temperature (p < 0.05). Mechanical milking, lower milk yield, productivity, inadequate milking procedures, equipment hygiene, and water quality were all factors that influenced (p < 0.05) the SCC of raw refrigerated milk. Milker training is required for production of low SCC milk. 

scholarly journals Proteolytic and lipolytic potential of Pseudomonas spp. from goat and bovine raw milk

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 1577-1583 ◽  
Author(s):  
José C. Ribeiro Júnior ◽  
Pedro I. Teider Junior ◽  
André L.M. Oliveira ◽  
Edson A. Rios ◽  
Ronaldo Tamanini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Pseudomonas Spp ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT: Pseudomonas, the main genus of gram-negative microorganisms isolated from milk, is psychrotrophic, biofilm-forming, and thermo-resistant deteriorating enzyme producers. The aim of this study was to quantify Pseudomonas spp. in goat’s and cow’s milk produced in the Paraná state, Brazil, to evaluate the deteriorating activity of the isolates at mesophilic and psychrotrophic conditions and to identify, at the species level, the isolates with alkaline metalloprotease (aprX gene) production potential. Microbiological, biochemical and molecular methods were used for isolating, confirming and identifying of isolates. The mean counts were 1.6 (±6.3)x104 and 0.89(±3)x102 CFU/mL for goat and bovine milk samples, respectively, immediately after milking. Of the Pseudomonas colonies isolated from goat milk (n=60), 91.7% showed proteolytic potential when incubated at 35°C/48 h and 80% at 7°C/10 days, and lipolytic potential was observed in 95% of the isolates incubated in mesophilic and 78.3% at refrigeration conditions. From the isolates of bovine milk (n=20), 35% showed proteolytic activity only when incubated at 35°C/48 h, and lipolytic potential was observed in 25% of the isolates incubated at 7°C/10d and 35°C/48h. It was observed that 83.3% and 25% of the isolates genetically confirmed as Pseudomonas spp. of goat and bovine milk showed the potential for alkaline metalloprotease production, with the species P. azotoformans, P. koreensis, P. gessardii, P. monteilii and P. lurida being the most frequent in goat milk and P. aeruginosa the only species identified in cow milk.

Assessment of milk quality based on bovine BAF60c gene mutation

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 (4) ◽  
pp. 570-574
Author(s):  
J. Liao ◽  
T. Ku ◽  
Y. F. Liu ◽  
J. Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Solids Content

AbstractMonitoring milk quality traits and the classification of raw milk are important steps for generating high-quality dairy products. Given the important roles of the BRG1/BRM-associated factor 60c (BAF60c) gene in the regulation of physiological growth and production, the objective of the current study was to analyse the association between the BAF60c gene and milk quality and establish a gene-based method for pre-evaluating raw milk quality. For this purpose, DNA was isolated from 507 milk samples and genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction-restricted fragment length polymorphism method. Milk quality traits including milk protein percentage (MPP), milk fat percentage (MFP), lactose percentage (LP) and total solids content (TSC) were also evaluated from the same 507 milk samples. The newly found 6060 T > C mutation of the BAF60c gene was associated significantly with MPP and LP, but not with MFP and TSC. The results demonstrated that this mutation could be used for the pre-evaluation of MPP and LP; therefore, raw milk could be graded according to different genotypes.

A Practical Evaluation of the Delvotest P Multi Plate Test in Screening Raw Milk for Antibiotics

1986 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 868-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
LYSE LAROCQUE ◽  
G. A. NEVILLE
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
The Other ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Antibiotic Residues ◽  
Plate Test ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Practical Evaluation ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis Atcc

The Delvotest P Multi plate test was evaluated by screening 100 milk samples for total antibiotic residues (penicillin G, streptomycin and neomycin). The samples were taken in conjunction with an antibiotic depletion study in milk derived from six cows treated with a multiple antibiotic, intramammary infusion product. Within the limits of sensitivity of the Delvotest, only penicillin G persisted in milk samples taken beyond 60 h, whereas in some samples, the other antibiotics appeared to be depleted as early as 48 h. More sensitive tests, however, detected neomycin (Staphylococcus epidermidis, ATCC 12228) in 50% of samples taken at 60 h and streptomycin (Bacillus subtilis, ATCC 6633) at 14.5 d after discontinuation of infusion.

Comparison of the Reproducibilities of the Kjeldahl and Dye Binding Methods for Measuring Protein in Milk

1967 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
J W Sherbon ◽  
Bobbie Hemphill
Keyword(s):  
Raw Milk ◽  
Reaction Flask ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Dye Binding ◽  
Orange G ◽  
Kjeldahl Method ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Protein in milk samples was measured by both the Kjeldahl and Orange G binding methods. Ten samples of pooled raw milk were tested with ten replications of each method. Coefficients of variation were 0.352-3.089% protein for the Kjeldahl method and 0.098-0.661% protein for the dye binding method. The overall means of the two methods were significantly different, but not more than the expected agreement between duplicate Kjeldahl analyses. The position of the reaction flask in the manifold during digestion and distillation affected the Kjeldahl results. One sample of pasteurized-homogenized milk was tested on four successive days. The variation in dye binding results was less than in the Kjeldahl results. The dye binding response decreased each day and the mean values on the first and last days were significantly different

scholarly journals The effect of cattle breed, season and type of diet on nitrogen fractions and amino acid profile of raw milk

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 709-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Křížová ◽  
O. Hanuš ◽  
P. Roubal ◽  
J. Kučera ◽  
S. Hadrová
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Cattle Breed ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nitrogen Fractions ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk

Abstract. The aim of the study was to describe the differences in nitrogen fractions and deepen the knowledge in the amino acid profile of raw milk affected by the breed of cattle, season and type of feeding. The study was conducted from June 2005 to February 2007 on 64 bulk milk samples collected from eight herds consisting of Czech Fleckvieh (four herds) and Holstein (four herds) breed. One half of the herds of each breed was grazed while the other half was not. Samples were collected twice in winter and twice in summer. The effect of the breed resulted in differences in milk yield that was lower in Czech Fleckvieh (5 385.50 kg) than in Holstein (7 015.15 kg, P<0.05). The content of nitrogen fractions was higher in Czech Fleckvieh than in Holstein (P<0.05). No effect of the breed on the amino acid profile of milk was observed except on the concentration of Glu (P<0.05). The effect of the season was demonstrated in the decrease of the concentrations of nitrogen fractions and Met during summer in comparison to winter (P<0.05). The effect of the type of feeding resulted in lower milk yield (5 197.50 and 7 203.75 kg) and lower concentrations of nitrogen fractions in grazed herds compared to non-grazed herds (P<0.05), respectively. Furthermore, the amino acid profile of milk differed significantly between grazed and non-grazed herds (P<0.05).

Iodine in California Farm Milk: 1985–19861

1987 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 765-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN C. BRUHN ◽  
ANTOINE A. FRANKE ◽  
T. WYATT SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Daily Production ◽  
Concentration Difference ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Health Agencies ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Maximum Limit

Iodine has been measured in 1572 California farm milk samples, representing 2,725,000 gallons of milk, or about 54% of daily production. The mean iodine concentration in the analyzed samples was 173.3 μg/kg milk, with a standard deviation of 115.8 μg/kg- The volume-corrected mean iodine concentration for all samples was 188.3 μg/kg. Of the farms examined, 13% used neither an iodine teat-dip or backflush; the milk iodine concentration on these dairy farms averaged 147.8 ± 90.2 μg/kg. Of the farms examined, 73% used iodine teat-dip only; milk iodine concentrations averaged 166.7±109.4 μg/kg. Less than 1% of the farms used iodine only in their backflush systems; their milk iodine concentrations averaged 202.3±107.2 μg/kg. Thirteen percent of the farms used both iodine teat-dip and iodine in their backflush systems; their milk iodine concentrations averaged 251.3±153.9 μg/kg. While the concentration difference between farms using iodine in both the teat-dip and backflush system and farms in the other three groups was statistically significant, the mean concentration was still well below the maximum limit of 500 μg/kg imposed by health agencies in some countries. Overall, 30.7% of samples measured has less than 100 μg iodine/kg; 70.1% had less than 200 μg/kg; 88.8% had less than 300 μg/kg; 94.4% had less than 400 μg/kg; and 98.1% had less than 500 μg/kg.

scholarly journals Haptoglobin and serum amyloid A in bulk tank milk in relation to raw milk quality

2009 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Åkerstedt ◽  
Karin Persson Waller ◽  
Åse Sternesjö
Keyword(s):  
Whey Protein ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Serum Amyloid A ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Bulk Tank Milk ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Tank

The aim of the present study was to evaluate relationships between the presence of the two major bovine acute phase proteins haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA) and raw milk quality parameters in bulk tank milk samples. Hp and SAA have been suggested as specific markers of mastitis but recently also as markers for raw milk quality. Since mastitis has detrimental effects on milk quality, it is important to investigate whether the presence of Hp or SAA indicates such changes in the composition and properties of the milk. Bulk tank milk samples (n=91) were analysed for Hp, SAA, total protein, casein, whey protein, proteolysis, fat, lactose, somatic cell count and coagulating properties. Samples with detectable levels of Hp had lower casein content, casein number and lactose content, but higher proteolysis than samples without Hp. Samples with detectable levels of SAA had lower casein number and lactose content, but higher whey protein content than samples without SAA. The presence of acute phase proteins in bulk tank milk is suggested as an indicator for unfavourable changes in the milk composition, e.g. protein quality, due to udder health disturbances, with economical implications for the dairy industry.

scholarly journals Microbiological quality of refrigerated raw milk in the dairy farm and after transport to the processing dairy plant

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivian Mörschbächer ◽  
Claudete Rempel ◽  
Mônica Maciel
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Dairy Plant ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT: Transport of cooled raw milk in bulk has greatly improved the quality of the raw material collected by dairy plants as it reduces the proliferation of mesophilic microorganisms that cause milk acidity and hinder its processing. However, refrigeration has favored the growth of psychrotrophic microorganisms which are able to grow at low temperatures (below 10ºC) and that produce heat resistant enzymes which degrade some milk components, reducing milk shelf life and causing organoleptic changes. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the microbiological quality of raw milk in dairy farms and after its transport to the processing dairy plant, through plate counting of mesophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms. Fourteen milk samples were collected from tanks of the dairy-farming properties, and one sample was collected from their milk transport tanker at the entrance of the processing plant. Our results showed that the mean number of mesophilic microorganisms was higher in samples collected straight from the dairy farm tanks than in the samples collected from the transportation tankers at the entrance of the plant. Of the 14 sampled tanks, 64.3% were non-compliant with legislation. The sample collected from the milk transportation tanker containing milk from all properties showed a higher mean number of psychrotrophic microorganisms than the dairy farm samples. We conclude that the milk from dairy properties showed a higher amount of mesophilic microorganisms, and after transportation, at the entrance of the processing plant, there is a higher amount of psychrotrophic microorganisms.

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