Social Contract

Author(s):  
Lasana T. Harris

The ninth chapter argues that the law punishes bad minds, not bad people; as a result, social cognition is paramount in legal decision-making. It then reviews the psychological literature on punishment, discussing motives. It then uses the racial history of America as a case study, highlighting how historic dehumanization during and after slavery shaped modern American racial problems. It reviews the literature on racial bias and the brain, then discusses the ‘black ape’ stereotype as a form of continued dehumanization of people of African descent in America. It then explores police shootings of people of African descent as a continuation of a dehumanization tradition in America, highlighting the role of flexible social cognition in facilitating these behaviors. Finally, it ends by recommending that labels like ‘African American’ need to be abandonned if American society is ever to move beyond its racial problems; a superordinate category is required that reduces arbitrary distinctions based on the social construction of race.

AKADEMIKA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moh. Ah. Subhan ZA ◽  
Akmalur Rijal

The purpose of zakat to develop the social economic value of society is difficult to materialize if there is no active role of zakat managers (amil) who are required to be professional and innovative in managing zakat funds. The main function of the amil zakat institution lies in the activities of collecting, distributing, and utilizing zakat. The activity of collecting zakat in the history of Islam, is an activity or effort of amil in collecting zakat by picking up or taking from the place of amil. In addition to taking zakat, the amils who are in charge of taking zakat must also pray for those who pay zakat.This study aims to determine the implementation of productive zakat fund management and empowerment of the poor on zakat funds that are given by LAIZSNU Lamongan. By using the case study method, so as to be able to photograph how LAZISNU Lamongan's performance is in managing productive zakat funds . Lazisnu Lamongan has 3 zakat distribution programs, namely humanitarian, health and economic assistance. The mustahik empowerment program is included in the economic assistance program.


2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Quartly

Relatively little work on adoption focuses on the role of social workers. This article gives an account of the conflict between social workers and prospective adoptive parents which developed in Australia in the 1970s, taking as a case study the conflicting roles of adoptive parent advocates and professional social workers within the Standing Committee on Adoption in the Australian state of Victoria. Its overarching concern lies with the historical attitudes of the social work profession towards adoption, both domestic and intercountry, as these have changed from an embrace of both adoption and adoptive parents to mutual alienation. It concludes that the inclusive practice of radical social work could only briefly contain contesting client groups.


Author(s):  
Sabrina Arcuri ◽  
Gianluca Brunori ◽  
Francesca Galli

This chapter forms the land case study for Italy. As with all empirical chapters it explores several key themes in relation to food charity in Italy: • the history of food charity in the national context and the relationship between the welfare state and charities; • the nature of and drivers behind contemporary food charity provision; • key changes in social policy and their impact on rising charitable food provision; • and the social justice implications of increasing need for charitable assistance with food. The chapter concludes with critical reflections on the future direction of food charity provision in Italy and the implications of this.


2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (17) ◽  
pp. 281-320
Author(s):  
Alexis Francisco Uscátegui Narváez

Este artículo sintetiza los resultados de un trabajo investigativo que busca, a través de la crítica literaria y la teoría de la subalternidad, repensar la historia de aquellas personas a las que se consideraba como subalternos en la sociedad latinoamericana. Este documento destaca los aportes socioculturales de dos razas (indígena y afrodescendiente), representadas por dos protagonistas de la novela Eclipse de luna, del escritor colombiano Ricardo Estupiñán Bravo, quienes por cosas del destino afrontan un apasionante universo de amor, dolor y muerte. En términos claves, erguido con firmeza sobre dichos supuestos, Estupiñán expresa, con esta maravillosa novela, la dolorosa y cruda verdad de la subalternidad en Nariño, el desarraigo y la miseria de Cumbal y Barbacoas. Por esta razón, se realizó una interpretación que desplaza los discursos coloniales al olvido y legitima la heterogeneidad cultural y literaria que presentan las letras de Nariño, el mundo sureño, en cuyo verbo prolifera la libertad.ABSTRACTThis article summarizes the results of a research project which seeks, through literary criticism and the theory of subalternity, to rethink the history of those who are regarded as subordinate in Latin American society. This paper highlights the social and cultural contributions of two races (indigenous and African descent), represented by two main characters in the novel entitled Lunar Eclipse by the Colombian writer Ricardo Estupiñán Bravo. These characters, for reasons of fate face an exciting universe of love, pain and death. In key terms, standing firmly on these assumptions, Estupiñán through this wonderful novel describes the painful and raw truth of subalternity in Nariño and the uprooting and misery of Cumbal and Barbacoas. For this reason, an interpretation that displaces colonial discourses to forgetfulness and legitimizes the cultural and literary heterogeneity expressed in the letters of Nariño - the southern world-, was performed-, in which the word freedom revolves.RESUMOEste artigo sintetiza os resultados de un trabalho de pesquisa que busca, através da crítica literaria e da teoría da subordinação, repensar a historia daquelas pessoas às quais são considerada como subordinados da sociedade latinoamericana. Este documento destaca as contribuições sociais e culturais de duas raças (indígena e afrodescendente), representadas por dois protagonistas da novela Eclipse de luna, do escritor colômbiano Ricardo Estupiñán Bravo, quem por coisas do destino diante de um apaixonante universo de amor, dor e morte. Em termos chaves, erguer-se firmemente sobre ditas suposições, Estupiñán expressa, com esta maravilhosa novela, a dolorosa e crua verdade da subordinação em Nariño, o desenraizamento e miséria de Cumbal e Barbacoas. Por estarazão, se realizou uma interpretação que move os discursos coloniais ao esquecimento e legitima a heterogeneidade cultural e literária que apresentam as letras de Nariño, o mundo do sul, no qual se dá a proliferação da liberdade.


2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 1084-1099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biswarup Sen

In 2001, India’s first private FM station – Radio City, Bangalore – came on air, ending an era of state broadcasting that began in 1930. In the past decade, FM radio has enjoyed spectacular success: over 200 stations are now in operation, and the FM industry has seen spectacular growth in listenership and revenues. FM’s impact goes beyond economics; it is now a cultural signifier synonymous with modernity – as the ‘tagline’ for a popular FM network puts it ‘Radio Mirchi – it’s hot!’ FM, I argue in this article, represents a new kind of radio. The shift from state-controlled, nationwide AM transmission to corporate-owned local FM broadcasting signals a profound change in the very philosophy of radio in India. This article offers a brief account of the history of Indian radio and analyzes the social and economic factors that necessitated a change in modes of broadcasting. It also brings its claims into focus through using a case study that looks at the business structure, programming policies, and audience management strategies of one very popular FM station – Radio Mirchi, Kolkata – in order to demonstrate how these newly shaped practices are reinventing the role of radio in contemporary India.


Coming of Age ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 69-95
Author(s):  
Cheryl L. Sisk ◽  
Russell D. Romeo

This chapter begins with some history of the field of behavioral neuroendocrinology and traces the origins of the classic organizational-activational hypothesis to explain sexual differentiation of the brain and behavior and hormonal influences on sex-typical social behaviors. The classic hypothesis posits that testicular hormones masculinize and defeminize neural circuits during a perinatal sensitive period, programming sex-typical activational responses to gonadal hormones in adulthood. Research since the mid- to late 1980s shows that a second wave of hormone-dependent organization of the brain and behavior occurs during puberty and adolescence and that ovarian hormones are actively involved in feminization of the brain during the adolescent period of organization. Next, a conceptual framework is presented for studying adolescent development of social cognition (the mental processes by which an individual encodes, interprets, and responds to sensory information from an animal of the same species) in the context of social reorientation, when during adolescence the source of social reward shifts from family to peers. The chapter reviews the literature on what social behaviors and aspects of social cognition are organized by pubertal hormones in males, as well as the nonsocial behaviors that are organized by pubertal hormones in males and females.


1997 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Borys Lobovyk

An important problem of religious studies, the history of religion as a branch of knowledge is the periodization process of the development of religious phenomenon. It is precisely here, as in focus, that the question of the essence and meaning of the religious development of the human being of the world, the origin of beliefs and cult, the reasons for the changes in them, the place and role of religion in the social and spiritual process, etc., are converging.


2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Robert M. Anderson ◽  
Amy M. Lambert

The island marble butterfly (Euchloe ausonides insulanus), thought to be extinct throughout the 20th century until re-discovered on a single remote island in Puget Sound in 1998, has become the focus of a concerted protection effort to prevent its extinction. However, efforts to “restore” island marble habitat conflict with efforts to “restore” the prairie ecosystem where it lives, because of the butterfly’s use of a non-native “weedy” host plant. Through a case study of the island marble project, we examine the practice of ecological restoration as the enactment of particular norms that define which species are understood to belong in the place being restored. We contextualize this case study within ongoing debates over the value of “native” species, indicative of deep-seated uncertainties and anxieties about the role of human intervention to alter or manage landscapes and ecosystems, in the time commonly described as the “Anthropocene.” We interpret the question of “what plants and animals belong in a particular place?” as not a question of scientific truth, but a value-laden construct of environmental management in practice, and we argue for deeper reflexivity on the part of environmental scientists and managers about the social values that inform ecological restoration.


2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helly Ocktilia

This study aims to gain a deeper understanding of the existence of the local social organization in conducting community empowerment. The experiment was conducted at Community Empowerment Institution (In Indonesia it is referred to as Lembaga Pemberdayaan Masyarakat/LPM). LPM Cibeunying as one of the local social institution in Bandung regency. Aspects reviewed in the study include the style of leadership, processes, and stages of community empowerment, as well as the LPM network. The research method used is a case study with the descriptive method and qualitative approach. Data collection was conducted against five informants consisting of the Chairman and LPM’s Board members, village officials, and community leaders. The results show that the dominant leadership style is participative, in addition to that, a supportive leadership style and directive leadership style are also used in certain situations. The empowerment process carried out per the stages of the empowerment process is identifying and assessing the potential of the region, problems, and opportunities-chances; arranging a participative activity plan; implementing the activity plan; and monitoring and evaluating the process and results of activities. The social networking of LPM leads to a social network of power in which LPM can influence the behavior of communities and community institutions in utilizing and managing community empowerment programs. From the research, it can be concluded that the model of community empowerment implemented by LPM Cibeunying Village is enabling, empowering, and protecting.


Author(s):  
Alessandro Portelli

This article centers around the case study of Rome's House of Memory and History to understand the politics of memory and public institutions. This case study is about the organization and politics of public memory: the House of Memory and History, established by the city of Rome in 2006, in the framework of an ambitious program of cultural policy. It summarizes the history of the House's conception and founding, describes its activities and the role of oral history in them, and discusses some of the problems it faces. The idea of a House of Memory and History grew in this cultural and political context. This article traces several political events that led to the culmination of the politics of memory and its effect on public institutions. It says that the House of Memory and History can be considered a success. A discussion on a cultural future winds up this article.


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