scholarly journals A Study of The Properties of Forming Mixtures Containing Polystyrene Wastes

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
Olena Dan ◽  
Larysa Trofimova
Keyword(s):  
Gas Permeability ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Expanded Polystyrene ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sound Insulation ◽  
Ferrous Alloys ◽  
Insulation Systems ◽  
Polymeric Wastes ◽  
Polystyrene Waste

Expanded polystyrene is widely used as a material for packaging, in modern construction as a heat and sound insulation layer, in thermal insulation systems for buildings, as well as tanks and pipelines. It is additionally used in foundry engineering for the production of models which are gasified during the production of castings from ferrous and non-ferrous alloys under the contact with liquid metal. The use of expanded polystyrene products is associated with waste generation, both in production and in consumption. About 40–50 kg/person of polystyrene waste is generated per year. The peculiarity of polymeric wastes is their resistance to aggressive environments. They do not rot and the destruction processes in natural conditions proceed rather slowly, with the formation of harmful substances that poison the environment. Therefore, the problem of the processing of waste from polymeric materials is of great importance, not only from the standpoint of environmental protection, but also due to the fact that in conditions of a shortage of polymer raw materials, this waste becomes a powerful raw material resource. This article describes the prospects for recycling expanded polystyrene wastes in foundry engineering. In this work, the properties of molding and core sands containing a combined binder, consisting of a solution of expanded polystyrene wastes in turpentine and clay were investigated, and their main characteristics (weight during stretching and crumbling) were determined. Molding and core mixtures, which contain only a binder in the form of a solution of expanded polystyrene in turpentine, have a crude strength of not more than 0.01 MPa. The introduction of a mixture of clay in the amount of 2–3% allows a crude strength of the mixture of up to 0.05 MPa to be obtained. After drying, the investigated mixtures containing a solution of expanded polystyrene wastes and clay have a tensile strength of up to 2.1 MPa. Mixtures into which a solution of polystyrene wastes and clay was introduced have an insignificant gas capacity and satisfactory gas permeability.

scholarly journals A Recycling Alternative for Expanded Polystyrene Residues Using Natural Esters

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa V. García-Barrera ◽  
Dafne L. Ortega-Solís ◽  
Gabriela Soriano-Giles ◽  
Nazario López ◽  
Fernando Romero-Romero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Expanded Polystyrene ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Fishing Activity ◽  
Polystyrene Waste ◽  
Recovered Material

Abstract The objective of this research is to provide a new recycling method for one of the most consumed plastics today, since it is used for the manufacture of a wide variety of industrial products, which leads to an environmental problem caused by incorrect handling and final disposal.The dissolution of expanded polystyrene waste (WEP) was evaluated by using natural esters for its post treatment and recovery. The use of omega-3 as a natural solvent creates an opportunity to take advantage of natural biomass, since it can be obtained from the residues from the fishing activity, this being an economic advantage for obtaining raw material and also friendly with the environment.For the development of this research, expanded polystyrene containers were used, as well as omega-3 and glyceryl tributyrate as natural solvents and ethyl butyrate as synthetic solvent, methanol and isopropanol for recovery and cleaning of the polystyrene. The characterization of the recovered material was carried out with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. The experimental data obtained indicated that the use of these esters is a good alternative for the recycling of expanded polystyrene.

Towards Sustainable Polymeric Materials: Zero Waste, Green and Self-Healing

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chee Zhou Kam ◽  
Ahmad Beng Hong Kueh
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Polymeric Composite ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Zero Waste ◽  
Sustainable Value ◽  
Polymeric Wastes ◽  
The Individual

Although polymeric materials are widely adopted in various applications, the sustainability of the materials is often controversial, particularly on the current handling of polymeric wastes and the use of non-renewable resources as raw materials. A brief review is hence given to outline recent efforts that promote sustainable value of the materials. The discussion starts with the recycling activities of polymeric wastes. Next, the concept of ecofriendly composites, which include bio-based and biodegradable, is discussed. Then, a note on inclusion of self-healing functionality in polymeric composite that is seen as another promising methodology in meriting the sustainability of polymeric materials is offered. Furthermore, the feasibility and possible improvement of the aforementioned methodologies (i.e. zero waste and green concept) are highlighted and discussed. In conclusion, more research works on the individual or combination of the improved methodologies and a concise evaluator are needed to extend further the sustainable potential of polymeric materials.

scholarly journals Strength and Durability of Polystyrene Concrete

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 166-171
Author(s):  
Ankur Arun Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Expanded Polystyrene ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Fine Aggregate ◽  
Expansive Agent ◽  
Natural Aggregates ◽  
Polystyrene Waste ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Solid Form ◽  
Strength And Durability

Now a day the construction is having rapid pace, and it has increased the requirement of raw material of construction especially coarse aggregate. In order to conserve the natural resources, use of plastic waste as partial replacement of natural aggregate in production of concrete will be a right step. This research paper discusses about the study and experimental work of “Polystyrene Concrete”, comprising of polystyrene waste shredded aggregates. Polystyrene concrete is a type of concrete, produced from a mixture of cement, sand and expanded polystyrene aggregate (EPS or UEPS aggregates). Thermoplastic polymeric material which is in the beginning in the solid form (UEPS) and it can be expanded by the use of steam and an expansive agent is called as Polystyrene. The polystyrene waste shredded to size of coarse and fine aggregate is used to replace 40% of natural aggregates. Nine trial mixes with varying proportion of these three types of polystyrene waste shredded aggregates and water-cement ratio are used. The workability of the fresh concrete mix as well as compressive strength of concrete at 28 days was obtained. This study has revealed that the polystyrene waste can be effectively used for production of resilient light weight concrete. The polystyrene concrete is best suited material for non-load bearing resilient concrete structures such as partition walls and facades.

scholarly journals Sulphonation of Expanded Polystyrene Waste Under Microwave Irradiation

e-Polymers ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiesław W. Sułkowski ◽  
Agnieszka Wolińska ◽  
Anna Sułkowska ◽  
Krzysztof Nowak ◽  
Dariusz Bogdal
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Irradiation ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Expanded Polystyrene ◽  
Conventional Heating ◽  
Polymer Waste ◽  
Sodium Salts ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Polystyrene Waste ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Time Of Reaction

AbstractChemical modification of polymeric materials is one way of polymer waste management. In our study, expanded polystyrene waste (EPS), used as the reference material, was converted into polymeric flocculants by the sulphonation reaction. Thus, poly(styrenesulphonate) acids (EPSS) were obtained from EPS during the sulphonation process with sulphuric acid as the sulphonation agent and Ag2SO4 as the catalyst under both conventional heating and microwave conditions. At the termination of the process the products were precipitated in the form of sodium salts (NaEPSS) in the reaction with Na2CO3 and their characteristics were given. The influence of temperature and time of reaction on the properties of EPSS and NaEPSS was studied and compared with conventional and microwave conditions. The results showed that the sulphonation process performed under microwave irradiation allowed us to receive products with properties similar to the ones obtained under conventional conditions but the reaction time was substantially reduced from 1 and ½ hour to 15 min.

scholarly journals Influence of Rendering Type on the Environmental Characteristics of Expanded Polystyrene-Based External Thermal Insulation Composite System

Buildings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartosz Michałowski ◽  
Marta Marcinek ◽  
Justyna Tomaszewska ◽  
Sebastian Czernik ◽  
Michał Piasecki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
Expanded Polystyrene ◽  
Insulation Material ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Environmental Characteristic ◽  
Insulation Systems ◽  
Functional Components

External thermal insulation systems (ETICS) are relevant facade applications of functional components allowing to reduce energy consumption in buildings to fulfill the provisions of nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (nZEBs). ETICS systems generally are made of adhesives, thermal insulation material, renders with mesh reinforcement, primers, and finish coats. Their main parameters are thermal characteristics and durability, both determined by the specific composition of the systems. Growing concerns on the environment and depletion of natural resources drive the need for the determination of the environmental characteristic of ETICS due to its growing market demand. This analysis focuses on a life cycle assessment (LCA) of a commonly used EPS based ETICS system with four different renderings, produced in several locations. The scope of this study concerns raw materials extraction, transport, production, and energy provision up to the finished, packed, and ready-for-sale product at the factory gate. The authors compared the environmental impact allocated to the 1 m2 of the produced system by taking into account the thickness of EPS and within different environmental impact categories. The results of the current impacts were compared to those obtained five years earlier, considering the technological and environmental progress of the production process.

Efficiency Upgrading for Blast Furnace Smelting through Use of Iron Ore Raw Materials with Various Fluxing Degree

2020 ◽  
Vol 299 ◽  
pp. 681-686
Author(s):  
Boris Yur'ev ◽  
Vladimir A. Gol'tsev ◽  
Vyacheslav Dudko
Keyword(s):  
Blast Furnace ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Gas Permeability ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Smelting Process ◽  
Blast Furnace Smelting ◽  
Failure Characteristics ◽  
Optimal Values ◽  
Furnace Smelting

Firing of various basicity pellets and sintering of Kachkanar concentrates were evaluated on a pilot plant. Mineral analysis was carried out for fired pellets and those reduced in a derivatograph in gas with composition close to that of blast furnace gas. Structure and metallurgical property dependence of pellets and agglomerate on their basicity was studied. Failure mechanism of fluxed pellets was considered. Blast furnace smelting process was developed for Kachkanar iron ore raw material with various fluxing degree, consisting of low-basic pellets, and high basic agglomerate characterized by low failure characteristics at reduction and ensuring high gas permeability in blast furnace top. Optimal values of agglomerate basicity, carbon content in burden and ferrous oxide in agglomerate, ensuring its high reducibility and adequate reduction degree index, were determined. Optimal ratio of pellets and agglomerate in a blast furnace, which implementation contributes to improved furnace performance, was detected.

RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMIC MASSES: IMPROVEMENT BY COMPLEX MATERIAL ACTIVATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-351
Author(s):  
A. S. Mavlyanov ◽  
E. K. Sardarbekova
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sensitivity Coefficient ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Clay Material ◽  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
Chemical Production ◽  
Production Wastes ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Masses

Introduction. The objective of the research is to study the effect of the complex activation of the alumina raw material on the rheological properties of the ceramic mass. In addition, the authors investigate solutions for the application of optimal coagulation structures based on loams and ash together with plastic certificates.Materials and methods. The authors used the local forest like reserves of clay loams at the BashKarasu, ash fields of the Bishkek Central Heating Centre (BTEC) and plasticizer (sodium naphthenate obtained from alkaline chemical production wastes) as fibrous materials. Moreover, the authors defined technological properties of raw materials within standard laboratory methodology in accordance with current GOSTs.Results. The researchers tested plastic durability on variously prepared masses for the choice of optimal structures. The paper demonstrated the plastic durability of complexly activated compounds comparing with non-activated and mechanically activated compounds. The sensitivity coefficient increased the amount of clay loams by mechanically and complexly activated, which predetermined the possibility of intensifying the process of drying samples based on complexly activated masses.Discussion and conclusions. However, mechanical activation of clay material reduces the period of relaxation and increases the elasticity coefficient of ceramic masses by 1.8–3.4 times, meanwhile decreases elasticity, viscosity and the conventional power during molding, which generally worsens the molding properties of the masses. Сomplex activation of ash-clay material decreases the period of relaxation and provides an increase in elasticity, plasticity of ceramic masses by 46–47%, reduction in viscosity by 1.5–2 times, conventional power on molding by 37–122% in comparison with MA clay loams. Ceramic masses based on spacecraft alumina raw materials belong to the SMT with improved rheological properties; products based on them pass through the mouthpiece for 5–7 seconds.

ANALYSIS FOR POTENCY AND PRODUCTION OF GRANULE ORGANIC FERTILIZER BASED ON MANURE

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Firman L. Sahwan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Material ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Natural Organic Material ◽  
Very High

Organic materials that are generally used as raw material for organic fertilizer granules (POG) is a natural organic material that has been degrade, smooth and dry. One of the main raw materials are always used with a very high percentage of usage, is manure. Manure potential in Indonesia is very high, amounting to 113.6 million tons per year, or 64.7 million tons per year to the island of Java. From this amount, it will be generated numbers POG production potential of 17.5 million tons per year (total Indonesia) or 9.9 million tons per year for the island of Java. While the realistic POG production predictions figures made from raw manure is 2.5 million tons annually, a figure that has been unable to meet the number requirement of POG greater than 4 million tons per year. Therefore, in producing POG, it should be to maximize the using of the potential of other organic materials so that the use of manure can be saved. With the use of a small amount of manure (maximum 30% for cow manure), it would be useful also to avoid the production of POG with high Fe content.keywods: organic material, manure, granule organic fertilizer

Nutritional Value Research of Spelt Pasta with Vegetable Additives

Food Industry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-70
Author(s):  
Oliya Fazullina ◽  
Stanislav Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Healthy Nutrition ◽  
Physiologically Active Substances ◽  
Simple Carbohydrates

Health indicators of the population depend significantly on the food quality and nutritional value. Simple carbohydrates excess of and lack of protein, dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and other physiologically active substances increase the risk of socially significant disease progress. The development and production of mass-consumed products with high nutritional and biological value, including affordable non-traditional raw materials use, are promising areas of the food industry development aimed at improving the nutritional status of the population. The article presents the research results on the developed Noodle products recipes from non-traditional raw materials that meet modern healthy nutrition requirements, intended for dietary treatment and dietary prevention of people with overweight / obesity. The research aimed at expanding the range of macaroni products with these characteristics. As the main raw material, a man selected whole-wheat flour – new spelt flour, and as additional raw materials – buckwheat flour, broccoli and celery powders. The researchers found that the introduction of macaroni products from buckwheat spelt, broccoli and celery powders into the recipe had a multidirectional effect, reducing or increasing various indicators of its nutritional value. The changes range did not affect the overall characteristics. The satisfaction degree of the average daily need for food substances and energy when consuming a portion of 100 g for each sample of developed Noodle products allows them to be classified as functional products that are protein and dietary fiber sources, according to the requirements of the TR CU 022/2011.

UNIDO, Industrial Processing of Natural Resources. New York: United Nations. 1981. viii + 78pp.US $ 5.00. [United Nations Publication Sales No. E. 81. 11 . B.1]

1982 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-333
Author(s):  
Rashid Aziz
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Industrial Processing ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Manufactured Exports ◽  
Year 2000

The book under review is a concise but fairly in-depth study of the prospects for export diversification from the Less Developed Countries (henceforth labeled as LDCs) particularly to Developed Countries (henceforth labeled as OCs). Given the multiple problems faced by the LOCs in exporting to the OCs - protectionist policies with regards to manufactured exports, volatility of prices obtained for raw material exports, etc. - the study analyses the potential for following an intermediate route. The important issues in the export of semi -processed and wholly processed raw materials are discussed. 111ese issues range from the problems and potentials for the location of processing facilities in the LOCs to the formulation of appropriate policies to encourage an export of processed goods rather than raw materials. Such policies will be useful both in solving the balance of-payments problems of the LDCs and in attaining the goal of the Lima Declaration and Plan of Action on Industrial Development and Co-operation, that called for 2S percent of world industrial production to be located in the LOCs by the year 2000.

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